Year 1568 (MDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| Gregorian calendar | 1568 MDLXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2321 |
| Armenian calendar | 1017 ԹՎ ՌԺԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6318 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1489–1490 |
| Bengali calendar | 975 |
| Berber calendar | 2518 |
| English Regnal year | 10 Eliz. 1 – 11 Eliz. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2112 |
| Burmese calendar | 930 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7076–7077 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit) 4265 or 4058 — to — 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 4266 or 4059 |
| Coptic calendar | 1284–1285 |
| Discordian calendar | 2734 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1560–1561 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5328–5329 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1624–1625 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1489–1490 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4668–4669 |
| Holocene calendar | 11568 |
| Igbo calendar | 568–569 |
| Iranian calendar | 946–947 |
| Islamic calendar | 975–976 |
| Japanese calendar | Eiroku 11 (永禄１１年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1487–1488 |
| Julian calendar | 1568 MDLXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3901 |
| Minguo calendar | 344 before ROC 民前344年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 100 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2110–2111 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火兔年 (female Fire-Rabbit) 1694 or 1313 or 541 — to — 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1695 or 1314 or 542 |
Events
edit
January–March
edit- January 6 – In the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the delegates of Unio Trium Nationum to the Diet of Torda convene in a session that ends on January 13, during which freedom of religion is debated.
- January 28 – The Edict of Torda, Europe's first declaration of religious freedom, is adopted by the Kingdom of Hungary.
- February 7 – Members of a Spanish expedition, commanded by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, become the first Europeans to see the Solomon Islands, landing at Santa Isabel Island.[1][2]
- February 16 – The Inquisition in the Netherlands condemns virtually the entire population of the Spanish Netherlands to death.[3]
- February 17 – Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The Habsburgs agree to pay tribute to the Ottomans.[4][5]
- February 23 – Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire captures the massive Chittor Fort in northern India after a siege that began on October 23, 1567.[6][7]
- February 28 – French Huguenots begin the Siege of Chartres, but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.[8][9]
- March 23 – The Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France.[10] Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.
April–June
edit- April 23 – Eighty Years' War: The Battle of Dahlen takes place in the Duchy of Jülich near the modern-day Rheindahlen borough in the German city of Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia. Spanish troops, commanded by Sancho d'Avila, overwhelm a larger force of Dutch rebels led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers.[11]
- May 2 – The deposed Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Lochleven Castle.
- May 13 – Marian civil war in Scotland: Battle of Langside – The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland and her half-brother.[12]
- May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees across the Solway Firth from Scotland to England[13] but on May 19 is placed in custody in Carlisle Castle on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I of England, her cousin.
- May 23 – Battle of Heiligerlee: Troops under Louis of Nassau, brother of William the Silent, defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg, in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins the Eighty Years' War.[14]
- June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at Sablon, near Brussels, as 18 persons who signed the Compromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.[15]
- June 13 – Thomas Lancaster is consecrated as the Archbishop of Armagh, spiritual leader of the Church of Ireland, succeeding Archbishop Adam Loftus.
- June 27 – Ottoman pirate Kılıç Ali Pasha, formerly Italian farmer Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, is appointed as the Ottoman Beylerbey of Ottoman Algeria by the Sultan Selim II.
July–September
edit- July 21 – Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of the Duke of Alba utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.[16]
- August 18 – The Third War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture Condé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
- September 24 – Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (Anglo-Spanish War): In the Gulf of Mexico, a Spanish fleet forces English privateers under John Hawkins to end their campaign.[17]
- September 29 – The Swedish king Eric XIV is deposed by his half-brothers John and Charles.[18] John proclaims himself king John III the next day.
October–December
edit- October 5 – William the Silent invades the southeastern Netherlands.[19]
- October 18 — Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning the Azuchi–Momoyama period in Japan.[20][21]
- October 20 – Battle of Jodoigne: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alba destroy William the Silent's rearguard and William abandons his offensive.[22]
- November 12 – Dutch rebels commanded by William the Silent defeat Spanish Habsburg troops led by Sancho d'Avila in the battle of Le Quesnoy in northern France.
- November 22 – The second treaty of Roskilde is signed between representatives of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden to end the Northern Seven Years' War. Sweden cedes the Duchy of Estonia (Estland) to Danish control.
- November 27 – Burmese–Siamese War: Dispatched by King Bayinnaung, 55,000 Burmese troops arrive at Phitsanulok (in modern-day Thailand) and drive back the attack by armies from the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Thailand) Lan Xang (Laos), then prepare to invade Ayutthaya to put down the rebellion by Ayutthayan King Maha Chakkraphat[23]
- December 24 – The Morisco Revolt against King Philip II of Spain begins as Aben Humeya (formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
- December 28 – Ludwig III becomes the Duke of Württemberg in German Bavaria after the death of his father, Christoph.
Date unknown
edit- The Russo-Turkish War begins in Astrakhan.
- Álvaro I succeeds his stepfather Henrique I as ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo[24] forming the Kwilu dynasty that rules the kingdom without interruption until May 1622.
- Polybius' The Histories are first translated into English, by Christopher Watson.[25]
Births
edit
- January 6 – Henri Spondanus, French historian (d. 1643)[26]
- January 14 – Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (d. 1631)[27]
- January 20 – Daniel Cramer, German theologian (d. 1637)[28]
- January 28 – Gustav of Sweden, Swedish prince (d. 1607)
- January 30 – Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg, countess (d. 1636)
- February 2 – Péter Révay, Hungarian historian (d. 1622)[29]
- February 11 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (d. 1625)[30]
- March 9 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian Jesuit and saint (d. 1591)[31]
- March 16 – Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (d. 1649)[32]
- March 28 – Johannes Polyander, Dutch theologian (d. 1646)[33]
- March 30 – Henry Wotton, English author and diplomat (d. 1639)[34]
- April 5 – Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644)[35]
- April 17 – George Brooke, English aristocrat (d. 1603)[36]
- April 21 – Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1587)[37]
- April 28 – Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d. 1630)[38]
- May 9 – Guglielmo Caccia, Italian painter (d. 1625)
- May 11 – Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1630)[39]
- May 17 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1625)[40]
- May 29 – Virginia de' Medici, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1615)[41]
- June 6 – Sophie of Brandenburg, Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d. 1622)[42]
- June 25 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d. 1597)[43]
- July 1 – Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German Catholic bishop (d. 1623)[44]
- August 27 – Hercule, Duke of Montbazon (d. 1654)[45]
- September 3 – Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d. 1634)[46]
- September 5 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian and poet (d. 1639)[47]
- October 2 – Marino Ghetaldi, Croatian mathematician and physicist (d. 1626)[48]
- October 18 – Henry Wallop, English politician (d. 1642)[49]
- November 18 – Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (d. 1636)
- December 17 – Jonathan Trelawny, English politician (d. 1604)[50]
- date unknown
- Nikolaus Ager, French botanist (d. 1634)[51]
- John Welsh of Ayr, Scottish Presbyterian leader[52]
- Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester (d. 1648)[53]
- Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese military leader (d. 1592)
- Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, Mexican historian (d. 1648)[54]
- Gervase Markham, English poet and writer (d. 1637)[55]
- Robert Wintour, English conspirator (executed 1606)
- Wei Zhongxian, Grand Secretary of China (d. 1627)[56]
- Ōtsu Ono, Japanese woman poet, koto, and writer (believed to have learned how to write from Nobutada Konoe) (d. 1631)
Deaths
edit
- January 26 – Lady Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (b. 1540)[57]
- February 15 – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch reformer (b. 1531)[58]
- March 19 – Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell, English noblewoman (b.c. 1518)
- March 20 (plague)
- Albert, Duke of Prussia (b. 1490)[59]
- Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (b. 1532)[60]
- May 23 – Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (b. 1540)[61]
- April 7 – Onofrio Panvinio, Italian Augustinian historian (b. 1529)[62]
- April 27 – Giovanni Michele Saraceni, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1498)[63]
- May 6 – Bernardo Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1508)[64]
- May 15 – Anna of Lorraine (b. 1522)[65]
- May 23 – Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg (b. 1528)[66]
- June 3 – Andrés de Urdaneta, Spanish explorer (b. 1508)[67]
- June 5
- Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish statesman (b. 1522)[68]
- Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn (b. c. 1524)[69]
- June 11 – Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Wolfenbüttel 1514–1568 (b. 1489)[70]
- July 1 – Levinus Lemnius, Dutch writer (b. 1505)[71]
- July 6 – Johannes Oporinus, Swiss printer (b. 1507)[72]
- July 7 – William Turner, British ornithologist and botanist (b. 1508)[73]
- July 24 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)[74]
- August 15 – Stanislaus Kostka, Polish saint (b. 1550)[75]
- August 21 – Jean Parisot de Valette, 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495)[76]
- August 23 – Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (b. 1495)[77]
- September 26 – Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (b. 1536)[78]
- September – Anna Pehrsönernas moder, influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)
- September 22 – Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (b. c. 1530) (executed)[79]
- October 3 – Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)[80]
- October 14 – Jacques Arcadelt, Flemish composer (b. 1504)[81]
- October 19 – Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (b. 1517)[82]
- October 28 – Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (b. 1538)
- November 6 – Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg, duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1502)[83]
- November 9 – John Radcliffe, English politician (b. 1539)[84]
- December 23 – Roger Ascham, tutor of Elizabeth I of England (b. 1515)[85]
- December 24 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (b. 1533)[86]
- December 28 – Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1515)[87]
- December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (b. 1493)
- date unknown
- Garcia de Orta, Portuguese Jewish physician (b. 1501)[88]
- Dirk Philips, early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (b. 1504)[89]
- Yan Song, Chinese prime minister (b. 1481)
- Amato Lusitano, Portuguese physician (b. 1511)[90]
References
edit- ^ "Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira, 1542?–1595". Princeton University Library. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ "Solomon Islands". www.un.int. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ "What was the Inquisition?". History Is Now Magazine. February 5, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 922. ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
- ^ Cîmpeanu, Liviu (2021). "The Transylvanian-Saxon University at War: Trabanten in John Sigismund Szapolyai's Campaigns at the North-Western Borders of Transylvania (1561–1567)". Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica. 58 (58): 11–28. ISSN 1454-1521. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
- ^ Ram Vallabh Somani, History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. (Mateshwari, 1976)
- ^ Mathur, R. S. (1985). Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. Deputy Publications. p. 53. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ James Wood,The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576 Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.215
- ^ Baird, Henry Martyn (1880). History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 231. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Roberts, Penny (2013). "Phases of Peace". Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560–1600. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 29–50. doi:10.1057/9781137326751_3. ISBN 978-1-137-32675-1. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
- ^ John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History (Harper & Brothers, 1883) p.160
- ^ Peter G. B. McNeill; Hector L. MacQueen (1996). Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-9503904-1-3.
- ^ Holmes, P. J. (1987). "Mary Stewart in England". The Innes Review. 38 (38): 195–218. doi:10.3366/inr.1987.38.38.195. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
- ^ Marco van der Hoeven (1997). Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648. Brill. p. 57. ISBN 90-04-10727-4.
- ^ Louis Verniers, Un millénaire d'histoire de Bruxelles. Des origines à 1830 (A. De Boeck, 1965) p.227
- ^ Jaques, Tony (November 30, 2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-313-02799-4. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ Figueroa, Macrina Rabadán (2006). Propios y extraños: la presencia de los extranjeros en la vida de la ciudad de México, 1821-1860 (in Spanish). Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. p. 13. ISBN 978-970-701-761-0. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ Williamson, David (1988). Debrett's kings and queens of Europe. Exter: Webb & Bower. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-86350-194-4. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ Lovett, A. W. (1986). Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-822139-5. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. 2002. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ Katsumi Kuroita, ed., Public Court Appointments, Part 3, Vol. 55 (Kokushi Taikei Publishing Association, 1936)
- ^ Trevor Nevitt Dupuy; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1992). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. HarperCollins. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.
- ^ Hmannan chronicle, Vol. 2, p.403)
- ^ Thornton, John K. (2018). "Soyo and Kongo: The Undoing of the Kingdom's Centralization". The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–122. ISBN 978-1-108-47418-4. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Polybius (1979). The Rise Of The Roman Empire. Penguin. p. 36.
- ^ Wetzer, H. J. (1864). Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la théologie catholique (in French). Gaume. p. 367. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Pharmazeutische Zeitung, vereinigt mit Apotheker-Zeitung (in German). Govi-Verlag Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH. 1957. p. 1326. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Das Reformationszeitalter (in German). Dresden: LS Ehlermann. 1886. p. 142. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Irodalomtörténeti közlemények (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. 1977. p. 494. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Germa, Bernard (1904). L'Astrée d'Honoré d'Urfé: sa composition - son influence (in French). E. Privat. p. 13. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ "LUIGI Gonzaga, santo - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Díaz, José Hernández; Montañés, Juan Martínez (1987). Juan Martínez Montañés (1568-1649) (in Spanish). Ediciones Guadalquivir. p. 21. ISBN 978-84-86080-04-4. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Johannes Polyander: een dienaar van kerk en universiteit (in Dutch). BRILL. December 24, 2018. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-04-38189-6. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Sharp, Robert Farquharson (1904). A Dictionary of English Authors, Biographical and Bibliographical. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-87821-045-9. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ "URBANO VIII". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ McKeen, David (1986). A Memory of Honour: The Life of William Brooke, Lord Cobham. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg. p. 162. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Hansen, Johann Friedrich (1770). Vollständigere Staatsbeschreibung des Herzogthums Schleswig (in German). Korte. p. 192. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía (in Spanish). RAMHG. p. 152. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Deinet, Klaus (July 15, 2020). Christian I. von Anhalt-Bernburg (1568-1630): Eine Biographie des Scheiterns (in German). Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-17-038317-3. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ Norrman, David Emanuel (1978). Sigismund Vasa och hans regering i Polen (1587-1632) (in Swedish). Norstedt. p. 23. ISBN 978-91-1-783362-6. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Miscellanea di storia italiana (in Italian). Bocca. 1869. p. 326. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie ...: Senckenberg (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1892. p. 689. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Hofberg, Herman (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (in Swedish). Albert Bonniers. p. 89. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde (in German). Harzverein. 1889. p. 233. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Simplicien, Paul Lucas (1749). L'Etat de la France... Des troupes de la Maison du Roi... (in French). chez d'Houry fils. p. 512. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Unger, Melvin P. (August 14, 2023). Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-5381-2434-5. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Germana Ernst (March 16, 2010). Tommaso Campanella: The Book and the Body of Nature. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN 978-90-481-3126-6.
- ^ "Marino Ghetaldi - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ "WALLOP, Henry (1568-1642), of Farleigh Wallop, Hants. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Rowe, Joshua Brooking (1906). A History of the Borough of Plympton Erle: The Castle and Manor of Plympton, and of the Ecclesiastical Parish of Plympton St. Thomas, in the County of Devon. J.G. Commin. pp. 232–233.
- ^ Leibrock-Plehn, Larissa (1992). Hexenkräuter oder Arznei: die Abtreibungsmittel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (in German). Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-8047-1200-3. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Young, James (1866). Life of John Welsh, Minister of Ayr: Including Illustrations of the Contemporary Ecclesiastical History of Scotland and France. J. Maclaren. p. 9. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Cokayne, George Edward (1913). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts. St. Catherine Press, Limited. p. 198. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Cayne, Bernard S. (1981). The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. p. 634. ISBN 978-0-7172-0112-9. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ "Markham, Gervase". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18065. Retrieved December 10, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ McMahon, Keith (2014). "The Potent Eunuch: The Story of Wei Zhongxian". Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture. 1 (1–2): 1–28. doi:10.1215/23290048-2749359. S2CID 162821741. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ Robert Stedall (July 26, 2012). The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567. Book Guild Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-84624-646-3.
- ^ Brink, Jan ten (1882). De eerste jaren der Nederlandsche revolutie (1555-1568) (in Dutch). Elsevier. p. 208. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Hartmann, Stefan (2008). Herzog Albrecht von Preussen und Livland (1565-1570): Regesten aus dem Herzoglichen Briefarchiv (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-412-20176-0. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1857). A Cyclopædia of Female Biography ... [A revised abridgement, with additions, of "Woman's Record".] Edited by H.G. Adams. London: Groombridge & Sons. p. 44. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Beausar, Nicolaas Godfried (1852). Nederland (in Dutch). Verkonteren. p. 64. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "PANVINIO, Onofrio - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561". cardinals.fiu.edu.
- ^ Histoire de Lorraine (in French). Chez A. Leseure. 1757. p. cxcix. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Aa, A. J. van der (1841). Geschied- en Aadrijkskundige Beschrijving van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groothertogdom. Luxemburg (in Dutch). J. Noorduyn and Son. p. 308. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1896). Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León (in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 249. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Fagel, Raymond (October 1, 2021). Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries. Leuven University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-94-6270-287-5. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "Horn". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Kleines Conversations-Lexikon (in German). Herder. 1855. p. 264. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Nagtglas, F. (1869). Levinus Lemnius en Zierikzee in de eerste helft der zestiende eeuw (in Dutch). Altorffer. p. 15. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Geschichte der Wissenschaften in Deutschland: Neuere Zeit (in German). R. Oldenbourg. 1883. p. 158. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "Turner, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27874. Retrieved December 11, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Sarmiento, Francisco Javier Puerto (2022). El Príncipe Don Carlos de Austria: Un hombre desesperado. Historia y Leyenda (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres S.l. p. 216. ISBN 978-84-18316-64-7. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Podręczna encyklopedya kościelna (in Polish). Skład głowny w Księgarni Gebethnera i S ka. 1913. p. 75. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 936. ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ "Wharton, Thomas, first Baron Wharton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29172. Retrieved December 12, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Acuña, Manuela Josefa Reynoso (1963). Algunos aspectos de la reforma cristiana en España, en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 60. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ "Jöran Persson - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon". sok.riksarkivet.se. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
- ^ Unger, Melvin P. (August 14, 2023). Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-5381-2434-5. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Freytag, Hermann (1903). Die Preussen auf der Universität Wittenberg und die nichtpreussischen Schüler Wittenbergs in Preussen von 1502 bis 1602 (in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 91. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Braunschweigisches Magazin (in German). J. Zwissler. 1899. p. 70. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ "RADCLIFFE, Sir John (1539-68), of Old Cleeve, Som. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Nicholas, Lucy R.; Law, Ceri (November 23, 2020). Roger Ascham and His Sixteenth-Century World. BRILL. p. 296. ISBN 978-90-04-38228-2. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Mitteilungen des Altertumsvereins zu Plauen: Jahresschrift (in German). Neupert. 1885. p. 55. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Vochezer, Joseph (1907). Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Waldburg in Schwaben (in German). Kösel. p. 462. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Medicine and the Inquisition in the Early Modern World. BRILL. July 1, 2019. p. 102. ISBN 978-90-04-38646-4. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Krahn, Cornelius (December 6, 2012). Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600). Springer. p. 230. ISBN 978-94-015-0609-0. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Bibliography of the History of Medicine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1964. p. 12. Retrieved December 12, 2023.