Corruption in Uganda is characterized by grand-scale theft of public funds and petty corruption involving public officials at all levels of society as well as widespread political patronage systems.[1] Elite corruption in Uganda is through a patronage system which has been exacerbated by foreign aid. Aid has been providing the government with large amounts of resources that contribute to the corrupt practices going on within the country.[2] The style of corruption that is used is to gain loyalty and support so that officials can remain in power.[2] One of the more recent forms of corruption is through public procurement because of the lack of transparency with transactions that happen within the government.
Background of Corruption in Uganda
editThe process of giving gifts for something in exchange has always been a feature in Ugandan tradition. In the past, this practice was the norm and not seen as illegal. This practice of patronage which has been central to politics in Uganda cannot simply be stripped away overnight.
Post-Independence Corruption
editCorruption in Uganda is not a new thing. There is a long history of corruption in Ugandan governments. Some of the governments' level of corruption were more extreme than others.[clarification needed]
Idi Amin Regime
editUganda under Idi Amin was a very repressive state. His military was very aggressive and would kill people if they felt like they opposed the regime in some way, which led to about 100,000 people being killed during his seven years in power.[3] During Amin's rule he took over most businesses that were run by a different race and were given to his cronies. Many businesses began to shut down because of the lack of experience and knowledge the cronies had at running those businesses. All areas of society were being mismanaged and indisciplined. Soon, Uganda under the Amin regime became known for its culture of survival, which made corruption a central aspect to society.[4] Many people left the formal economy and switched to informal institutions where there was no government regulation.
National Resistance Movement (NRM)
editWhen the National Resistance Movement gained power in Uganda, its leader Yoweri Museveni was faced with the task of reforming the government.[4] He also had to persuade people to rejoin in the formal economy because the black market and other forms of informal institutions were widespread during the Amin regime.[4] Museveni said that he felt like he adopted the evils of corruption. He had implemented laws and a ten-point program to help put an end to corruption in Uganda.[5] Even though Museveni tried to reform the government, it had little impact on actually stopping corruption.[5]
Foreign Aid
editForeign aid has contributed to corruption in Uganda through the large amounts of money and resources that are sent over. Foreign donors attempted to liberalize the Ugandan economy to try and put a stop to corruption. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund provide assistance to Uganda through Structural Adjustment Programs. These programs encouraged Uganda to decentralize and privatize. When Uganda began privatization, they were able to do so in a non-transparent way which allowed government officials to obtain these state-owned assets.[2]
Public sector
editThere are several high corruption risk areas, such as police, judiciary and procurement. Businesses are particularly vulnerable when bidding public contracts in Uganda because processes are often non-transparent, and under-the-table cash payments are demanded from procurement officers.[1]
On Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index, Uganda scored 26 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Uganda ranked 141st among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.[6] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).[7] For comparison with regional scores, the average score among sub-Saharan African countries [Note 1] was 33. The highest score in sub-Saharan Africa was 71 and the lowest score was 11.[8]
Anti-corruption efforts
editOfficials continue to engage in corrupt practices despite laws and institutional instruments that are in place to prevent and punish corruption.[1] In an attempt to combat against corruption, Yoweri Museveni created new institutions at both the local and national level.[4] Donors were attracted to Uganda because of their willingness to reform and stop corruption.[4] Foreign donors began sending conditional aid to help Uganda with its reform process.[4] The aid that Uganda received came in the form of structural adjustment programs, that were formed by the IMF and World Bank.[9] Structural adjustment programs were in the form of conditional loans with reform policies that were meant to help Uganda transition to a more liberalized state.[9]
Notes
edit- ^ Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Republic of the Congo, Swaziland, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Uganda Corruption Profile". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Tangri, Roger; Mwenda, Andrew M. (2008-04-01). "Elite Corruption and Politics in Uganda". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 46 (2): 177–194. doi:10.1080/14662040802005336. ISSN 1466-2043. S2CID 154009485.
- ^ Ullman, Richard H. (1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 56 (3): 529–543. doi:10.2307/20039917. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20039917.
- ^ a b c d e f Flanary, Rachel; Watt, David (2010-08-25). "The state of corruption: A case study of Uganda". Third World Quarterly. 20 (3): 515–536. doi:10.1080/01436599913668.
- ^ a b Heidenheimer, Arnold J.; Johnston, Michael (2011-12-31). Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1389-1.
- ^ "The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated". Transparency.org. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Uganda". Transparency.org. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "CPI 2023 for Sub-Saharan Africa: Impunity for Corrupt Officials, Restricted Civic Space & Limited Access to Justice". Transparency.org. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility Policy Framework Paper" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. October 22, 1997.
External links
edit- Uganda Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal