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ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ identifiable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ smoothed, paved, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ recognisable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ; ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ.

, ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, "ᏅᏃᎯ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ("ᏅᏃᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᎩᎸᏗ", e.g.: ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “street,” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Latin strata, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ paved ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "ᎶᎻ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ" ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎦᎳᏅᏛ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ "ᏅᏃᎯ" ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “road” ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ “street” ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ).

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ migrating ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 BCE, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏰᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.

ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏰᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4000 BCE.

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda engineered ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ, ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 3800 BCE.

ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏅᏯ paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 BCE.

ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ paved, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1100 BCE ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ. ᎾᎥᎢ 20 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40,000km.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Andes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mayans ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ paved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏳ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏥᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 BCE, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᏯ ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ.

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ" ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1706. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1,100 ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 38,000 km engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ.

Engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 30 ᎾᎿ macadamized ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ steepest ᏐᏈᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Pierre Marie Jérôme Trésaguet (1716-1796) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ rutting ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ wheeled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utilized ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.

ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ) Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ contractor). ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗes (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯᎠᎴ funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏞᏛ.

ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ

ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

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ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.

ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-clockwise, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏩᏥ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.

ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.

ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ:

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.

ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ

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ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sibiu, Romania.

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, overcoming geographic ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ digging ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ (ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ deforestation) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ subgrade, ᎨᏒᎢ compacted. ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᎴ quicklime, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ imported ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ subgrade ᎠᎴ compacted. ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎧᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ subgrade. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superelevation ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎨᎵᏍᎦᎸᎲes. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ retroreflector ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ: retroreflectors Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ retroreflective ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ illuminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ

ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Indiana, USA, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ oncoming ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ accumulated ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1950s, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ AASHO ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 4th ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ-trailer ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 80,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 8,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ 36,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏖ ᎿᏛᎦ 7,800 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ 2,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ methodologies ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ resurfacings. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ 15 ᎠᎴ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ activities ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ pothole, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.

Terminology

ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Indiana, USA.

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ London Heathrow Airport, ᎢᏌᏯ. ᎩᎵᏏ Airways Boeing 777-200 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ towed ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.

ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ - unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ) Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ.
arterial ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎦᎶᏂᏗ
autobahn
autoroute
autostrasse
ᎠᏜ
ᎢᎬᎾᏗ
bypass
bottleneck
ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ
ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli
ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ
chipseal
ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ
corduroy ᏅᏃᎯ
corniche
ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ
ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ
uniyatolv ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
expressway
ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ
ᎢᎬᎾᏗ
ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ
ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ
ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ
ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ
Interstate ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎦᎳᏅᏛ
ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ
ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
motorway
ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ
ᎾᎿ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ
Parkway
ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ
ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ
ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ
ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ
ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏣᎴᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏅᏃᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ
ᏅᏃᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ
ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ
roadworks
ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ
ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ
ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎦᎳᏅᏛ
ᎠᏞᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏙᎯᏄᏍᏛ
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ
Unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ - ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ). ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏓ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ. Unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ paved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎿ unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ paved ᏅᏃᎯ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ
ᎪᎳ ᏅᏃᎯ
2+1 ᏅᏃᎯ

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

ᎠᏠᏗ MG. ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏤ Brunswick, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ: Rutgers ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1992. ISBN 0-8135-1758-3.

ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

List of countries where traffic drives on the left, as well as historical background.
Which side of the road do they drive on?
ᏅᏃᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Pictures
Kansas State University Department of Civil ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ - History of Concrete Road Building (PDF ᎠᏝᎥᎢ)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Col de Braus-small.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ mountainside ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ hairpin ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.]]
+[[File:Col de Braus-small.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ mountainside ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ hairpin ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.]]
 '''ᏅᏃᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ identifiable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ smoothed, paved, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ recognisable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[urban areas|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]] ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]], ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
-==ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ==
+== ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ==
-:ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Usage of the terms railroad and railway|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]]; [[Ship transport|ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]].
+:ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Usage of the terms railroad and railway|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]]; [[Ship transport|ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]].
-[[Image:Misty road.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [Australia|ᏒᎳᏗᏝ]], ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ  ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ.]]
+[[File:Misty road.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [Australia|ᏒᎳᏗᏝ]], ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ.]]
 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, "ᏅᏃᎯ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ("ᏅᏃᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ [[cognate|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᎩᎸᏗ", e.g.: ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “street,” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ''strata'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[paved]] ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "ᎶᎻ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ" ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎦᎳᏅᏛ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “road” ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ “street” ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ''[[street life|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]'').
-==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
+== ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ==
-[[Image:PompeiiStreet.jpg|right|thumb|180px| [[cobblestone]] ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pompeii]].]]
+[[File:PompeiiStreet.jpg|right|thumb|180px| [[cobblestone]] ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pompeii]].]]
 ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[trails|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[migration|migrating]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 BCE, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ [[nomad|ᎦᏰᏙᎯ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda engineered ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sweet Track|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ]] [[causeway|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[England|ᎢᏌᏯ]], ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 3800 BCE.
-ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏅᏯ paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ  ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[Great Pyramid|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 BCE.
+ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏅᏯ paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[Great Pyramid|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 BCE.
 ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ paved, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1100 BCE ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ. ᎾᎥᎢ 20 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40,000km.
 ᎯᎠ [[Inca road system|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Andes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mayans ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ paved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 BCE, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᏯ [[Roman road|ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[Europe|ᏳᎳᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Africa|ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ.
-ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ" ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1706. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ  ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1,100 ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 38,000 km engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ.
+ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ" ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1706. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1,100 ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 38,000 km engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ.
-Engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ  1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 30 ᎾᎿ [[Macadam|macadamized]] ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ steepest ᏐᏈᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Pierre Marie Jérôme Trésaguet]] (1716-1796) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ [[John Loudon McAdam|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Loudon McAdam]] (1756-1836) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ.
+Engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 30 ᎾᎿ [[Macadam|macadamized]] ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ steepest ᏐᏈᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Pierre Marie Jérôme Trésaguet]] (1716-1796) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ [[John Loudon McAdam|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Loudon McAdam]] (1756-1836) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ.
 ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[industrial revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], ᎯᎠ [[railway|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ rutting ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ [[automobile|ᎠᏦᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ wheeled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utilized ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.
-==ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ==
+== ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ==
-ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[military|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ) Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[public sector|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[private sector|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ]] [[General contractor|contractor]]).  ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[tax|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ]]es (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[highway|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᎠᎴ funded ᎾᎥᎢ [[toll road|ᎠᏞᏛ]].
+ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[military|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ) Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[public sector|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[private sector|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ]] [[General contractor|contractor]]). ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[tax|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗes]] (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[highway|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᎠᎴ funded ᎾᎥᎢ [[toll road|ᎠᏞᏛ]].
-==ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ==
+== ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ==
 :''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Driving on the left or right|ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]].''
-[[Image:DSC00076.JPG|left|thumb|150px|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ  ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.]]
+[[File:DSC00076.JPG|left|thumb|150px|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.]]
-ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, [[traffic sign|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, [[roundabout|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[traffic circle|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-clockwise, ᎠᎴ [[pedestrian|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏩᏥ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
+ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, [[traffic sign|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, [[roundabout|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[traffic circle|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-clockwise, ᎠᎴ [[pedestrian|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏩᏥ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
 ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[mirror image|ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]].
-==ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ==
+== ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ==
 ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ:
-*[[geometrical road design|geometrical ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
+* [[geometrical road design|geometrical ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
-*[[structural road design|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
+* [[structural road design|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
 ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.
-==ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ==
+== ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ==
-[[Image:Road-sibiu.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sibiu, Romania.]]
+[[File:Road-sibiu.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sibiu, Romania.]]
-ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, overcoming geographic ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ digging ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ [[embankment|ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[bridges|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[tunnels|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ (ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[deforestation]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[heavy equipment|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.
+ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, overcoming geographic ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ digging ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ [[embankment|ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[bridges|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[tunnels|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ (ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[deforestation]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[heavy equipment|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.
-ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[pavement (material)|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ.  ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[subgrade]], ᎨᏒᎢ [[compaction|compacted]].  ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[portland cement|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ]] ᎠᎴ [[quicklime]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ imported ᎦᏙᎯ.
+ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[pavement (material)|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[subgrade]], ᎨᏒᎢ [[compaction|compacted]]. ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[portland cement|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ]] ᎠᎴ [[quicklime]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ imported ᎦᏙᎯ.
-ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[base course|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[gravel|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ subgrade ᎠᎴ compacted.  ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland  cement concrete|portland  ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎧᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ subgrade.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ.
+ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[base course|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[gravel|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ subgrade ᎠᎴ compacted. ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland cement concrete|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎧᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ subgrade. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ.
-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]], ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superelevation ᎠᎴ [[camber|ᏂᎯ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ [[gutter|ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]] [[drain|ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ [[ditch|ᎨᎵᏍᎦᎸᎲ]]es. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ.
+ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]], ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superelevation ᎠᎴ [[camber|ᏂᎯ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ [[gutter|ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]] [[drain|ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ [[ditch|ᎨᎵᏍᎦᎸᎲes]]. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ.
 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[retroreflector]] ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Cat's eye (road)|ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ]]: retroreflectors Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 [[traffic sign|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[retroreflector|retroreflective]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ illuminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
-==ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ==
+== ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ==
-[[Image:Canberra.London.Circuit.jpg|thumb|right|300px|London ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]]]
+[[File:Canberra.London.Circuit.jpg|thumb|right|300px|London ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]]]
-[[Image:Indiana-rural-road.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ oncoming ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.]]
+[[File:Indiana-rural-road.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ oncoming ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.]]
-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ accumulated ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[frost heave|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]], ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1950s, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[AASHO Road Test|AASHO ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 4th ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[axle|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ-trailer ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 80,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 8,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ 36,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏖ  ᎿᏛᎦ 7,800 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ 2,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ  ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ methodologies ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
+ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ accumulated ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[frost heave|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]], ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1950s, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[AASHO Road Test|AASHO ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 4th ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[axle|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ-trailer ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 80,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 8,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ 36,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏖ ᎿᏛᎦ 7,800 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ 2,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ methodologies ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ resurfacings.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ 15 ᎠᎴ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
+ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ resurfacings. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ 15 ᎠᎴ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
-ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ activities ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.  ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ [[pothole]], ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.
+ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ activities ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ [[pothole]], ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.
-==Terminology==
+== Terminology ==
-[[Image:SandRoad.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᎾᏳ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Namibia]]]]
+[[File:SandRoad.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᎾᏳ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Namibia]]]]
-[[Image:Indiana-rural-road-dirt.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA.]]
+[[File:Indiana-rural-road-dirt.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA.]]
-[[Image:St Louis Street, Lebanon, Illinois.JPG|thumb|right|300px| ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lebanon, Illinois]]]]
+[[File:St Louis Street, Lebanon, Illinois.JPG|thumb|right|300px| ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lebanon, Illinois]]]]
-[[image:road.ba.b777.arp.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ [[London]] [[Heathrow Airport]], ᎢᏌᏯ.  ᎩᎵᏏ Airways [[Boeing 777]]-200 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ towed ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ  ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.]]
+[[File:road.ba.b777.arp.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ [[London]] [[Heathrow Airport]], ᎢᏌᏯ. ᎩᎵᏏ Airways [[Boeing 777]]-200 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ towed ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.]]
 * ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ - unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ) Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ.
 * [[arterial road|arterial ᏅᏃᎯ]]
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 * [[divided highway|uniyatolv ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
 * [[expressway]]
-* [[farm to market|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ  ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
+* [[farm to market|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
 * [[freeway|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]
 * [[gravel road|ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 * [[traffic light|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
 * [[traffic sign|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]
-* Unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ - ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland cement concrete|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]]).  ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏓ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ. Unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[pavement (material)|paved]] ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎿ unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ paved ᏅᏃᎯ.
+* Unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ - ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland cement concrete|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]]). ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏓ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ. Unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[pavement (material)|paved]] ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎿ unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ paved ᏅᏃᎯ.
 * [[US highway|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
 * [[winter road|ᎪᎳ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
 * [[2+1 road|2+1 ᏅᏃᎯ]]
-==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
+== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
 * [[Inca road system|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏗᎠᏍᏗ]]
 * [[List of roads and highways|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 * [[Road safety|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]
-==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
+== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
-* ᎠᏠᏗ MG. ''ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.'' ᎢᏤ Brunswick, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ: Rutgers ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1992. ISBN 0813517583.
+* ᎠᏠᏗ MG. ''ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.'' ᎢᏤ Brunswick, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ: Rutgers ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1992. ISBN 0-8135-1758-3.
-==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
+== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
 {{commons|Road|ᏅᏃᎯ}}
-*[http://www.2pass.co.uk/goodluck.htm List of countries where traffic drives on the left, as well as historical background.]
+* [http://www.2pass.co.uk/goodluck.htm List of countries where traffic drives on the left, as well as historical background.]
-*[http://www.travel-library.com/general/driving/drive_which_side.html Which side of the road do they drive on?]
+* [http://www.travel-library.com/general/driving/drive_which_side.html Which side of the road do they drive on?]
-*[http://www.capezone.com/images/road.html ᏅᏃᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Pictures]
+* [http://www.capezone.com/images/road.html ᏅᏃᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Pictures]
-*[http://www.ce.ksu.edu/facultystaff/stefan/ce777/docs/L02.pdf Kansas State University Department of Civil [[Engineering|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] - History of Concrete Road Building] (PDF ᎠᏝᎥᎢ)
+* [http://www.ce.ksu.edu/facultystaff/stefan/ce777/docs/L02.pdf Kansas State University Department of Civil [[Engineering|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] - History of Concrete Road Building] (PDF ᎠᏝᎥᎢ)
 [[Category:ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ]]
@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 [[be:Дарога]]
 [[bg:Път]]
+[[bjn:Kartak]]
 [[ca:Carretera]]
 [[co:Strada]]