The blusher is the common name for several closely related species of the genus Amanita. A. rubescens, or the blushing amanita,[1] is found in Europe and Asia, [2] and A. novinupta, also known as the new bride blushing amanita[1] or blushing bride.[3] is found in western North America. Both their scientific and common names are derived from the propensity of their flesh to turn pink upon bruising or cutting.
| Blusher | |
|---|---|
| |
| Amanita rubescens near Piacenza, Italy | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Amanitaceae |
| Genus: | Amanita |
| Species: | A. rubescens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Amanita rubescens | |
Amanita rubescens | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is flat |
 | Hymenium is free |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible but not recommended |
The mushroom is edible and tasty, sought for in several European countries. Blushers can be distinguished from similar species by the pink or reddish colouration that appears when the mushroom is damaged, typically most visible at the base of the stipe from insect damage.
Description
editThe European blusher has a reddish-brown convex pileus (cap), that is 5–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) across, and strewn with small white-to-mahogany warts.[4] It is sometimes covered with an ochre-yellow flush which can be washed by the rain. The flesh of the mushroom is white, becoming pink when bruised or exposed to air. This is a key feature in differentiating it from the poisonous false blusher or panther cap (Amanita pantherina), whose flesh does not. The stipe (stem) is white with flushes of the cap colour, and grows to 5–15 cm.[4] The gills are white and free of the stem, and display red spots when damaged. The ring is striate (i.e. has ridges) on its upper side, another feature distinguishing it from A. pantherina. The spores are white, ovate, amyloid,[4] and approximately 8 by 5 μm in size.
The flavour of the uncooked flesh is mild, but has a faint acrid aftertaste. The smell is not strong.
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Amanita 'amerirubescens' -
Underside of Amanita 'amerirubescens' -
Mushrooms at various ages -
A. rubescens -
A. rubescens f. annulosulphurea -
A. rubescens cap -
Illustration of A. rubescens group
Taxonomy
editA. rubescens is native to Europe and Asia, with related species being confused for it in other regions. [2] Western North America's A. novinupta has a whitish cap and blushes pink.[5]
Other closely related species and variants include Amanita brunneolocularis, A. orsonii, A. rubescens var. alba, and A. rubescens var. congolensis.[6] [2]
Distribution and habitat
edit
It is common throughout much of Europe and Asia. (In North America there are several different species that fit into the name A. amerirubescens) [2] It grows on poor soils as well as in deciduous and coniferous woodlands, appearing from June through to November in the UK. It has also been recorded from South Africa, where it is thought to have been accidentally introduced with trees imported from Europe.[7]
In eastern North America, species in the A. rubescens group are frequently parasitized by Hypomyces hyalinus. Parasitized fruiting bodies are extremely difficult to recognize unless they occur in conjunction with healthy ones, although some retain the "blushing" characteristic of the species.[8]
Ecology
editThe mushroom is often attacked by insects.[citation needed]
Uses
editA. rubescens is edible when cooked.[9] A. rubescens contains a toxic hemolytic protein in its raw state, although it is not apparently harmful to consume and can be destroyed by cooking.[5] It is noted in some mushroom books as poisonous with "Easy Edible Mushroom Guide" by Prof. David Pegler stating that if eaten raw in large quantities it can cause severe anaemia if left untreated. Classified as a blood cell-damaging (haemolytic poisoning) mushroom in this book.[10]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
- ^ a b c d Quintero-Corrales, Christian A.; Vega, Melania; Ramírez-Terrazo, Amaranta; Águila, Bernardo; Garibay-Orijel, Roberto (2024-06-24). "Downfall of an empire: Unmasking the hidden diversity and distribution of the Amanita rubescens species complex". Mycologia. 116 (5): 642–649. doi:10.1080/00275514.2024.2355276. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 38913569.
- ^ Schwarz, Christian; Siegel, Noah (2016). Mushrooms of the redwood coast: a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-817-5.
- ^ a b c Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b Roberts, Peter; Evans, Shelley (15 April 2011). The Book of Fungi. University of Chicago Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
- ^ "Amanita brunneolocularis Tulloss, Ovrebo and Halling". Archived from the original on 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
- ^ Reid DA, Eicker A (1991). "South African fungi: the genus Amanita" (PDF). Mycological Research. 95: 80–95. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81364-6. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ^ Michael Kuo, Hypomyces hyalinus, MushroomExpert.com, Oct. 2003.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Pegler, Prof David (1999). Easy Edible Mushroom Guide. Duncan Petersen. p. 182. ISBN 185410631-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Easy Edible mushroom Gide by Prof. David Pegler ISBN 185410631-7
External links
edit
- "Tabular and Nontabular Keys to the Rubescent Species of Amanita section Validae" by Rodham E. Tulloss, March 10, 2003.
Amanita rubescens
edit- "Amanita rubescens" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2003.
- "Amanita rubescens Pers.:Fr." by Rodham E. Tulloss, June 25, 2006.
Amanita novinupta
edit- "Amanita novinupta" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2003.
- "Amanita novinupta Tulloss & J. Lindgr." by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita novinupta" by Michael Wood & Fred Stevens, MykoWeb, 2004. And will
Other species
edit- "Amanita brunneolocularis Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling" by Rodham E. Tulloss, October 6, 2006.
- "Amanita flavorubens (Berk. & Mont.) Sacc." by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita flavorubescens" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, September 2002.
- "Amanita orsonii A. Kumar & T. N. Lakh." by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita rubescens var. alba Coker" by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita rubescens var. congolensis Beeli" by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.