Fixation (German: Fixierung)[1] is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits.[2][3] The term subsequently came to denote object relationships with attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life.[3]
Freud
editIn Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Freud distinguished the fixations of the libido on an incestuous object from a fixation upon a specific, partial aim, such as voyeurism.[4]
Freud theorized that some humans may develop psychological fixation due to one or more of the following:
- A lack of proper gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development.
- Receiving a strong impression from one of these stages, in which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout adult life.[5]
- "An excessively strong manifestation of these instincts at a very early age [which] leads to a kind of partial fixation, which then constitutes a weak point in the structure of the sexual function".[6]
As Freud's thought developed, so did the range of possible 'fixation points' he saw as significant in producing particular neuroses.[7] However, he continued to view fixation as "the manifestation of very early linkages — linkages which it is hard to resolve — between instincts and impressions and the objects involved in those impressions".[8]
Psychoanalytic therapy involved producing a new transference fixation in place of the old one.[9] The new fixation — for example a father-transference onto the analyst — may be very different from the old, but will absorb its energies and enable them eventually to be released for non-fixated purposes.[10]
Objections
edit- Whether a particularly obsessive attachment is a fixation or a defensible expression of love is at times debatable. Fixation to intangibles (i.e., ideas, ideologies, etc.) can also occur. The obsessive factor of fixation is also found in symptoms pertaining to obsessive compulsive disorder, which psychoanalysts linked to a mix of early (pregenital) frustrations and gratifications.[11]
- Fixation has been compared to psychological imprinting[12] at an early and sensitive period of development.[13] Others object that Freud was attempting to stress the looseness of the ties between libido and object, and the need to find a specific cause any given (perverse or neurotic) fixation.[14]
Post-Freudians
editMelanie Klein saw fixation as inherently pathological[15] – a blocking of potential sublimation by way of repression.[16]
Erik H. Erikson distinguished fixation to zone – oral or anal, for example – from fixation to mode, such as taking in, as with his instance of the man who "may eagerly absorb the 'milk of wisdom' where he once desired more tangible fluids from more sensuous containers".[17] Eric Berne, developed his insight further as part of transactional analysis, suggesting that "particular games and scripts, and their accompanying physical symptoms, are based in appropriate zones and modes".[18]
Heinz Kohut saw the grandiose self as a fixation upon a normal childhood stage;[19] while other post-Freudians explored the role of fixation in aggression and criminality.[20]
In popular culture
edit- Coleridge's Christabel has been seen as using witchcraft as a vehicle to explore psychological fixation.[21]
- Tennyson has been considered to show a romantic fixation on days of old.[22]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1988) [1973]. "Fixation (pp. 162-5)". The Language of Psycho-analysis (reprint, revised ed.). London: Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-946-43949-2.
- ^ Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [1970]. "Fixation (pp. 113ff.)". Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on Metapsychology, Conflicts, Anxiety and Other Subjects. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-67042-1.
- ^ a b Akhtar, Salman (2009-08-31). Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-78049-303-9.
- ^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (Penguin Freud Library 7) pp. 68–70 and p. 151
- ^ Freud, Sexuality p. 167
- ^ Sigmund Freud, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Penguin 1995) p. 73
- ^ Angela Richards, "Editor's Note", Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology (Penguin Freud Library 10) p. 132
- ^ Freud, Psychopathology pp. 137–8
- ^ Bruce Fink, A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis (Harvard 1999) p. 53
- ^ Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (Penguin Freud Library 1) p. 509
- ^ Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 305
- ^ Janet Malcolm, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (London 1988) p. 158
- ^ Richard L. Gregory ed, The Oxford Companion to the Mind (Oxford 1987) p. 356
- ^ Stephen A. Mitchell, Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis (1988) p. 78
- ^ C. Geissmann-Chambon/P. Geissmann, A History of Child Psychoanalysis (Routledge 1998) p. 129
- ^ Lyndsey Stonebridge/John Phillips, Reading Melanie Klein (1998) p. 243n
- ^ Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (Penguin 1973) p. 72 and p. 57
- ^ Erik Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (Corgi 1975) p. 161
- ^ Akhtar, p. 124
- ^ Jo Brunas-Wagstaff, Personality: A Cognitive Approach (1998) p. 34
- ^ Harold Bloom, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (2010) p. 189
- ^ Kathryn Ledbetter, Tennyson and Victorian Periodicals (2007) p. 52