ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ
ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ - ᏓᎾᏓᏍᎧᎩ
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TrailofTearsMemorial.jpg/220px-TrailofTearsMemorial.jpg)
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᎴᎮᎯᏒ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1838 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 4,000 ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Nunna daul Isunyi—"ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏱ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᏫᏔ, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ .
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏠᏱ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Alabama ᎠᎴ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ). ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ Alabama, ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ Calhoun, ᏣᏥᏱ). ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26, 1827, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chief_John_Ross.jpg/220px-Chief_John_Ross.jpg)
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Dahlonega, ᏣᏥᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ speculators ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᏯᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1830, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Ꭴ.. ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ v. ᏣᏥᏱ (1831), ᎯᎠ Marshall ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ "ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ," ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ "ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ, ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Court's ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ,Worcester v. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏣᏥᏱ (1832), ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏚᏂᏴᏒ Ꮎ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ Court's ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: "ᏣᏂ Marshall ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ; ᎾᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ!" ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎥᏝ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ.[1]
ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Major_ridge.jpg/220px-Major_ridge.jpg)
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ strident ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ. ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏚᏥᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏔᎦ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ". ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s. ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏣᏥᏱ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ: ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎫᏫᏍᎫᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835, ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏣᏂ F. Schermerhorn ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ 4.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ) ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 1835 ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ Schermerhorn.
ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Schermerhorn ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏣᏥᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ) ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᏀᎾ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 30, 1835, ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏌᏊ proponents ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ "X" ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎤᏓᏱᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ (ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1836, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ) ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 1836, ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 6,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 16,000 ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ; ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎨᎴᎮᎯᏒ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Trail_of_tears_map_NPS.jpg/500px-Trail_of_tears_map_NPS.jpg)
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1838, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 15,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏀᎾ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᏀᎾ ᎫᏬᏂ 23, 1838, Ralph Waldo Emerson ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Jackson's ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏡᏡ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren, ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ." [2]
ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1838, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ Scott ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 17, 1838, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7,000 ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 26 1838; ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ , ᎠᎴ Alabama. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 2,000 ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ Cherokees—were ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ross's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎠᎴ Gunter's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Guntersville, Alabama) ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏐᏴ Cass (ᏣᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Hiwassee ᎤᏪᏴ (Calhoun, ᏖᎾᏏ). ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏐᏈᎵ, ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ, ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (1,900 km) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ Scott ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ; ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ, ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥ Scott ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ 11,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏀᎾ ᎦᎶᏂ 28, 1838, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᏦᎦᏚ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 1,000 ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ, ᎥᏳᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Elizur ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ 2,000 ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 4,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ; ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 8,000 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.[3][4][5]
ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ morale. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Samuel Worcester ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.[6][7][8]
ᏥᏍᏚ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏓᎵᏆ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot; ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏩᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ (ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᏙᎯ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ , ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 400 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏫᎵᎭᎹ Holland ᏙᎹᏏ (ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏧᏣ), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏝᏊ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (3,540 km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎤᏴᏜ Kansas) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 37) "ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏯᏕᏁᏗ ᎣᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ "ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏁᎭ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ." ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]- ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Robert ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ (1992) [9]
- ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Diane Glancy ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ: ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ (1996) ᎨᏒᎢ polyvocal ᏓᎵᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. [10]
- ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ (1976).[11]
- ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Glenn J. Twist's ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ [12]
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]- ↑ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯ p. 257, Prucha p. 212.
- ↑ Letter to President Van Buren, Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1838-04-23
- ↑ Prucha p. 241n58
- ↑ Ehle pp. 390-92
- ↑ Russel ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, "Demography ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Anderson, pp. 75-93.
- ↑ Steve ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ America's ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ (ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Collins, 2003), p. 167
- ↑ Deborah L Duvall, ᏓᎵᏆ: ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, 2000), p. 35
- ↑ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ M. Swiderski, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ (Bergin Garvey/ᏩᎶᎠ, 1996), p. 91.
- ↑ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ, Robert J. ᎣᏓᎸ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ: ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ. Norman: Ꭴ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ P, 1992
- ↑ Glancy, Diane. ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ: ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ. ᏅᏯᎩ: Harcourt ᏕᎦᏂᏴᏛ, 1996
- ↑ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ: ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. Albuquerque: Ꭴ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ P, 1986 [1976]
- ↑ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ, Glenn J. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ: ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ: ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1997
ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ
[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]- Anderson, William L (1991). Cherokee Removal: Before and After. Athens, ᏣᏥᏱ: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 082031482X.
- Carter, Samuel (1976). Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-06735-6.
- Ehle, John (1988). Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-23953-X.
- Foreman, Grant (1932). Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians, 11th printing (1989), Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1172-0.
- Prucha, Francis Paul (1984). The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Volume I). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3668-9.
- ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯ, Robert V (2001). Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-91025-2.
- Wallace, Anthony FC (1993). The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-6631-9.