Arc (protein)
Aktivnošću-regulirani citoskeletu pridruženi protein je neuroplastični protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom ARC. Prvi puta je okarakteriziran 1995.[5][6] ARC je član porodice brzo i ranoaktivirajućih gena (IEG), brzo aktivirajuće klase gena funkcionalno definirane njihovom sposobnošću da se transkribiraju u prisustvu inhibitora sinteze proteina. ARC-ova iRNK je lokalizirana na aktiviranim sinapsnim lokacijama na NMDA receptor-ovisni način,[7][8] za koji se vjeruje da se novi protein translatira ima ključnu ulogu u učenju i molekuskim procesima povezanim s pamćenjem.[9] Protein Arc smatra se važnim u neurobiologiji zbog regulacije aktivnosti, lokalizacije i korisnosti kao markera za plastične promjene u mozgu. Disfunkcija u proizvodnji Arc proteina je uključena kao važan faktor u razumijevanju različitih neuroloških stanja, uključujući amneziju,[10] Alzheimerovu bolest, poremećaji iz spektra autizma i sindrom fragilnog X.[11] Zajedno sa drugim IEG -ovima, kao što su ZNF268 i HOMER1, ARC je također značajan alat za sistemsku neuronauku kako je ilustrirano razvojem ćelijskog odjeljka za vremensku aktivnosti pomoću fluorescentne hibridizacija in situ[12][13] (vidi FISH).
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
[uredi | uredi izvor]Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 396 aminokiselina, а molekulska težina 45.316 Da.[14]
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MELDHRTSGG | LHAYPGPRGG | QVAKPNVILQ | IGKCRAEMLE | HVRRTHRHLL | ||||
AEVSKQVERE | LKGLHRSVGK | LESNLDGYVP | TSDSQRWKKS | IKACLCRCQE | ||||
TIANLERWVK | REMHVWREVF | YRLERWADRL | ESTGGKYPVG | SESARHTVSV | ||||
GVGGPESYCH | EADGYDYTVS | PYAITPPPAA | GELPGQEPAE | AQQYQPWVPG | ||||
EDGQPSPGVD | TQIFEDPREF | LSHLEEYLRQ | VGGSEEYWLS | QIQNHMNGPA | ||||
KKWWEFKQGS | VKNWVEFKKE | FLQYSEGTLS | REAIQRELDL | PQKQGEPLDQ | ||||
FLWRKRDLYQ | TLYVDADEEE | IIQYVVGTLQ | PKLKRFLRHP | LPKTLEQLIQ | ||||
RGMEVQDDLE | QAAEPAGPHL | PVEDEAETLT | PAPNSESVAS | DRTQPE |
C: Cistein
D: Aspartat
E: Glutamat
F: Fenilalanin
G: Glicin
H: Histidin
I: Izoleucin
K: Lizin
L: Leucin
M: Metionin
N: Asparagin
P: Prolin
Q: Glutamin
R: Arginin
S: Serin
T: Treonin
V: Valin
- W: Triptofan
Y: Tirozin
Gen
[uredi | uredi izvor]Gen ARC, koji se kod miša nalazi na hromosomu 15,[15] hromosomi 7 kod pacova,[16] i hromosomu 8 kod ljudi,[17] genomski je konzerviran kod vrsta kičmenjaka i ima nisku homologiju sekvenci sa spektrinom,[5] citoskeletnim proteinom uključenim u formiranje aktina korteksnih ćelija. Identificirano je nekoliko regija promotora i pojačivača koji posreduju u transkripciji ARC-a ovisnog o aktivnosti: element odgovora seruma (SRE) na ~ 1,5 kb uzvodno od mjesta inicijacije.[18][19] a second SRE at ~6.5 kb;[19] i sekvencu elementa odgovora sinapsne aktivnosti (SARE) na ~ 7 kb uzvodno, koja sadrži mjesta vezanja za ciklički protein koji veže element za odgovor AMP-a (CREB), faktora pojačivača miocita 2 (MEF2) i SRF.[20]
3' UTR iRNK sadrži cis-djelujući element potreban za lokalizaciju Arc-a na neuronske dendrite,[21] kao i lokacije za dva kompleksa egzonske prerade (EJC)[22] koji Arc čine prirodnom metom za nonsensno posredovanje raspada (NMD).[23] Za translokaciju iRNK citoplazmatskog Arc-a u aktivirane sinapse važno je i 11. nukleotidno vezno mjesto za heterogeni jedarni ribonukleoprotein A2 (hnRNP A2).[24]
Sumnja se da gen Arc potječe od Ty3 /gypsy retrotranspozona i da je prenamijenjen za posredovanje u komunikaciji neuron-neuron.[25]
Protein
[uredi | uredi izvor]Nakon transporta, prevedeni protein ima dužinu od 396 ostataka , s N-terminalom na aminokiselinama 1-25, a C-terminal na 155-396 (imati na umu da se homologija spektra nalazi na 228 -380 unutar C-terminala), i pretpostavljeni domen upredene zavojnice na aminokiselinama 26-154.[26] Osim toga, protein ima mjesta vezanja za endofilin 3, na aminokiselinama 89-100, odnosno dinamin 2 za 195-214.[27] Dok je Arc-ova iRNK podložna razgradnji pomoću NMD-a, prevedeni protein sadrži PEST sekvencu na aminokiselinama 351-392, što ukazuje na proteasom-ovisnu degradaciju.[28] Prevedeni protein može se vizualizirati pomoću imunoblota kao trake na 55 kDa. ARC protein može formirati virusima slične kapside koje pakiraju iRNK i mogu se kretati između ćelija.[25][29]
Promet
[uredi | uredi izvor]Nakon transkripcije, Arc iRNK transportira se iz jedra i lokalizira u neuronske dendrite [5] i aktivirane sinapse,[30] u procesu ovisađnom o 3' UTR,[21] polimerizaciji aktina,[31] i fosforilaciji ERK-a.[31] iRNK (i agregatni protein) prenose se duž mikrotubula, zračeći iz jedra pomoću kinezina (posebno KIF5)[32] i vjerovatno premješten u dendritsku kičmu, pomoću motornog proteina na bazi aktinskog miozina-Va.[33] Pokazalo se da je Arc povezan sa poliribosomimana sinapsnim mjestima,[34] i preveden je u izolirane frakcije sinaptoneurosoma[35] in vitro, što ukazuje na to da je protein vjerojatno lokalno translatiran in vivo.
Sinapsno lokalizirani protein Arc stupa u interakciju s dinaminom i endofilinom, proteinima uključenim u klatrinski posredovanu endocitozu, i olakšava uklanjanje AMPA receptora s plazmamembrane.[27] U suglasnosti s time, povećane razine Arc-a smanjuju ostojeće stanje AMPA,[36] dok Arc-ovi nokauti eksprimiraju površinski AMPA.[37]
Nokauti Arc-a
[uredi | uredi izvor]Arc je kritičan kao sveprisutni signalni faktor u ranom embrionskom razvoju i potreban je za rast i oblikovanje tokom gastrulacije.[38] Prvi nokauti (KO) za Arc su stoga bili nekompatibilni sa životom. Naknadni napori proizveli su homozigotne nokaut-miševe ciljajući cijeli gen Arc, a ne dijelove kodirajuće regije, eliminirajući negativne dominantne efekte. Ove životinje pokazale su se održivima i ne pokazuju grube malformacije u neuronskoj arhitekturi, ali imaju veće razine GluR1 podjedinica i povećane minijaturne ekscitatorne postsinapsne struje (mEPSC), uz ekspresiju nedostataka u dugoročnoj memoriji.[39]
Signalizacija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Arc-ov transkript ovisi o aktivaciji kaskade mitogen-aktivirane protein kinaze ili MAP kinaze (MAPK),[18] važnog puta za regulaciju rasta i preživljavanja ćelija.[40] Vanćelijska signalizacija neuronskim dendritima aktivira postsinapsna mjesta za povećanje razine Arc-a kroz širok raspon signalnih molekula, uključujući mitogene kao što su epidermni faktor rasta (EGF),[5] nervni faktor rasta (NGF),[5] i moždano-izvedeni neurotrofni faktor (BDNF),[22] glutamat koji djeluje na NMDA receptore,[7][8] dopaminskom aktivacijom D1 podtip receptora,[41][42] i dihidroksifenilglicinom (DHPG).[43] Uobičajeni faktor za ove signalne molekule uključuje aktivaciju cikličkog-AMP-a i njegove nizvodne mete protein-kinaza A (PKA). Kao takva, izravna farmakološka aktivacija cAMP-a forskolinom ili 8-Br-cAMP snažno povećava razinu Arc-a [18][42] dok H89, antagonist PKA, blokira ove učinke [42] kao i dalju nizvodnu blokadu mitogen-aktivirana protein kinaza kinaza [sic] (MEK).[18]
MAPK može ući u jedro i izvesti svoju aktivnost fosfotransferaze na brojnim komponentama regulacije gena[44] koji imaju implikacije na regulaciju gena neposrednog razvoja. Poznato je da je nekoliko transkripcijskih faktora u regulaciji gena Arc (vidi gore), uključujući serumski faktor odgovora (SRF),[18][20] CREB,[20] MEF2,[20] i zif268.[45]
Efekti na ponašanje
[uredi | uredi izvor]Promjene u ARC-ovoj iRNK i/ili bjelančevini koreliraju s brojnim promjenama u ponašanjum uključujući kondicioniranje straha,[46] kontekstualnu uslovljenost strahom,[47] protorno pamćenje,[48][49] operativno prilagođavanje,[50][51] i inhibitorno izbjegavanje.[9] iRNK uočljivo nadregulira slijedeću električnu stimulaciju u LTP-induciranim postupcima, kao što su visoka frekvencija stimuliranja (HFS),[48] i masivno je i općenito induciran maksimalnim elektrokonvulzivnim šokom (MECS).[5][7]
Arc kod insekata
[uredi | uredi izvor]U međuvremenu je otkriveno da su životinje Arc možda stekle više puta. Iako se čini da je Arc blisko povezan među svim četveronožcima, onaj koji je pronađen kod vinskih mušica (Drosophila melanogaster), svilene bube (Bombyx mori) i argentinskih mrava (Linepithema humile) su možda prenijeli na zajedničkog pretka ovih insekata drugim događajem.[52][53][54]
Reference
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- ^ Letzter R (2. 2. 2018). "An Ancient Virus May Be Responsible for Human Consciousness". Live Science.
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- ^ Pastuzyn ED, Day CE, Kearns RB, Kyrke-Smith M, Taibi AV, McCormick J, et al. (januar 2018). "The Neuronal Gene Arc Encodes a Repurposed Retrotransposon Gag Protein that Mediates Intercellular RNA Transfer". Cell. 172 (1–2): 275–288.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.024. PMC 5884693. PMID 29328916.
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Lokacija ljudskog genoma ARC i stranica sa detaljima o genu ARC u UCSC Genome Browseru.