Wikipedia

Elections by country

Further information: Election

For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

A

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Abkhazia Direct election[1] Direct election[1]
  Afghanistan Autocrat elected by legislature[2][3][4] Appointment by autocrat[2] Appointment by autocrat[5]
  Åland President of Finland Election by legislature Direct election
  Albania Election by legislature[6] Election by legislature[6] Direct election[6]
  Algeria Direct election[7] Election by legislature[7] Direct election[7] Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President[7]
  American Samoa President of the United States[8] Direct election[8] Direct election[8] Election by regional governing councils[8]
  Andorra The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state[9] Election by legislature[9] Direct election[9]
  Angola Election by legislature[10] Direct election[10]
  Anguilla Monarchy[11] Election by legislature[11] Direct election and appointments[11]
  Antigua and Barbuda Monarchy[12] Election by legislature[12] Direct election[12] Appointments[12]
  Argentina Direct election[13] Direct election[13]
  Armenia Election by Legislature Election by Legislature Direct election [14]
  Aruba Monarch of the Netherlands[15] Election by legislature[15] Direct election[15]
  Australia Monarchy[16] Election by legislature[16] Direct election[16]
  Austria Direct election[17] Election by legislature[17] Direct election[17] Indirect election[17]
  Azerbaijan Direct election[18] Appointment by head of state[18] Direct election[18]

B

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Bahamas Monarchy[19] Election by legislature[19] Direct election[19] Appointments[19]
  Bahrain Monarchy[20] Appointment by head of state[20] Direct election[20] Appointments[20]
  Bangladesh Election by legislature[21] Election by legislature[21] Direct and indirect election[21]
  Barbados Election by legislature[22] Election by legislature[21] Direct election[22] Appointments[22]
  Belarus Direct election[23] Appointment by head of state[23] Direct election[23] Indirect election and appointments[23]
  Belgium Monarchy[24] Election by legislature[24] Direct election[24] Indirect election[24]
  Belize Monarchy[25] Election by legislature[25] Direct election[25] Appointments[25]
  Benin Direct election[26] Direct election[26]
  Bermuda Monarchy[27] Election by legislature[27] Direct election[27] Appointments[27]
  Bhutan Monarchy[28] Elected by legislature[28] Direct election[28] Direct election and appointments[28]
  Bolivia Direct election[29] Direct election[29]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates[30] Appointment by head of state[30] Direct election[30] Indirect election[30]
  Botswana Election by legislature[31] Direct election[31] Hereditary and appointments[31]
  Brazil Direct election[32] Direct election[32] Direct election[32]
  British Virgin Islands Monarchy[33] Election by legislature[33] Direct election[33]
  Brunei Monarchy[34] Appointments by head of state[34]
  Bulgaria Direct election[35] Election by legislature[35] Direct election[35]
  Burkina Faso Direct election[36] Appointment by head of state[36] Direct election[36]
Burma see Myanmar
  Burundi Direct election[37] Direct election and co-option[37] Indirect election[37]

C

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
  Cambodia Monarch elected by Royal Council[38] Election by lower house of legislature[38] Direct election[38] Indirect election and appointments[38]
  Cameroon Direct election[39] Appointment by head of state[39] Direct election[39] Indirect election and appointments[39]
  Canada Monarchy[40] Election by lower house of legislature[40] Direct election[40] Appointments[40]
  Cape Verde Direct election[41] Appointment by head of state[41] Direct election[41]
  Cayman Islands Monarchy[42] Election by legislature[42] Direct election and appointments[42]
  Central African Republic Direct election[43] Appointment by head of state[44] Direct election[43]
  Chad Direct election[45] Appointment by head of state[45] Direct election[45]
  Chile Direct election[46] Direct election[46]
  China Election by legislature[47] Appointment by head of state[47] Indirect election[47]
  Colombia Direct election[48] Direct election[48] Direct election[48]
  Comoros Direct election[49] Direct and indirect election[49]
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Cook Islands Monarchy[50] Election by legislature[50] Direct election[50]
  Costa Rica Direct election[51] Direct election[51]
  Côte d'Ivoire Direct election[52] Appointment by head of state[52] Direct election[52]
  Croatia Direct election[53] Election by legislature[53] Direct election[53]
  Cuba Election by legislature[54] Direct election[54]
  Curaçao Monarch of the Netherlands[55] Election by legislature[55] Direct election[55]
  Cyprus Direct election[56] Direct election[56]
  Czech Republic Direct election[57] Appointment by head of state[57] Direct election[57]

D

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Democratic Republic of the Congo Direct election[58] Appointment by head of state[58] Direct election[58] Indirect election[58]
  Denmark Monarchy[59] Election by legislature[59] Direct election[59]
  Djibouti Direct election[60] Appointment by head of state[60] Direct election[60]
  Dominica Election by legislature[61] Appointment by head of state[61] Direct election and appointments[61]
  Dominican Republic Direct election[62] Direct election[62]

E

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  East Timor Direct election[63] Election by legislature[63] Direct election[63]
  Ecuador Direct election[64] Direct election[64]
  Egypt Direct election[65] Appointment by head of state[65] Direct election and appointments[65]
  El Salvador Direct election[66] Direct election[66]
  Equatorial Guinea Direct election[67] Appointment by head of state[67] Direct election[67] Direct election and appointments[67]
  Eritrea Election by legislature[68] Direct and indirect election[68]
  Estonia Election by legislature and/or electoral college[69] Appointment by head of state[69] Direct election[69]
  Eswatini Monarchy[70] Appointment by head of state[70] Election by traditional local councils and appointments[70] Election by lower house and appointments[70]
  Ethiopia Election by legislature[71] Election by legislature[71] Direct election[71] Indirect election[71]

F

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Falkland Islands Monarchy[72] Indirect appointment by monarch[72] Direct election and appointments[72]
  Faroe Islands Monarch of Denmark[73] Election by legislature[73] Direct election[73]
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
  Fiji Election by legislature[74] Appointment by president[74] Direct election[74]
  Finland Direct election[75] Election by legislature[75] Direct election[75]
  France Direct election[76] Appointment by president[76] Direct election[76] Indirect election[76]
  French Polynesia President of France[77] Election by legislature[77] Direct election[77]

G

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Gabon Direct election[78] Appointment by head of state[78] Direct election[78] Indirect election[78]
  Gambia Direct election[79] Direct election and appointments[79]
  Georgia Direct election[80] Election by legislature[80] Direct election[80]
  Germany Election by electoral college[81] Election by legislature[81] Direct election[81] Representation of state governments[81]
  Ghana Direct election[82] Direct election[82]
  Gibraltar Monarchy[83] Election by legislature[83] Direct and indirect election[83]
  Greece Election by legislature[84] Election by legislature[84] Direct election[84]
  Greenland Monarch of Denmark[85] Election by legislature[85] Direct election[85]
  Grenada Monarchy[86] Election by legislature[86] Direct election[86] Appointment[86]
  Guam President of the United States[87] Direct election[87] Direct election[87]
  Guatemala Direct election[88] Direct election[88]
  Guernsey Monarchy[89] Election by legislature[89] Direct election[89]
  Guinea Direct election[90] Appointment by head of state[90] Direct election[90]
  Guinea-Bissau Direct election[91] Appointment by head of state[91] Direct election[91]
  Guyana Election by legislature[92] Direct election[92]

H

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Haiti Direct election[93] Appointment by head of state[94] Direct election[93]
  Honduras Direct election[95] Direct election[95]
  Hong Kong Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] Direct election and indirect election[96]
Holy See see Vatican City
  Hungary Election by legislature[97] Election by legislature[97] Direct election[97]

I

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Iceland Direct election[98] Election by legislature[98] Direct election[98]
  India Election by electoral college[99] Election by legislature[99] Direct election[99] Indirect election[99]
  Indonesia Direct election[100] Direct election[100]
  Iran Election by Assembly of Experts[101] Direct election[101] Direct election and appointment[101]
  Iraq Election by legislature[102] Election by legislature[102] Direct election[102]
  Ireland Direct election[103] Election by lower house of legislature[103] Direct election[103] Election by functional constituencies and appointment[103]
  Isle of Man Monarchy[104] Election by legislature[104] Direct election[104] Indirect election/ex officio[104]
  Israel Election by legislature[105] Appointment by president[106] Direct election[105]
  Italy Election by legislature[107] Appointment by president[107] Direct election[107]

J

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Jamaica Monarchy[108] Election by lower house of legislature[108] Direct election[108] Appointment[108]
  Japan Monarchy[109] Election by lower house of legislature[109] Direct election[109]
  Jersey Monarchy[110] Election by legislature[110] Direct election[110]
  Jordan Monarchy[111] Appointment by monarch[111] Direct election[111] Appointment by monarch[111]

K

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Kazakhstan Direct election[112] Appointment by head of state[112] Direct and indirect election[112] Indirect election and appointments[112]
  Kenya Direct election[113] Direct election and appointments[113] Direct election[113]
  Kiribati Direct election[114] Direct election and appointments[114]
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
  Kosovo Election by legislature[115] Election by legislature[115] Direct election[115]
  Kuwait Monarchy[116] Appointment by head of state[116] Direct election and appointments[116]
  Kyrgyzstan Direct election[117] Election by legislature[117] Direct election[117]

L

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Laos Election by legislature[118] Election by legislature[118] Direct election[118]
  Latvia Election by legislature[119] Appointment by head of state[119] Direct election[119]
  Lebanon Election by legislature[120] Appointment by head of state[120] Direct election[120]
  Lesotho Monarchy[121] Election by lower house of legislature[121] Direct election[121] Appointments[121]
  Liberia Direct election[122] Direct election[122] Direct election[122]
  Libya Head of Presidential Council[123] Direct election[124]
  Liechtenstein Monarchy[125] Election by legislature[125] Direct election[125]
  Lithuania Direct election[126] Appointment by head of state[126] Direct election[126]
  Luxembourg Monarchy[127] Election by legislature[127] Direct election[127]

M

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Macau Election by election committee[128] Election by election committee[128] Direct election, indirect election, and appointments[128]
  Madagascar Direct election[129] Election by lower house of legislature[129] Direct election[129] Indirect election and appointments[129]
  Malawi Direct election[130] Direct election[130]
  Malaysia Election by the rulers of the Malay states[131] Election by lower house of legislature[131] Direct election[131] Indirect election and appointments[131]
  Maldives Direct election[132] Direct election[132]
  Mali Direct election[133] Appointment by head of state[133] Direct election[133]
  Malta Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election
  Marshall Islands Election by legislature Direct election
  Mauritania Direct election Direct election Indirect election
  Mauritius Election by legislature Direct election
  Mexico Direct election Direct election Direct election
  Micronesia Election by legislature Direct election
  Moldova Direct election Direct election
  Monaco Monarchy Direct election
  Mongolia Direct election Direct election
  Montenegro Direct election Direct election
  Montserrat Monarchy[134] Election by legislature[134] Direct election[134]
  Morocco Monarchy Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election and election by functional groups
  Mozambique Direct election Direct election
  Myanmar Election by legislature Direct election and appointments

N

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Nagorno Karabakh Direct election Direct election
  Namibia Direct election[135] Direct election[135] Indirect election[135]
  Nauru Election by legislature[136] Direct election[136]
  Nepal Indirect election[137] Election by legislature[137] Direct election[137] Indirect election and appointments[137]
  Netherlands Monarchy[138] Election by legislature[138] Direct election[138] Indirect election[138]
  New Caledonia President of France[139] Election by legislature[139] Indirect election[139]
  New Zealand Monarchy[140] Election by legislature[140] Direct election[140]
  Nicaragua Direct election[141] Direct election and ex officio[141]
  Niger Direct election[142] Appointment by head of state[142] Direct election[142]
  Nigeria Direct election Direct election
  Niue Monarchy[143] Election by legislature[143] Direct election[143]
  Norfolk Island Monarchy[144] Indirect appointment by head of state[144] Direct election[144]
  North Korea Elected by legislature[145] Direct election
  North Macedonia Direct election[146] Election by legislature[146] Direct election[146]
  Northern Cyprus Direct election Direct election
  Northern Mariana Islands President of the United States[147] Direct election[147] Direct election[147]
  Norway Monarchy Direct election

O

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Oman Monarchy[148] Indirect election[148] Appointments[148]

P

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Pakistan Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
  Palau Direct election Direct election
  Palestine Direct election Direct election
  Panama Direct election Direct election
  Papua New Guinea Monarchy[149] Election by legislature[149] Direct election[149]
  Paraguay Direct election Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
  Peru Direct election Direct election
  Philippines Direct election Direct election
  Pitcairn Islands Monarchy[150] Direct election[150] Direct election and appointment[150]
  Poland Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
  Portugal Direct election Appointment by head of state[151] Direct election
  Puerto Rico President of the United States[152] Direct election[152] Direct election[152]

Q

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Qatar Monarchy[153] Appointed by monarch[153] Appointed by monarch[153]

R

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
  Republic of the Congo Direct election Direct election Indirect election
  Romania Direct election[154] Appointed by head of state[154] Direct election[154]
  Russia Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
  Rwanda Direct election[155] Appointment by head of state[155] Direct election and appointments[155] Indirect election and appointments[155]

S

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Election by legislature[156] Appointment by head of state[157] Direct election[158]
  Saint Helena Monarchy[159] Appointment by head of state[159] Direct election and appointments[159]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy[160] Election by legislature[160] Direct election and appointments[160]
  Saint Lucia Monarchy Direct election Appointments
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon President of France[161] Election by legislature[161] Direct election[161]
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Monarchy Direct election and appointments
  Samoa Election by legislature Direct election
  San Marino Election by legislature Direct election
  São Tomé and Príncipe Direct election Direct election
  Saudi Arabia Monarchy[162] Appointment by monarch[162]
  Senegal Direct election Direct election
  Serbia Direct election Direct election
  Seychelles Direct election Direct election
  Sierra Leone Direct election Direct election
  Singapore Direct election Direct election
  Sint Maarten Monarch of the Netherlands[163] Election by legislature[163] Direct election[163]
  Slovakia Direct election Direct election
  Slovenia Direct election Direct election Representation of interest groups
  Solomon Islands Monarchy[164] Election by legislature[164] Direct election[164]
  Somalia Direct election Transition
  Somaliland Direct election Direct election Traditional leaders
  South Africa Election by lower house of legislature[165] Direct election[165] Indirect election[165]
  South Korea Direct election Direct election
  South Ossetia Direct election Direct election
  South Sudan Direct election Direct election
  Spain Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct and indirect election
  Sri Lanka Direct election Direct election
  Sudan Direct election Appointments due to transition Indirect election
  Suriname Election by electoral college Direct election
  Sweden Monarchy[166] Election by legislature[166] Direct election[166]
  Switzerland Election by legislature Direct election
  Syria Approval by referendum Direct election

T

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Taiwan Direct election Direct election
  Tajikistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
  Tanzania Direct election Direct election
  Thailand Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct election and appointments
Timor-Leste see East Timor
  Togo Direct election Direct election
  Tokelau Monarchy[167] Rotation of village leaders[167] Direct election[167]
  Tonga Monarchy Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
  Transnistria Direct election Direct election
  Trinidad and Tobago Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
  Tunisia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
  Turkey Direct election Direct election
  Turkmenistan Direct election Direct election
  Turks and Caicos Islands Monarchy[168] Election by legislature[168] Direct election[168]
  Tuvalu Monarchy[169] Election by legislature[169] Direct election[169]

U

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Uganda Direct election[170] Direct election and appointments[170]
  Ukraine Direct election[171] Election by legislature[171] Direct election[171]
  United Arab Emirates Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172] Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172] Appointments and indirect election[172]
  United Kingdom Monarchy[173] Election by legislature[173] Direct election[173] Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election[173]
  United States Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college[174] Direct election[174]
  Uruguay Direct election Direct election
  Uzbekistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments

V

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Vanuatu Election by electoral college[175] Election by legislature[175] Direct election[175]
  Vatican City Monarch elected by college of cardinals[176] Appointment by monarch[176] Appointment by monarch[176]
  Venezuela Direct election Direct election
  Vietnam Election by legislature Direct election
  Virgin Islands President of the United States[177] Direct election[177] Direct election

W

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Wallis and Futuna President of France[178] Appointment by president[178] Direct election[178]

Y

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Yemen Direct election[179] Appointment by head of state[179] Direct election[179] Appointment by head of state[179]

Z

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Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
  Zambia Direct election[180] Mostly direct election, some appointments[180]
  Zimbabwe Direct election[181] Direct election[181] Mix of direct and indirect election[181]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Useful Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  3. ^ Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel. 13 (11). Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. an autocratic political system that eschews democracy
  4. ^ "Taliban sources – Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader". Reuters. Peshawar, Pakistan. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022. The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban
  5. ^ Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Albania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  7. ^ a b c d Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  8. ^ a b c d American Samoa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  9. ^ a b c Andorra. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  10. ^ a b Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  11. ^ a b c Anguilla. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  12. ^ a b c d Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  13. ^ a b Argentina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  14. ^ Armenia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  15. ^ a b c Aruba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  16. ^ a b c Australia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. ^ a b c d Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  18. ^ a b c Azerbaijan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  19. ^ a b c d Bahamas, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  20. ^ a b c d Bahrain. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  21. ^ a b c d Bangladesh. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  22. ^ a b c Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  23. ^ a b c d Belarus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  24. ^ a b c d Belgium. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  25. ^ a b c d Belize. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  26. ^ a b Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  27. ^ a b c d Bermuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  28. ^ a b c d Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  29. ^ a b Bolivia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  30. ^ a b c d Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  31. ^ a b c Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  32. ^ a b c Brazil. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  33. ^ a b c British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  34. ^ a b Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  35. ^ a b c Bulgaria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  36. ^ a b c Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  37. ^ a b c Burundi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  38. ^ a b c d Cambodia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  39. ^ a b c d Cameroon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  40. ^ a b c d Canada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  41. ^ a b c Cabo Verde. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  42. ^ a b c Cayman Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  43. ^ a b Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  44. ^ "Central African president names PM in decree: radio". Reuters. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  45. ^ a b c Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  46. ^ a b Chile. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  47. ^ a b c China. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  48. ^ a b c Colombia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  49. ^ a b Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  50. ^ a b c Cook Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  51. ^ a b Costa Rica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  52. ^ a b c Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  53. ^ a b c Croatia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  54. ^ a b Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  55. ^ a b c Curacao. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  56. ^ a b Cyprus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  57. ^ a b c Czechia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  58. ^ a b c d Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  59. ^ a b c Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  60. ^ a b c Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  61. ^ a b c Dominica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  62. ^ a b Dominican Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  63. ^ a b c Timor-Leste. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  64. ^ a b Ecuador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  65. ^ a b c Egypt. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  66. ^ a b El Salvador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  67. ^ a b c d Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  68. ^ a b Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  69. ^ a b c Estonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  70. ^ a b c d Swaziland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  71. ^ a b c d Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  72. ^ a b c Falkland Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  73. ^ a b c Faroe Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  74. ^ a b c Fiji. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  75. ^ a b c Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  76. ^ a b c d France. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  77. ^ a b c French Polynesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  78. ^ a b c d Gabon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  79. ^ a b Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  80. ^ a b c Georgia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  81. ^ a b c d Germany. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  82. ^ a b Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  83. ^ a b c Gibraltar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  84. ^ a b c Greece. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  85. ^ a b c Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  86. ^ a b c d Grenada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  87. ^ a b c Guam. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  88. ^ a b Guatemala. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  89. ^ a b c Guernsey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  90. ^ a b c Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  91. ^ a b c Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  92. ^ a b Guyana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  93. ^ a b Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  94. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (22 February 2017). "A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  95. ^ a b Honduras. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  96. ^ a b c Hong Kong. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  97. ^ a b c Hungary. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  98. ^ a b c Iceland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  99. ^ a b c d India. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  100. ^ a b Indonesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  101. ^ a b c Iran. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  102. ^ a b c Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  103. ^ a b c d Ireland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  104. ^ a b c d Isle of Man. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  105. ^ a b Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  106. ^ "Basic Law: The Government (2001)". Basic Law: The Government (2001). Official Website of the Knesset. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  107. ^ a b c Italy. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  108. ^ a b c d Jamaica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  109. ^ a b c Japan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  110. ^ a b c Jersey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  111. ^ a b c d Jordan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  112. ^ a b c d Kazakhstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  113. ^ a b c Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  114. ^ a b Kiribati. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  115. ^ a b c Kosovo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  116. ^ a b c Kuwait. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  117. ^ a b c Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  118. ^ a b c Laos. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  119. ^ a b c Latvia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  120. ^ a b c Lebanon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  121. ^ a b c d Lesotho. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  122. ^ a b c Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  123. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
  124. ^ Libya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  125. ^ a b c Liechtenstein. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  126. ^ a b c Lithuania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  127. ^ a b c Luxembourg. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  128. ^ a b c Macau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  129. ^ a b c d Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  130. ^ a b Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  131. ^ a b c d Malaysia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  132. ^ a b Maldives. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  133. ^ a b c Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  134. ^ a b c Montserrat. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  135. ^ a b c Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  136. ^ a b Nauru. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  137. ^ a b c d Nepal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  138. ^ a b c d Netherlands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  139. ^ a b c New Caledonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  140. ^ a b c New Zealand. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  141. ^ a b Nicaragua. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  142. ^ a b c Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  143. ^ a b c Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  144. ^ a b c Norfolk Island. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  145. ^ North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
  146. ^ a b c Macedonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  147. ^ a b c Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  148. ^ a b c Oman. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  149. ^ a b c Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  150. ^ a b c Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  151. ^ "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  152. ^ a b c Puerto Rico. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  153. ^ a b c Qatar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  154. ^ a b c Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  155. ^ a b c d Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  156. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
  157. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
  158. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
  159. ^ a b c Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  160. ^ a b c Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  161. ^ a b c Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  162. ^ a b Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  163. ^ a b c Sint Maarten. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  164. ^ a b c Solomon Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  165. ^ a b c South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  166. ^ a b c Sweden. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  167. ^ a b c Tokelau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  168. ^ a b c Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  169. ^ a b c Tuvalu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  170. ^ a b Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  171. ^ a b c Ukraine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  172. ^ a b c United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  173. ^ a b c d United Kingdom. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  174. ^ a b United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  175. ^ a b c Vanuatu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  176. ^ a b c Holy See. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  177. ^ a b Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  178. ^ a b c Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  179. ^ a b c d Yemen. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  180. ^ a b Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  181. ^ a b c Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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