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1968 United States presidential election in Virginia

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

The 1968 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

1968 United States presidential election in Virginia
← 1964 November 5, 1968 1972 →
Turnout50.1% (voting age)[1]
 
Nominee Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace
Party Republican Democratic American Independent
Home state New York[a] Minnesota Alabama
Running mate Spiro Agnew Edmund Muskie Curtis LeMay
Electoral vote 12 0 0
Popular vote 590,319 442,387 320,272
Percentage 43.41% 32.53% 23.55%
County and Independent City Results
President before election

Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic

Elected President

Richard Nixon
Republican

For over sixty years Virginia had had the most restricted electorate in the United States due to a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[2] Virginia would be almost entirely controlled by the conservative Democratic Byrd Organization for four decades,[3] although during the Organization's last twenty years of controlling the state it would direct many Virginia voters away from the national Democratic Party due to opposition to black civil rights and to the fiscal liberalism of the New Deal.[4] After the Twenty-Fourth Amendment and Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections the state's electorate would substantially expand since the lower classes were no longer burdened by poll taxes. At the same time, the postwar Republican trend of the Northeast-aligned Washington D.C. and Richmond suburbs, which had begun as early as 1944, would accelerate[5] and become intensified by the mobilisation of working-class Piedmont whites against a national Democratic Party strongly associated with black interests.[6]

Campaign

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51% of white voters supported Nixon, 28% supported Wallace, and 21% supported Humphrey.[7][8][9] The Virginia Conservative Party, a pro-segregationist political party in a 1967 party convention unanimously named George Wallace as president and Ronald Reagan as vice president. Neither Wallace nor Reagan wanted to be on their ticket. Wallace did not like the idea as he thought it would take away votes from his party and efforts were made to remove them with it eventually being successful but the Conservative Party did support Wallace in the end.[10]

Predictions

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The following newspapers gave these predictions about how Virginia would vote in the 1968 presidential election:

Source Ranking As of
Fort Worth Star-Telegram[11] Tossup September 14, 1968
Pensacola News Journal[12] Tilt R (flip) September 23, 1968
Daily Press[13] Lean R (flip) October 11, 1968
The Charlotte News[14] Likely R (flip) October 12, 1968
Shreveport Times[15] Lean R (flip) November 3, 1968
The Selma Times-Journal[16] Likely R (flip) November 3, 1968
The Roanoke Times[17] Likely R (flip) November 3, 1968
Fort Lauderdale News[18] Likely R (flip) November 4, 1968

Analysis

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Virginia was won by Republican nominee and former Vice President Richard Nixon of California with 43.41 percent of the vote, against incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota with 32.53 percent and former Alabama Governor George Wallace who gained 23.55 percent. Nixon also won the national election with 43.42 percent of the vote. Regardless, all candidates had strong regional support in the state; Nixon's votes came mostly from Northern Virginia and the Appalachian Mountain areas, while Humphrey's votes were mainly from the Tidewater region and unionized coal counties in Southwest Virginia,[19] which had both benefited from increased voter registration under the Voting Rights Act and been centres of opposition to the Byrd Organization in previous generations. Wallace received his core support in the Southern Virginia counties,[20] where the core of Byrd machine power had been located.[21]

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Powhatan County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last occasion when Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have not voted for the Republican nominee.[22] Essex County would not vote Democratic again until 1996, and James City County would not vote Democratic again until 2020.[23]

Nixon's victory was the first of ten consecutive Republican victories in the state, as Virginia would not vote for a Democratic candidate again until Barack Obama in 2008. Since 2008, Virginia has consistently voted for the Democratic presidential candidate.

Results

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1968 United States presidential election in Virginia[24]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Richard Nixon 590,319 43.41% 12
Democratic Hubert Humphrey 442,387 32.53% 0
American Independent George Wallace 320,272 23.55% 0
Socialist Labor Henning A. Blomen 4,671 0.34% 0
Peace and Freedom Dick Gregory 1,680 0.12% 0
Prohibition E. Harold Munn 599 0.04% 0
Totals 1,359,928 100.00% 12

Results by county or independent city

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County/City[25] Richard Nixon
Republican 		Hubert Humphrey
Democratic 		George Wallace
American Independent 		Various candidates
Other parties 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Accomack 3,231 35.19% 2,467 26.87% 3,460 37.69% 23 0.25% -229[b] -2.50% 9,181
Albemarle 4,512 53.45% 2,255 26.71% 1,657 19.63% 17 0.20% 2,257 26.74% 8,441
Alexandria 13,265 41.69% 14,351 45.11% 4,131 12.98% 69 0.22% -1,086 -3.42% 31,816
Alleghany 1,649 43.47% 988 26.05% 1,153 30.40% 3 0.08% 496[b] 13.07% 3,793
Amelia 857 33.90% 830 32.83% 832 32.91% 9 0.36% 25[b] 0.99% 2,528
Amherst 2,656 39.80% 1,543 23.12% 2,449 36.69% 26 0.39% 207[b] 3.11% 6,674
Appomattox 1,753 43.42% 756 18.73% 1,512 37.45% 16 0.40% 241[b] 5.97% 4,037
Arlington 28,163 45.92% 26,107 42.57% 6,746 11.00% 310 0.51% 2,056 3.35% 61,326
Augusta 6,313 57.92% 2,028 18.61% 2,483 22.78% 76 0.70% 3,830[b] 35.14% 10,900
Bath 872 45.97% 494 26.04% 529 27.89% 2 0.11% 343[b] 18.08% 1,897
Bedford 2,807 35.80% 1,574 20.08% 3,316 42.30% 143 1.82% -509[b] -6.50% 7,840
Bedford City 1,047 43.99% 569 23.91% 679 28.53% 85 3.57% 368[b] 15.46% 2,380
Bland 938 50.38% 560 30.08% 361 19.39% 3 0.16% 378 20.30% 1,862
Botetourt 2,598 50.54% 1,272 24.75% 1,267 24.65% 3 0.06% 1,326 25.79% 5,140
Bristol 1,930 44.09% 1,531 34.98% 911 20.81% 5 0.11% 399 9.11% 4,377
Brunswick 1,139 22.13% 1,910 37.11% 2,088 40.57% 10 0.19% -178[c] -3.46% 5,147
Buchanan 3,699 37.68% 5,003 50.97% 1,067 10.87% 47 0.48% -1,304 -13.29% 9,816
Buckingham 1,027 32.05% 984 30.71% 1,185 36.99% 8 0.25% -158[b] -4.94% 3,204
Buena Vista 814 49.04% 387 23.31% 456 27.47% 3 0.18% 358[b] 21.57% 1,660
Campbell 5,731 44.73% 1,996 15.58% 4,425 34.54% 659 5.14% 1,306[b] 10.19% 12,811
Caroline 1,162 26.25% 2,165 48.92% 1,084 24.49% 15 0.34% -1,003 -22.67% 4,426
Carroll 4,909 64.16% 1,773 23.17% 958 12.52% 11 0.14% 3,136 40.99% 7,651
Charles City 320 16.33% 1,457 74.34% 176 8.98% 7 0.36% -1,137 -58.01% 1,960
Charlotte 1,042 24.43% 1,045 24.50% 2,163 50.72% 15 0.35% -1,118[c] -26.22% 4,265
Charlottesville 5,601 49.41% 3,831 33.80% 1,781 15.71% 122 1.08% 1,770 15.61% 11,335
Chesapeake 6,234 25.18% 6,843 27.64% 11,084 44.77% 599 2.42% -4,241[c] -17.13% 24,760
Chesterfield 22,015 56.03% 5,715 14.54% 11,504 29.28% 58 0.15% 10,511[b] 26.75% 39,292
Clarke 1,127 42.62% 768 29.05% 742 28.06% 7 0.26% 359 13.57% 2,644
Clifton Forge 925 43.59% 734 34.59% 462 21.77% 1 0.05% 191 9.00% 2,122
Colonial Heights 2,650 48.96% 650 12.01% 2,106 38.91% 7 0.13% 544[b] 10.05% 5,413
Covington 1,551 43.14% 1,195 33.24% 846 23.53% 3 0.08% 356 9.90% 3,595
Craig 581 46.18% 419 33.31% 256 20.35% 2 0.16% 162 12.87% 1,258
Culpeper 2,229 47.49% 1,239 26.40% 1,217 25.93% 9 0.19% 990 21.09% 4,694
Cumberland 844 34.70% 978 40.21% 602 24.75% 8 0.33% -134 -5.51% 2,432
Danville 6,796 40.27% 4,495 26.64% 5,391 31.95% 192 1.14% 1,405[b] 8.32% 16,874
Dickenson 3,412 46.01% 3,355 45.25% 639 8.62% 9 0.12% 57 0.76% 7,415
Dinwiddie 1,451 27.60% 1,551 29.50% 2,245 42.70% 10 0.19% -694[c] -13.20% 5,257
Emporia 812 37.06% 657 29.99% 716 32.68% 6 0.27% 96[b] 4.38% 2,191
Essex 791 36.55% 897 41.45% 468 21.63% 8 0.37% -106 -4.90% 2,164
Fairfax 57,462 48.98% 44,796 38.18% 14,805 12.62% 256 0.22% 12,666 10.80% 117,319
Fairfax City 2,963 48.70% 2,153 35.39% 959 15.76% 9 0.15% 810 13.31% 6,084
Falls Church 2,005 45.76% 1,860 42.45% 504 11.50% 13 0.30% 145 3.31% 4,382
Fauquier 2,845 43.76% 2,099 32.29% 1,536 23.63% 21 0.32% 746 11.47% 6,501
Floyd 2,275 64.32% 715 20.21% 537 15.18% 10 0.28% 1,560 44.11% 3,537
Fluvanna 913 42.56% 569 26.53% 660 30.77% 3 0.14% 253[b] 11.79% 2,145
Franklin 3,036 36.54% 2,025 24.37% 3,219 38.75% 28 0.34% -183[b] -2.21% 8,308
Franklin City 951 42.15% 792 35.11% 511 22.65% 2 0.09% 159 7.04% 2,256
Frederick 3,696 49.58% 1,612 21.63% 2,137 28.67% 9 0.12% 1,559[b] 20.91% 7,454
Fredericksburg 2,142 42.27% 2,036 40.17% 878 17.32% 12 0.24% 106 2.10% 5,068
Galax 1,257 54.44% 748 32.39% 304 13.17% 0 0.00% 509 22.05% 2,309
Giles 2,722 43.36% 2,045 32.58% 1,372 21.86% 138 2.20% 677 10.78% 6,277
Gloucester 1,619 37.10% 1,210 27.73% 1,526 34.97% 9 0.21% 93[b] 2.13% 4,364
Goochland 1,216 35.13% 1,389 40.13% 836 24.15% 20 0.58% -173 -5.00% 3,461
Grayson 3,563 54.09% 1,926 29.24% 1,090 16.55% 8 0.12% 1,637 24.85% 6,587
Greene 856 55.26% 255 16.46% 433 27.95% 5 0.32% 423[b] 27.31% 1,549
Greensville 529 16.71% 1,367 43.19% 1,256 39.68% 13 0.41% 111[c] 3.51% 3,165
Halifax 2,634 28.94% 2,199 24.16% 4,235 46.53% 34 0.37% -1,601[b] -17.59% 9,102
Hampton 10,532 32.30% 11,308 34.68% 10,690 32.79% 76 0.23% 618[c] 1.89% 32,606
Hanover 5,425 50.01% 2,079 19.17% 3,330 30.70% 13 0.12% 2,095[b] 19.31% 10,847
Harrisonburg 2,859 65.69% 1,036 23.81% 453 10.41% 4 0.09% 1,823 41.88% 4,352
Henrico 34,212 62.52% 8,600 15.71% 11,868 21.69% 46 0.08% 22,344[b] 40.83% 54,726
Henry 3,946 25.92% 4,175 27.42% 6,802 44.68% 301 1.98% -2,627[c] -17.26% 15,224
Highland 619 57.90% 284 26.57% 166 15.53% 0 0.00% 335 31.33% 1,069
Hopewell 2,942 43.63% 1,568 23.25% 2,092 31.02% 141 2.09% 850[b] 12.61% 6,743
Isle of Wight 1,312 23.28% 1,977 35.08% 2,328 41.31% 18 0.32% -351[c] -6.23% 5,635
James City 1,443 35.50% 1,521 37.42% 1,083 26.64% 18 0.44% -78 -1.92% 4,065
King and Queen 568 27.40% 882 42.55% 614 29.62% 9 0.43% 268[c] 12.93% 2,073
King George 829 37.77% 730 33.26% 632 28.79% 4 0.18% 99 4.51% 2,195
King William 1,046 43.03% 764 31.43% 615 25.30% 6 0.25% 282 11.60% 2,431
Lancaster 1,640 44.93% 1,134 31.07% 876 24.00% 0 0.00% 506 13.86% 3,650
Lee 4,450 47.35% 4,105 43.67% 827 8.80% 17 0.18% 345 3.68% 9,399
Lexington 1,170 56.12% 734 35.20% 177 8.49% 4 0.19% 436 20.92% 2,085
Loudoun 4,577 45.91% 3,262 32.72% 2,117 21.23% 14 0.14% 1,315 13.19% 9,970
Louisa 1,510 38.09% 1,290 32.54% 1,149 28.99% 15 0.38% 220 5.55% 3,964
Lunenburg 1,181 29.44% 1,180 29.41% 1,630 40.63% 21 0.52% -449[b] -11.19% 4,012
Lynchburg 9,943 54.34% 4,305 23.53% 3,649 19.94% 402 2.20% 5,638 30.81% 18,299
Madison 1,188 48.71% 478 19.60% 763 31.28% 10 0.41% 425[b] 17.43% 2,439
Martinsville 2,618 35.98% 2,727 37.48% 1,856 25.51% 75 1.03% -109 -1.50% 7,276
Mathews 1,309 47.14% 691 24.88% 773 27.84% 4 0.14% 536[b] 19.30% 2,777
Mecklenburg 2,750 29.01% 2,667 28.14% 4,022 42.44% 39 0.41% -1,272[b] -13.43% 9,478
Middlesex 809 39.62% 575 28.16% 655 32.08% 3 0.15% 154[b] 7.54% 2,042
Montgomery 7,098 61.47% 2,700 23.38% 1,712 14.83% 37 0.32% 4,398 38.09% 11,547
Nansemond 2,101 20.94% 4,174 41.60% 3,723 37.11% 35 0.35% 451[c] 4.49% 10,033
Nelson 1,130 32.98% 1,120 32.69% 1,163 33.95% 13 0.38% -33[b] -0.97% 3,426
New Kent 526 27.63% 765 40.18% 609 31.99% 4 0.21% 156[c] 8.19% 1,904
Newport News 12,774 34.46% 13,370 36.07% 10,763 29.04% 162 0.44% -596 -1.61% 37,069
Norfolk 22,302 33.88% 28,477 43.26% 14,500 22.03% 550 0.84% -6,175 -9.38% 65,829
Northampton 1,410 35.48% 1,418 35.68% 1,129 28.41% 17 0.43% -8 -0.20% 3,974
Northumberland 1,438 41.18% 1,077 30.84% 968 27.72% 9 0.26% 361 10.34% 3,492
Norton 495 39.07% 555 43.80% 215 16.97% 2 0.16% -60 -4.73% 1,267
Nottoway 1,614 33.42% 1,529 31.66% 1,673 34.64% 14 0.29% -59[b] -1.22% 4,830
Orange 1,727 47.17% 879 24.01% 1,050 28.68% 5 0.14% 677[b] 18.49% 3,661
Page 3,667 53.93% 2,125 31.25% 995 14.63% 13 0.19% 1,542 22.68% 6,800
Patrick 2,187 41.46% 1,105 20.95% 1,974 37.42% 9 0.17% 213[b] 4.04% 5,275
Petersburg 3,478 31.14% 5,519 49.41% 2,158 19.32% 14 0.13% -2,041 -18.27% 11,169
Pittsylvania 5,096 25.62% 5,427 27.29% 9,302 46.77% 65 0.33% -3,875[c] -19.48% 19,890
Portsmouth 9,402 25.15% 15,734 42.09% 12,127 32.44% 118 0.32% 3,607[c] 9.65% 37,381
Powhatan 722 27.11% 1,004 37.70% 929 34.89% 8 0.30% 75[c] 2.81% 2,663
Prince Edward 1,857 39.80% 1,567 33.58% 1,224 26.23% 18 0.39% 290 6.22% 4,666
Prince George 1,559 32.75% 1,272 26.72% 1,920 40.33% 10 0.21% -361[b] -7.58% 4,761
Prince William 7,944 42.51% 5,566 29.79% 5,160 27.61% 16 0.09% 2,378 12.72% 18,686
Pulaski 4,409 53.35% 2,497 30.21% 1,346 16.29% 13 0.16% 1,912 23.14% 8,265
Radford 2,077 55.40% 1,206 32.17% 461 12.30% 5 0.13% 871 23.23% 3,749
Rappahannock 594 43.58% 394 28.91% 372 27.29% 3 0.22% 200 14.67% 1,363
Richmond 1,011 48.86% 490 23.68% 563 27.21% 5 0.24% 448[b] 21.65% 2,069
Richmond City 26,380 39.57% 32,857 49.28% 7,325 10.99% 106 0.16% -6,477 -9.71% 66,668
Roanoke 12,439 58.89% 3,902 18.47% 4,745 22.46% 38 0.18% 7,694[b] 36.43% 21,124
Roanoke City 15,368 51.21% 9,281 30.93% 5,269 17.56% 90 0.30% 6,087 20.28% 30,008
Rockbridge 2,280 56.80% 845 21.05% 885 22.05% 4 0.10% 1,395[b] 34.75% 4,014
Rockingham 7,779 66.40% 2,111 18.02% 1,817 15.51% 8 0.07% 5,668 48.38% 11,715
Russell 3,858 43.49% 3,554 40.06% 1,369 15.43% 91 1.03% 304 3.43% 8,872
Salem 3,955 57.77% 1,369 20.00% 1,507 22.01% 15 0.22% 2,448[b] 35.76% 6,846
Scott 5,345 53.54% 3,144 31.49% 1,474 14.76% 21 0.21% 2,201 22.05% 9,984
Shenandoah 5,461 62.91% 1,654 19.05% 1,561 17.98% 5 0.06% 3,807 43.86% 8,681
Smyth 5,297 54.32% 2,631 26.98% 1,808 18.54% 15 0.15% 2,666 27.34% 9,751
South Boston 1,298 50.17% 620 23.97% 662 25.59% 7 0.27% 636[b] 24.58% 2,587
Southampton 1,376 26.15% 1,803 34.26% 2,070 39.34% 13 0.25% -267[c] -5.08% 5,262
Spotsylvania 1,675 34.00% 1,647 33.43% 1,589 32.26% 15 0.30% 28 0.57% 4,926
Stafford 2,572 39.68% 1,698 26.20% 2,197 33.89% 15 0.23% 375[b] 5.79% 6,482
Staunton 4,434 61.40% 1,729 23.94% 1,054 14.60% 4 0.06% 2,705 37.46% 7,221
Suffolk 1,277 37.95% 1,044 31.03% 1,039 30.88% 5 0.15% 233 6.92% 3,365
Surry 523 22.10% 1,126 47.59% 708 29.92% 9 0.38% 418[c] 17.67% 2,366
Sussex 1,105 29.12% 1,541 40.62% 1,135 29.92% 13 0.34% 406[c] 10.70% 3,794
Tazewell 4,434 39.11% 4,734 41.75% 2,023 17.84% 147 1.30% -300 -2.64% 11,338
Virginia Beach 16,316 43.23% 10,101 26.76% 10,962 29.04% 363 0.96% 5,354[b] 14.19% 37,742
Warren 2,297 43.37% 1,513 28.57% 1,479 27.93% 7 0.13% 784 14.80% 5,296
Washington 6,665 51.16% 3,243 24.89% 3,092 23.73% 29 0.22% 3,422 26.27% 13,029
Waynesboro 3,301 61.38% 1,446 26.89% 613 11.40% 18 0.33% 1,855 34.49% 5,378
Westmoreland 1,402 39.99% 1,156 32.97% 943 26.90% 5 0.14% 246 7.02% 3,506
Williamsburg 1,156 46.73% 991 40.06% 247 9.98% 80 3.23% 165 6.67% 2,474
Winchester 2,695 55.76% 1,360 28.14% 770 15.93% 8 0.17% 1,335 27.62% 4,833
Wise 5,004 39.70% 5,942 47.14% 1,635 12.97% 25 0.20% -938 -7.44% 12,606
Wythe 3,638 52.25% 1,765 25.35% 1,377 19.78% 183 2.63% 1,873 26.90% 6,963
York 3,356 36.93% 2,370 26.08% 3,330 36.64% 32 0.35% 26[b] 0.29% 9,088
Totals 590,319 43.36% 442,387 32.49% 321,833 23.64% 6,952 0.51% 147,932 10.87% 1,361,491

Counties and Independent Cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

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Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

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Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to American Independent

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Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to American Independent

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Notes

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  1. ^ Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq In this county or city where Humphrey ran third behind Wallace, margin given is Nixon vote total minus Wallace vote total.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q In this county or city where Nixon ran third behind Wallace, margin given is Humphrey vote minus Wallace vote.

References

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  1. ^ "Population Estimates and Projections" (PDF).
  2. ^ Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
  3. ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  4. ^ Ely, James W. The crisis of conservative Virginia: the Byrd organization and the politics of massive resistance. p. 16. ISBN 0870491881.
  5. ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742552098.
  6. ^ Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 260–266. ISBN 0870000586.
  7. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
  8. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
  9. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
  10. ^ Sweeney, James R. (1999). "1967-1968". The Virginia Conservative Party, 1965-1969.
  11. ^ Broder, David S. (September 14, 1968). "As Campaign Heats Up, Electoral Vote Pattern Favors GOP". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The Washington Post. p. 6-A.
  12. ^ "Who's on Top? Humphrey? Nixon? Wallace? — Here's a Capsule Version of election Outlook Across Nation". Pensacola News Journal. September 23, 1968. p. 8B.
  13. ^ Murray, David. "Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. p. 51.
  14. ^ "In South It's Nixon vs. Wallace". The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. pp. 1, 3.
  15. ^ Broder, David S. (November 3, 1968). "After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows". Shreveport Times. p. 4-B.
  16. ^ "Summary of 50 States on Coming Election". The Selma Times-Journal. Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. p. 5.
  17. ^ Carico, Melville (November 3, 1968). "Election Fever Grips Virginia". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, Virginia. p. 1.
  18. ^ Lawrence, David (November 4, 1968). "As Editors' Forecast Returns: Nixon 37, Humphrey 7, Wallace 7". Fort Lauderdale News. p. 11A.
  19. ^ Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 207
  20. ^ "1968 Presidential General Election Results – Virginia". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
  21. ^ Ely. The crisis of conservative Virginia, pp. 12-13
  22. ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  23. ^ Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 326–331. ISBN 0786422173.
  24. ^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968" (PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. pp. 46 & 47.
  25. ^ "1968 President General Election". Virginia Department of Elections: Historical Elections Database. Retrieved August 10, 2024.

Works cited

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