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Guacamole

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Guacamole (Spanish: [ɡwakaˈmole] ⓘ; informally shortened to guac in the United States[1] since the 1980s)[2] is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed in Mexico.[3] In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment and salad ingredient.[4][5]

Guacamole
Guacamole
Alternative namesGuac
TypeDip
Place of originMexico
Main ingredientsAvocados, salt, lime juice, onion, cilantro
VariationsSour cream, tomatoes, basil
Similar dishesAvocado sauce
Mantequilla de pobre
Venezuelan guasacaca

Etymology and pronunciation

 
Guacamole with tortilla chips

The name comes from Classical Nahuatl āhuacamōlli [aːwakaˈmoːlːi], which literally translates to 'avocado sauce', from āhuacatl[6] [aːˈwakat͡ɬ] 'avocado' + mōlli [ˈmoːlːi] 'sauce'.[3] In Mexican Spanish, it is pronounced [wakaˈmole].[7][8] In American English, it tends to be pronounced /ˌɡwɑːkəˈmoʊliː/,[9] and this pronunciation is also common in British English, but /ˌɡwɑːkəˈmoʊleɪ/ is more common.[10][11]

History

Avocado seeds were first found in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico around 9,000–10,000 years ago (7000–8000 BCE) and had been domesticated by various Mesoamerican groups by 5000 BCE.[12][13][14] They were likely cultivated in the Supe Valley in Peru as early as 3100 BCE.[14] In the early 1900s, avocados frequently went by the name alligator pear.[15] In the 1697 book, A New Voyage Round the World, the first known description of a guacamole recipe (though not known by that name) was by English privateer and naturalist William Dampier, who in his visit to Central America during one of his circumnavigations, noted a native preparation made of grinding together avocados, sugar, and lime juice.[16]

Guacamole has increased avocado sales in the U.S., especially on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo.[17] The rising consumption of guacamole is most likely due to the U.S. government lifting a ban on avocado imports in the 1990s and the growth of the U.S. Latino population.[18]

Ingredients

Guacamole is traditionally made by mashing peeled, ripe avocados and salt with a molcajete y tejolote (mortar and pestle).[19][20] Recipes often call for lime juice, cilantro, onions, and jalapeños. Some non-traditional recipes may call for sour cream, tomatoes, basil, or peas.[21]

Due to the presence of polyphenol oxidase in the cells of avocado, exposure to oxygen in the air causes an enzymatic reaction and develops melanoidin pigment, turning the sauce brown.[22] This result is generally considered unappetizing, and there are several methods (some anecdotal) that are used to counter this effect, such as storing the guacamole in an air-tight container or wrapping tightly in plastic to limit the surface area exposed to the air.[23]

Composition and nutrients

As the major ingredient of guacamole is raw avocado, the nutritional value of the dish derives from avocado vitamins, minerals and fats, providing dietary fibre, several B vitamins, vitamin K, vitamin E and potassium in significant content (see Daily Value percentages in nutrient table for avocado). Avocados are a source of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.[24][25] They also contain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein.[26]

Similar dishes

Mantequilla de pobre

Mantequilla de pobre (Spanish for 'poor-man's butter') is a mixture of avocado, tomato, oil, and citrus juice.[27] Despite its name, it predates the arrival of dairy cattle in the Americas, and thus was not originally made as a butter substitute.[4]

Guasacaca

 
Guasacaca in a mason jar
Main article: Wasakaka

Thinner and more acidic,[28] or thick and chunky,[29] guasacaca is a Venezuelan avocado-based sauce; it is made with vinegar,[30] and is served over parrillas (grilled food), arepas, empanadas, and various other dishes. It is common to make the guasacaca with a little hot sauce instead of jalapeño, but like a guacamole, it is not usually served as a hot sauce itself. It is pronounced "wasakaka" in Latin America.[31]

Commercial products

Prepared guacamoles are available in stores, often available refrigerated, frozen or in high pressure packaging which pasteurizes and extends shelf life if products are maintained at 1 to 4 °C (34 to 40 °F).[32]

Holiday

National Guacamole Day is celebrated on the same day as Mexican Independence Day, September 16.[33][34]

On November 20, 2022, Municipo de Peribán, Mexico achieved the Guinness World Records for the largest serving of guacamole. The serving weighed 4,972 kg (10,961 lb) and had 500 people help prepare it.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Oxford Dictionary". Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  2. ^ "guac | Definition of guac in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  3. ^ a b Zeldes, Leah A. (November 4, 2009). "Eat this! Guacamole, a singing sauce, on its day". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  4. ^ a b Beard, James; Bittman, Mark (September 4, 2007). Beard on Food: The Best Recipes and Kitchen Wisdom from the Dean of American Cooking. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-59691-446-9. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  5. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (May 1, 2007). The Oxford companion to American food and drink. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-0-19-530796-2. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  6. ^ "How to Pronounce "Guacamole" in Spanish". ThoughtCo. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  7. ^ Claudia R. Guerra, ed. (2018). 300 Years of San Antonio and Bexar County. San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9781595348500.
  8. ^ Maria de Lourdes Santiago Martínez; Juan López Chávez (2004). Etimologías: introducción a la historia del léxico español. Pearson Educación. p. 241. ISBN 9789702604938.
  9. ^ "Guacamole: Definition of guacamole in Oxford dictionary (American English)". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03.
  10. ^ "Definition of guacamole in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries English. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  11. ^ "Etymology". Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  12. ^ "What's in a name?". University of California. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  13. ^ Chen, H.; Morrell, P. L.; Ashworth, V. E. T. M.; de la Cruz, M.; Clegg, M. T. (2008). "Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars". Journal of Heredity. 100 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1093/jhered/esn068. PMID 18779226.
  14. ^ a b Galindo-Tovar, María Elena; Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M.; Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao & Landero-Torres, Ivonne (2007). "The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 12 (2): 325–334, page 325. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761865. S2CID 9998040. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2015.
  15. ^ Morton JF (1987). Avocado; In: Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resource Systems, Inc., Winterville, NC and Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. pp. 91–102. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2.
  16. ^ Fater, Luke (26 July 2019). "The Pirate Who Penned the First English-Language Guacamole Recipe". Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  17. ^ Charles, Jeffrey (2002). "8. Searching for gold in Guacamole: California growers market the avocado, 1910–1994". In Belasco, Warren; Scranton, Philip (eds.). Food nations: selling taste in consumer societies. Routledge. pp. 131–154. ISBN 978-0-415-93077-2. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  18. ^ Khazan, Olga (2015-01-31). "The Selling of the Avocado". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  19. ^ "The best guacamole recipe". Business Insider. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  20. ^ Eats, Serious. "The Best Guacamole (and the Science of Avocados) | The Food Lab". www.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  21. ^ "Green Pea Guacamole". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  22. ^ Hartel, 2009, p. 43
  23. ^ "National Guacamole Day :: Fresh Avocado". avocadocentral.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  24. ^ "Avocados, raw, all commercial varieties, per 100 grams". NutritionData.com. 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  25. ^ "Avocados: Health Benefits, Nutritional Information". MNT. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  26. ^ Dreher ML; Davenport AJ (2013). "Hass avocado composition and potential health effects". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 53 (7): 738–50. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.556759. PMC 3664913. PMID 23638933.
  27. ^ House & Garden. Condé Nast Publications. 1965. p. 122. Retrieved August 21, 2018. Mantequilla de pobre is literally "poor man's butter" ...
  28. ^ "Caracas Calling". New York Press. July 13, 2004. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  29. ^ "Guasacaca – Venezuelan-style Guacamole". About.com. July 2, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  30. ^ Serpa, Diego (1968). "Avocado Culture in Venezuela" (PDF). California Avocado Society 1968 Yearbook. 52: 153–168. ISSN 0096-5960. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  31. ^ "guasacaca". Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary. Retrieved February 1, 2016.[dead link‍] Sound file is at "LAT.AM.SP", to the right of the headword near the top of the window.
  32. ^ "High-pressure processing ideal for guacamole lovers". The Packer. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  33. ^ "National guacamole day!". CBC Kids. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  34. ^ "Celebrating Mexican Independence Day, National Guacamole Day". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  35. ^ "Largest serving of guacamole". Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 20, 2018.

Bibliography

  • Hartel, Richard W and Hartel, AnnaKate (March 1, 2009), Food Bites: the Science of the Foods We Eat; Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 0387758453
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