Fruktose

Fruktose er et kulhydrat. Fra planter findes fruktose i nektar (og dermed honning), træer og frugter (vin), blomster, bær og grøntsager. Fruktose er meget sødere end sakkarose (sukker), se graf "Relativ sødme".

Industriel fruktose udvindes fra sukkerrør, sukkerroer og sukkermajs. Crystalline fructose (engelsk) er en krystalliseret, tørret, malet og ultraren fruktose. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) er en blanding af glukose og fruktose som monosakkarider. Sukrose er et stof med et glukosemolekyle kovalent bundet til et molekyle af fruktose.

Bemærk at sukker, det hvide vi anvender i husholdningen, er en kemisk forbindelse af 50% fruktose og 50% glukose.

Sundhed

Fruktose giver ikke den samme mæthedsfølelse som andre kulhydrater.^[1] Hjernes snydes af fruktose til at forhøje den totale mængde af fødevareindtag, da signalstoffet leptin ikke fungerer efter hensigten.^[2] ^[3] Fruktose ligner glukose. Fruktose fordøjes radikalt anderledes^[4] end det livsvigtige glukose - og Leptin og insulin påvirkes.^[5] Fordøjelse af fruktose kan virkningsmæssigt sidestilles med fordøjelse af alkohol, dog uden forbrænding og forgiftning af hjernen – beruselse. Men dog med forgiftning af lever, intolerans m.m..^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

HFCS og fruktose er skyld i den vestlige verdens livsstilssygdomme som fedme, diabetes II, forhøjet blodtryk, inflammatoriske sygdomme m.f..^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

HFCS og Fruktose: Egenskaber i industrien

Alle former for fruktose, herunder også frugt og juice, tilsættes i industrien til drikke- og fødevarer, halv- og helfabrikata, for at forbedre egenskaber der normalt kræve et højt niveau af håndværk.

I meget af fødevareindustrien tilsættes High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) til sodavand, brød, pålæg, morgenmad etc. på grund af HFCS ekstrem lave pris^[23], høje sødme- og konsistensforbedrende-, samt fugtighedspræserverende egenskaber.^[24]

HFCS har følgende egenskaber:

Konsistens, forbedring
Fugtighedspræserverende
Bruning
Stabilitet, ex. temperatur resistent
Tekstur, forbedring
Bageevne, forbedring

Egenskaberne anvendes eksempelvis i følgende industriprodukter:^[18]

Sødme og stabilitet – Sodavand
konsistens og tekstur – is og kager;
Bruning, tekstur og fugtighedspræserverende – brød.

Regulering

Trods talrige beviser på fruktoses negative egenskaber i forhold til folkesundheden er fruktose, trods toxiske effekter, ikke reguleret på statsligt niveau. Andre toxiner der er reguleret er alkohol, tobak, chokolade, euforiserende stoffer m.v.

Historie

Fruktose findes blandt andet i grøntsager, frugt og honning. 1975 introduceres HFCS til de internationale vestlige markeder.^[25]

Indtag pr. dag i USA:

1938 14-17gm/dag.
1977 37gm/dag.
1994: 54,7 gm/dag.
efter 1994 mangler data men stigende.

Kilder/referencer

^ "Fructose Tied to Obesity as Study Shows It Doesn't Cut Appetite - Bloomberg". Arkiveret fra originalen 16. maj 2014. Hentet 16. februar 2013.
^ Mourao DM, Bressan J, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31: 1688–1695
^ Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev 2005;63:133–157
^ Bray GA. How bad is fructose? Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:895–896
^ Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC,Adeli K. Fructose: a highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685–E694
^ Tappy L, Mittendorfer B (2012). "Fructose toxicity: is the science ready for public health actions?". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 15 (4): 357–61. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328354727e. PMID 22617566.
^ Is Sugar Toxic? Gary Taubes, New York Times, April 13, 2011 . Accessed April 2011
^ World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21; 15(19): 2412–2413. Published online 2009 May 21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2412 PMCID: PMC2684612
^ Niels Tygstrup, Kjeld Winkler, Frank Lundquist J Clin Invest. 1965 May; 44(5): 817–830. doi: 10.1172/JCI105194 PMCID: PMC292558
^ J Clin Invest. 1989 January; 83(1): 52–59. doi: 10.1172/JCI113884 PMCID: PMC303642
^ Postgrad Med J. 1971 October; 47(552): 654–659. PMCID: PMC2467321
^ Joslin Diabetes Center. (2019, October 1). High-fructose and high-fat diet damages liver mitochondria: Increases fatty-liver disease risk and metabolic syndrome. ScienceDaily Citat: "...Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center have found that high levels of fructose in the diet inhibit the liver's ability to properly metabolize fat. This effect is specific to fructose. Indeed, equally high levels of glucose in the diet actually improve the fat-burning function of the liver. This explains why high dietary fructose has more negative health impacts than glucose does, even though they have the same caloric content..."The most important takeaway of this study is that high fructose in the diet is bad," says Dr. Kahn. "It's not bad because it's more calories, but because it has effects on liver metabolism to make it worse at burning fat. As a result, adding fructose to the diet makes the liver store more fat, and this is bad for the liver and bad for whole body metabolism." "Surprisingly, when you switch the sugar in the diet from fructose to glucose, even though they're both equally caloric, the glucose doesn't have that effect. In fact, if anything, overall metabolism is somewhat better than if they just were on plain high-fat diet."...This study was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)...", backup
^ Cell Metabolism. Volume 30, Issue 4, 1 October 2019, Pages 735-753.e4. Dietary Sugars Alter Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation via Transcriptional and Post-translational Modifications of Mitochondrial Proteins, backup
^ Bremer, A. A., Mietus-Snyder, M., & Lustig, R. H. (2012). "Toward a Unifying Hypothesis of Metabolic Syndrome". Pediatrics 129 (3): 557–70.doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2912. PMID 22351884.
^ Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 November; 110(46): 775–782. Published online 2013 November 15. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0775 PMCID: PMC3855820
^ Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Obes Rev 2009;10:68–75
^ Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in children and adolescents: reanalyses of a meta- analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:438–439; author reply 439–440
^ ^a ^b Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Di-abetes Care 2010;33:2477–2483
^ Sørensen LB, Raben A, Stender S, Astrup A. Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:421–427
^ Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Con-sumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:537–543
^ Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Beyene J, Chiavaroli L, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ (2012). "Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis".Annals of Internal Medicine 156 (4): 291–304.doi:10.1059/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007. PMID 22351714.
^ Stanhope KL, Bremer AA, Medici V, et al. Consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup increase postprandial triglycer-ides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-B in young men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1596–E1605
^ Pollan, M, The (Agri)Cultural Contradictions Of Obesity, The New York Times', 12 October 2003.
^ Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Møller AC, Astrup AA. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight sub-jects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:721–729
^ Bray, George A. (October 2007). "How bad is fructose?". Am J Clin Nutr (American Society for Clinical Nutrition) 86 (4): 895–896. PMID 1792136.

Eksterne henvisninger

04 februar 2015, videnskab.dk: Danmarks nye sukker slår mus ihjel – men »ikke nødvendigvis mennesker« Arkiveret 20. juni 2019 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Et nyt studie viser, at den omdiskuterede sukkertype 'high fructose corn syrup' forårsager tidligere død og fertilitetsproblemer hos mus..."

[1] "Fructose Tied to Obesity as Study Shows It Doesn't Cut Appetite - Bloomberg". Arkiveret fra originalen 16. maj 2014. Hentet 16. februar 2013.

[2] Mourao DM, Bressan J, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31: 1688–1695

[3] Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev 2005;63:133–157

[4] Bray GA. How bad is fructose? Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:895–896

[5] Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC,Adeli K. Fructose: a highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685–E694

[6] Tappy L, Mittendorfer B (2012). "Fructose toxicity: is the science ready for public health actions?". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 15 (4): 357–61. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328354727e. PMID 22617566.

[7] Is Sugar Toxic? Gary Taubes, New York Times, April 13, 2011 . Accessed April 2011

[8] World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21; 15(19): 2412–2413. Published online 2009 May 21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2412 PMCID: PMC2684612

[9] Niels Tygstrup, Kjeld Winkler, Frank Lundquist J Clin Invest. 1965 May; 44(5): 817–830. doi: 10.1172/JCI105194 PMCID: PMC292558

[10] J Clin Invest. 1989 January; 83(1): 52–59. doi: 10.1172/JCI113884 PMCID: PMC303642

[11] Postgrad Med J. 1971 October; 47(552): 654–659. PMCID: PMC2467321

[12] Joslin Diabetes Center. (2019, October 1). High-fructose and high-fat diet damages liver mitochondria: Increases fatty-liver disease risk and metabolic syndrome. ScienceDaily Citat: "...Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center have found that high levels of fructose in the diet inhibit the liver's ability to properly metabolize fat. This effect is specific to fructose. Indeed, equally high levels of glucose in the diet actually improve the fat-burning function of the liver. This explains why high dietary fructose has more negative health impacts than glucose does, even though they have the same caloric content..."The most important takeaway of this study is that high fructose in the diet is bad," says Dr. Kahn. "It's not bad because it's more calories, but because it has effects on liver metabolism to make it worse at burning fat. As a result, adding fructose to the diet makes the liver store more fat, and this is bad for the liver and bad for whole body metabolism." "Surprisingly, when you switch the sugar in the diet from fructose to glucose, even though they're both equally caloric, the glucose doesn't have that effect. In fact, if anything, overall metabolism is somewhat better than if they just were on plain high-fat diet."...This study was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)...", backup

[13] Cell Metabolism. Volume 30, Issue 4, 1 October 2019, Pages 735-753.e4. Dietary Sugars Alter Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation via Transcriptional and Post-translational Modifications of Mitochondrial Proteins, backup

[14] Bremer, A. A., Mietus-Snyder, M., & Lustig, R. H. (2012). "Toward a Unifying Hypothesis of Metabolic Syndrome". Pediatrics 129 (3): 557–70.doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2912. PMID 22351884.

[15] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 November; 110(46): 775–782. Published online 2013 November 15. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0775 PMCID: PMC3855820

[16] Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Obes Rev 2009;10:68–75

[17] Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in children and adolescents: reanalyses of a meta- analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:438–439; author reply 439–440

[:0-18] Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Di-abetes Care 2010;33:2477–2483

[19] Sørensen LB, Raben A, Stender S, Astrup A. Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:421–427

[20] Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Con-sumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:537–543

[21] Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Beyene J, Chiavaroli L, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ (2012). "Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis".Annals of Internal Medicine 156 (4): 291–304.doi:10.1059/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007. PMID 22351714.

[22] Stanhope KL, Bremer AA, Medici V, et al. Consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup increase postprandial triglycer-ides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-B in young men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1596–E1605

[23] Pollan, M, The (Agri)Cultural Contradictions Of Obesity, The New York Times', 12 October 2003.

[24] Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Møller AC, Astrup AA. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight sub-jects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:721–729

[25] Bray, George A. (October 2007). "How bad is fructose?". Am J Clin Nutr (American Society for Clinical Nutrition) 86 (4): 895–896. PMID 1792136.

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