The 1988 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose six electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
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 County Results
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Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush, running with U.S. Senator Dan Quayle, defeated Governor Michael Dukakis, running with U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen.
A historically Democratic state, Arkansas was the last in the Solid South to defect from the party (when it supported Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election). The state was also Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter's third-highest percentage performance in the 1976 presidential election. However, Ronald Reagan won the state in both 1980 and 1984[1]
Campaign
editPrimary
editArkansas switched to a caucus system for the 1984 primary, which resulted in voter turnout in the Democratic primary from 450,000 in 1980, to 22,202 in 1984. The primary system was restored for the 1988 election.[2]
U.S. Senator Dale Bumpers was speculated as a possible presidential candidate and U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who supported a proposed Bumpers candidacy, stated that Bumpers would "have more support in the United States Senate than any other candidate". However, Bumpers announced on March 20, 1987, that he would not seek the nomination. Governor Bill Clinton was also speculated as a candidate, but he announced that he would not run on July 15.[3]
Arkansas was rarely visited during the primary by the major candidates with twenty visits from the Democratic candidates and nine from the Republican candidates. Republican primary turnout rose from 8,177 in 1980, to 19,040 in 1984, and to 68,305 in 1988. Half of the votes in the Republican primary came from within the 3rd congressional district.[4]
Turnout in the Democratic primary was 497,506. Dick Gephardt won four counties along the border of his home state of Missouri while Jesse Jackson won ten counties with high black populations.[5] Al Gore won 46% of the white vote.[6] The racial composition of the primary was 87% white and 13% black.[7] 13% of white voters participated in the Republican primary.[8]
Lottie Shackelford, the first black woman to serve as mayor of Little Rock, was one of the four chairs of the Democratic National Convention. Clinton gave the nomination speech for Dukakis at the convention.[9]
U.S. Representative Tommy F. Robinson, a conservative boll weevil, was denied a position as a superdelegate to the DNC. He was elected as a delegate pledged to Gore. While other delegates pledged to Gore switched to Dukakis, Robinson switched his support to Jackson stating that his speech "had touched my soul". He was critical of Dukakis during the campaign stating that he should spend time in "states like Arkansas speaking words we can understand" in response to Dukakis speaking Spanish at events in Texas and California and refused to endorse Dukakis. Robinson later joined the Republican Party on July 28, 1989.[10]
| Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al Gore | 185,758 | 37.33% | |
| Michael Dukakis | 94,103 | 18.91% | |
| Jesse Jackson | 85,003 | 17.08% | |
| Dick Gephardt | 59,711 | 12.00% | |
| Uncommitted | 35,553 | 7.15% | |
| Gary Hart | 18,630 | 3.74% | |
| Paul Simon | 9,020 | 1.81% | |
| David Duke | 4,805 | 0.97% | |
| Bruce Babbitt | 2,614 | 0.53% | |
| Lyndon LaRouche | 2,347 | 0.47% | |
| Total | 497,544 | 100% |
| Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates |
|---|---|---|---|
| George H. W. Bush | 32,114 | 47.02% | |
| Bob Dole | 17,667 | 25.86% | |
| Pat Robertson | 12,918 | 18.19% | |
| Jack Kemp | 3,499 | 5.12% | |
| Uncommitted | 1,402 | 2.05% | |
| Pete du Pont | 359 | 0.53% | |
| Alexander Haig | 346 | 0.51% | |
| Total | 68,305 | 100% |
General
editDuring the campaign Lloyd Bentsen visited six times, Dukakis visited three times, Dan Quayle visited twice, and Bush visited once. Ed Bethune, chair of the Republican Party of Arkansas, stated in October that recent polling showed the state as a tossup and later quoted Lee Atwater as saying "the state he has historically worried about was Arkansas".[13]
Bush's victory in Arkansas was with a percentage lower than his average in the rest of the south. Turnout among the voting age population in Arkansas declined from 52.5% in 1984, to 44.2% in 1988.[14] 63% of white voters supported Bush while 36% supported Dukakis.[15][16] The Democrats maintained their control over the Arkansas General Assembly.[17]
The vast majority of the counties voted primarily Republican, including the highly populated center of Pulaski County. As of the 2020 presidential election[update] this stands as the last election in which Pulaski County and Crittenden County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[18]
Polling
edit| Poll source | Date(s) administered |
Sample size |
Margin of error |
George Bush Republican |
Michael Dukakis Democratic |
Other / Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mason-Dixon Research[19] | October 10–11, 1988 | 826 | 47% | 41% | 12% | |
| Center for Research & Public Policy[19] | October 14–19, 1988 | 394 | 54% | 32% | 14% | |
| Opinion Research Associates[19] | October 24–26, 1988 | 452 | 48% | 32% | 20% | |
| Mason-Dixon Research[19] | October 26–28, 1988 | 809 | 49% | 40% | 10% |
Results
edit| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 466,578 | 56.37% | ||
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis | 349,237 | 42.19% | ||
| Populist | David Duke | 5,146 | 0.62% | ||
| Libertarian | Ron Paul | 3,297 | 0.40% | ||
| New Alliance | Lenora Fulani | 2,161 | 0.26% | ||
| Prohibition | Earl Dodge | 1,319 | 0.16% | ||
| Total votes | 827,738 | 100.00% | |||
Results by county
edit| County | George H.W. Bush Republican |
Michael Dukakis Democratic |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast[21] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Arkansas | 4,007 | 55.61% | 3,075 | 42.68% | 123 | 1.71% | 932 | 12.93% | 7,205 |
| Ashley | 4,111 | 47.48% | 4,466 | 51.58% | 82 | 0.95% | -355 | -4.10% | 8,659 |
| Baxter | 8,614 | 63.35% | 4,808 | 35.36% | 175 | 1.29% | 3,806 | 27.99% | 13,597 |
| Benton | 24,295 | 71.23% | 9,399 | 27.55% | 416 | 1.22% | 14,896 | 43.68% | 34,110 |
| Boone | 7,567 | 64.04% | 3,998 | 33.84% | 251 | 2.12% | 3,569 | 30.20% | 11,816 |
| Bradley | 2,089 | 48.93% | 2,167 | 50.76% | 13 | 0.30% | -78 | -1.83% | 4,269 |
| Calhoun | 1,316 | 56.14% | 1,024 | 43.69% | 4 | 0.17% | 292 | 12.45% | 2,344 |
| Carroll | 4,553 | 62.77% | 2,632 | 36.29% | 68 | 0.94% | 1,921 | 26.48% | 7,253 |
| Chicot | 1,901 | 43.74% | 2,426 | 55.82% | 19 | 0.44% | -525 | -12.08% | 4,346 |
| Clark | 3,389 | 41.69% | 4,675 | 57.50% | 66 | 0.81% | -1,286 | -15.81% | 8,130 |
| Clay | 2,766 | 44.33% | 3,442 | 55.16% | 32 | 0.51% | -676 | -10.83% | 6,240 |
| Cleburne | 4,932 | 58.85% | 3,404 | 40.62% | 45 | 0.54% | 1,528 | 18.23% | 8,381 |
| Cleveland | 1,462 | 50.75% | 1,404 | 48.73% | 15 | 0.52% | 58 | 2.02% | 2,881 |
| Columbia | 5,810 | 59.27% | 3,706 | 37.81% | 286 | 2.92% | 2,104 | 21.46% | 9,802 |
| Conway | 4,066 | 49.35% | 4,134 | 50.18% | 39 | 0.47% | -68 | -0.83% | 8,239 |
| Craighead | 11,887 | 54.99% | 9,083 | 42.02% | 645 | 2.98% | 2,804 | 12.97% | 21,615 |
| Crawford | 9,092 | 70.85% | 3,582 | 27.91% | 158 | 1.23% | 5,510 | 42.94% | 12,832 |
| Crittenden | 7,441 | 51.73% | 6,702 | 46.59% | 241 | 1.68% | 739 | 5.14% | 14,384 |
| Cross | 3,186 | 51.29% | 2,989 | 48.12% | 37 | 0.60% | 197 | 3.17% | 6,212 |
| Dallas | 1,947 | 49.19% | 1,990 | 50.28% | 21 | 0.53% | -43 | -1.09% | 3,958 |
| Desha | 2,334 | 42.94% | 2,859 | 52.60% | 242 | 4.45% | -525 | -9.66% | 5,435 |
| Drew | 2,995 | 53.29% | 2,578 | 45.87% | 47 | 0.84% | 417 | 7.42% | 5,620 |
| Faulkner | 10,678 | 58.42% | 7,302 | 39.95% | 299 | 1.64% | 3,376 | 18.47% | 18,279 |
| Franklin | 3,588 | 58.93% | 2,458 | 40.37% | 43 | 0.71% | 1,130 | 18.56% | 6,089 |
| Fulton | 1,918 | 48.47% | 2,018 | 51.00% | 21 | 0.53% | -100 | -2.53% | 3,957 |
| Garland | 19,281 | 60.93% | 11,406 | 36.05% | 955 | 3.02% | 7,875 | 24.88% | 31,642 |
| Grant | 2,717 | 55.40% | 2,142 | 43.68% | 45 | 0.92% | 575 | 11.72% | 4,904 |
| Greene | 5,161 | 50.06% | 5,065 | 49.13% | 84 | 0.81% | 96 | 0.93% | 10,310 |
| Hempstead | 3,938 | 50.49% | 3,841 | 49.25% | 20 | 0.26% | 97 | 1.24% | 7,799 |
| Hot Spring | 4,181 | 44.46% | 5,090 | 54.12% | 134 | 1.42% | -909 | -9.66% | 9,405 |
| Howard | 2,510 | 57.87% | 1,818 | 41.92% | 9 | 0.21% | 692 | 15.95% | 4,337 |
| Independence | 6,637 | 59.22% | 4,523 | 40.36% | 48 | 0.43% | 2,114 | 18.86% | 11,208 |
| Izard | 2,824 | 51.19% | 2,652 | 48.07% | 41 | 0.74% | 172 | 3.12% | 5,517 |
| Jackson | 3,049 | 41.90% | 4,199 | 57.71% | 28 | 0.38% | -1,150 | -15.81% | 7,276 |
| Jefferson | 12,520 | 42.08% | 16,664 | 56.01% | 568 | 1.91% | -4,144 | -13.93% | 29,752 |
| Johnson | 4,046 | 58.29% | 2,818 | 40.60% | 77 | 1.11% | 1,228 | 17.69% | 6,941 |
| Lafayette | 1,860 | 48.95% | 1,915 | 50.39% | 25 | 0.66% | -55 | -1.44% | 3,800 |
| Lawrence | 3,205 | 49.91% | 3,179 | 49.51% | 37 | 0.58% | 26 | 0.40% | 6,421 |
| Lee | 1,863 | 38.72% | 2,878 | 59.81% | 71 | 1.48% | -1,015 | -21.09% | 4,812 |
| Lincoln | 1,557 | 41.04% | 2,204 | 58.09% | 33 | 0.87% | -647 | -17.05% | 3,794 |
| Little River | 2,347 | 45.85% | 2,740 | 53.53% | 32 | 0.63% | -393 | -7.68% | 5,119 |
| Logan | 2,203 | 62.87% | 1,254 | 35.79% | 47 | 1.34% | 949 | 27.08% | 3,504 |
| Lonoke | 7,215 | 59.68% | 4,786 | 39.59% | 89 | 0.74% | 2,429 | 20.09% | 12,090 |
| Madison | 3,067 | 58.72% | 2,106 | 40.32% | 50 | 0.96% | 961 | 18.40% | 5,223 |
| Marion | 2,993 | 57.80% | 2,033 | 39.26% | 152 | 2.94% | 960 | 18.54% | 5,178 |
| Miller | 7,110 | 56.30% | 5,437 | 43.05% | 82 | 0.65% | 1,673 | 13.25% | 12,629 |
| Mississippi | 7,841 | 52.67% | 6,759 | 45.40% | 288 | 1.93% | 1,082 | 7.27% | 14,888 |
| Monroe | 1,862 | 46.88% | 2,052 | 51.66% | 58 | 1.46% | -190 | -4.78% | 3,972 |
| Montgomery | 1,752 | 55.99% | 1,362 | 43.53% | 15 | 0.48% | 390 | 12.46% | 3,129 |
| Nevada | 1,714 | 49.55% | 1,732 | 50.07% | 13 | 0.38% | -18 | -0.52% | 3,459 |
| Newton | 2,504 | 62.00% | 1,489 | 36.87% | 46 | 1.14% | 1,015 | 25.13% | 4,039 |
| Ouachita | 6,297 | 52.29% | 5,229 | 43.42% | 517 | 4.29% | 1,068 | 8.87% | 12,043 |
| Perry | 1,627 | 52.01% | 1,470 | 46.99% | 31 | 0.99% | 157 | 5.02% | 3,128 |
| Phillips | 3,892 | 39.47% | 5,580 | 56.59% | 389 | 3.94% | -1,688 | -17.12% | 9,861 |
| Pike | 2,105 | 55.44% | 1,681 | 44.27% | 11 | 0.29% | 424 | 11.17% | 3,797 |
| Poinsett | 3,644 | 48.16% | 3,873 | 51.19% | 49 | 0.65% | -229 | -3.03% | 7,566 |
| Polk | 4,099 | 62.15% | 2,390 | 36.24% | 106 | 1.61% | 1,709 | 25.91% | 6,595 |
| Pope | 10,084 | 66.68% | 4,941 | 32.67% | 98 | 0.65% | 5,143 | 34.01% | 15,123 |
| Prairie | 1,947 | 53.25% | 1,688 | 46.17% | 21 | 0.57% | 259 | 7.08% | 3,656 |
| Pulaski | 70,562 | 54.98% | 55,857 | 43.53% | 1,914 | 1.49% | 14,705 | 11.45% | 128,333 |
| Randolph | 2,560 | 47.25% | 2,781 | 51.33% | 77 | 1.42% | -221 | -4.08% | 5,418 |
| St. Francis | 4,298 | 47.86% | 4,656 | 51.85% | 26 | 0.29% | -358 | -3.99% | 8,980 |
| Saline | 12,353 | 58.89% | 8,436 | 40.22% | 188 | 0.90% | 3,917 | 18.67% | 20,977 |
| Scott | 2,507 | 58.82% | 1,707 | 40.05% | 48 | 1.13% | 800 | 18.77% | 4,262 |
| Searcy | 2,743 | 66.21% | 1,340 | 32.34% | 60 | 1.45% | 1,403 | 33.87% | 4,143 |
| Sebastian | 24,426 | 70.94% | 9,684 | 28.13% | 322 | 0.94% | 14,742 | 42.81% | 34,432 |
| Sevier | 2,254 | 52.09% | 2,037 | 47.08% | 36 | 0.83% | 217 | 5.01% | 4,327 |
| Sharp | 3,623 | 54.79% | 2,955 | 44.69% | 34 | 0.51% | 668 | 10.10% | 6,612 |
| Stone | 2,186 | 55.17% | 1,728 | 43.61% | 48 | 1.21% | 458 | 11.56% | 3,962 |
| Union | 10,581 | 61.32% | 5,931 | 34.37% | 744 | 4.31% | 4,650 | 26.95% | 17,256 |
| Van Buren | 3,562 | 57.37% | 2,607 | 41.99% | 40 | 0.64% | 955 | 15.38% | 6,209 |
| Washington | 23,601 | 64.38% | 12,557 | 34.25% | 500 | 1.36% | 11,044 | 30.13% | 36,658 |
| White | 11,094 | 60.84% | 6,957 | 38.15% | 183 | 1.00% | 4,137 | 22.69% | 18,234 |
| Woodruff | 1,097 | 36.16% | 1,924 | 63.41% | 13 | 0.43% | -827 | -27.25% | 3,034 |
| Yell | 3,535 | 55.84% | 2,763 | 43.64% | 33 | 0.52% | 772 | 12.20% | 6,331 |
| Totals | 466,578 | 56.37% | 349,237 | 42.19% | 11,923 | 1.44% | 117,341 | 14.18% | 827,738 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 143-144.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 146.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 145.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 146-147.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 147-148.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 266.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 263.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 288.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 149.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 161-162.
- ^ Arkansas 1988, p. 1-5.
- ^ Arkansas 1988, p. 7-9.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 150.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 156.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 158.
- ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ a b c d Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 153.
- ^ Arkansas 1988, p. 31.
- ^ Arkansas 1988, p. 28-30.
Works cited
edit- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
- Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275931455.
- Arkansas Election Results 1988 (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. 1988.