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George Grote

George Grote (/ɡroʊt/; 17 November 1794 – 18 June 1871) was an English political radical and classical historian. He is now best known for his major work, the voluminous History of Greece.

George Grote
Portrait by Thomas Stewardson, 1824
Portrait by Thomas Stewardson, 1824
Born(1794-11-14)14 November 1794
Clay Hill, Kent
Died18 June 1871(1871-06-18) (aged 76)
Mayfair, London
NationalityEnglish
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Early life

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George Grote was born at Clay Hill near Beckenham in Kent.[1] His grandfather, Andreas, originally a Bremen merchant, was one of the founders (on 1 January 1766) of the banking-house of Grote, Prescott & Company in Threadneedle Street, London (the name of Grote did not disappear from the firm until 1879). His father, another George, married (1793) Selina, daughter of Henry Peckwell (1747–1787), minister of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon's chapel in Westminster, and his wife Bella Blosset (descended from a Huguenot officer Salomon Blosset de Loche who left the Dauphiné on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes), and had one daughter and ten sons, of whom George was the eldest.[2] His brothers were the moral philosopher John Grote and the colonial administrator Arthur Grote.[3] (John Russell RA painted portraits of Henry Peckwell and Bella Blosset.)

Educated at first by his mother, George Grote was sent to Sevenoaks grammar school (1800–1804) and afterwards to Charterhouse School (1804–1810), where he studied under Dr Raine in company with Connop Thirlwall, George and Horace Waddington and Henry Havelock. In spite of Grote's school successes, his father refused to send him to university and sent him to work at the bank. He spent all his spare time in the study of classics, history, metaphysics and political economy and in learning German, French and Italian. Driven by his mother's Puritanism and his father's contempt for academic learning, he sought other friends, one of whom was Charles Hay Cameron, who strengthened him in his love of philosophy.

Through another friend, George W. Norman, he met his wife, Harriet Lewin (1792–1878), a writer and later the biographer of the artist Ary Scheffer. After various difficulties the marriage took place on 5 March 1820, and was a happy one.[4][2] His wife's nephew was the actor William Terriss, the father of Ellaline Terriss.[5]

Work and writing

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Title page of Vol. 2 of first edition, 1846.[6]

Meanwhile, Grote had finally decided his philosophic and political attitude. In 1817 he came under the influence of David Ricardo, and through him of James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. He settled in 1820 in a house attached to the bank in Threadneedle Street, where his only child died a week after its birth. During Mrs Grote's convalescence at Hampstead, he wrote his first published work, the "Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform" (1821), in reply to Sir James Mackintosh's article in the Edinburgh Review, advocating popular representation, vote by ballot and short parliaments. In April 1822 he published in the Morning Chronicle a letter against George Canning's attack on Lord John Russell, and edited, or rather re-wrote, some discursive papers of Bentham, which he published under the title Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind by Philip Beauchamp (1822). The book was published in the name of Richard Carlile, then in gaol at Dorchester. Though not a member of John Stuart Mill's Utilitarian Society (1822–1823), he took a great interest in a society for reading and discussion, which met from 1823 onwards in a room at the bank before business hours, twice a week.[2]

Mrs Grote claimed to have first suggested the History of Greece in 1823; but the book was already in preparation in 1822. In April 1826 Grote published in The Westminster Review a criticism of William Mitford's History of Greece, which shows that his ideas were already in order. From 1826 to 1830 he was hard at work with John Stuart Mill and Henry Brougham in the organization of University College London. He was a member of the council which organized the faculties and the curriculum. In 1830, owing to a difference with Mill as to an appointment to one of the philosophical chairs (Grote objected to John Hoppus), he resigned his position.[2] He rejoined the council in 1849 and was appointed Treasurer in 1860, then President in 1868. In his will Grote left £6,000 as an endowment for the Chair of Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London.[3]

He went abroad in 1830, and spent some months in Paris with the Liberal leaders. Recalled by his father's death (6 July), he became manager of the bank, and took a leading position among the City Radicals.[7] In 1831 he published his important Essentials of Parliamentary Reform (an elaboration of his previous "Statement"), and, after refusing to stand as parliamentary candidate for the City of London in 1831, changed his mind and was elected head of the poll, with three other Liberals, in December 1832. As an MP, Grote spent much of his time unsuccessfully advocating for the secret ballot.[8] After serving in three parliaments, he resigned in 1841, by which time his party ("the Philosophical Radicals") had dwindled away.[2]

 
Portrait of George Grote, by Maull & Fox

During these years of active public life, his interest in Greek history and philosophy had increased, and after a trip to Italy in 1842, he severed his connection with the bank and devoted himself to literature. In 1846 the first two volumes of the History appeared.[6] The remaining ten appeared between 1847 and the spring of 1856. In 1845, with William Molesworth and Raikes Currie, he gave money to Auguste Comte, then in financial difficulties. The formation of the Sonderbund (20 July 1847) led him to visit Switzerland and study for himself a condition of things in some sense analogous to that of the ancient Greek states. This visit resulted in the publication in The Spectator of seven weekly letters, collected in book form at the end of 1847 (see a letter to de Tocqueville in Mrs Grote's reprint of the Seven Letters, 1876). Grote was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1853.[9]

In 1856, Grote began to prepare his works on Plato and Aristotle. Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates (3 vols.) appeared in 1865. That work made him known by some as "the greatest nineteenth-century Plato scholar".[10] The work on Aristotle he did not complete. He had finished the Organon and was about to deal with the metaphysical and physical treatises when he died at his home in Mayfair, London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[2] A marble bust of Grote was subsequently placed in the Abbey.[11] The house, No. 12 Savile Row, now has a commemorative brown plaque on it.[12]

He is said, in some estimations, to have been a man of strong character and self-control, unfailing courtesy and unswerving devotion to what he considered the best interests of the nation.[2] Other historians, such as Guy MacLean Rogers, consider he can reasonably be accused of anti-clerical bias. Grote's time on the Council at University College London was characterised by his contentious approach to two liberal nonconformists: John Hoppus and James Martineau, both of whom found ways to work around his opposition. Grote's life has attracted a wide variety of biographical comment due to his strong views.[a]

Principal works

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Bust of George Grote, Westminster Abbey
  • 1821 – Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform
  • 1822 – Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness, of Mankind (From Jeremy Bentham's notes)[13]
  • 1831 – Essentials of Parliamentary Reform[14]
  • 1831 – Speech of George Grote, Esq. M.P., delivered April 25th, 1833, in the House of Commons, on moving for the introduction of the vote by ballot at elections
  • 1846–1856 – A History of Greece; from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great (12 vols.)[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
  • 1847 – Seven Letters on the Recent Politics of Switzerland[26]
  • 1859 – Life, Teachings, and Death of Socrates. From Grote's History of Greece
  • 1860 – Plato's Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth, and Aristotle's Comment upon that Doctrine.
  • 1865 – Plato, and the Other Companions of Sokrates (3 vols.). 2nd edition, 1867; 3rd edition in 4 volumes with some re-organisation, 1885.[27]
  • 1868 – Review of the Work of Mr. John Stuart Mill Entitled 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy' [28]
  • 1872 – Poems, 1815–1823
  • 1872 – Aristotle (ed. by Alexander Bain and George Croom Robertson).[29][30] A 2nd edition with some extra material but in one volume was published in 1880.
  • 1873 – The Minor Works of George Grote[31]
  • 1876 – Fragments on Ethical Subjects, a Selection from his Posthumous Papers[32]

Recognition

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The Grote prize for outstanding research in Greek History, funded by a legacy from V. L. Ehrenberg and awarded annually by the Institute of Classical Studies at the University of London, is named after George Grote.[33]

Grote Street, a principal business strip in the city of Adelaide, South Australia was named for him.[34]

Notes

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  1. ^ "George Grote", Quarterly Review, 135: 101, 1873
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Mitchell 1911, p. 619.
  3. ^ a b Robertson, George Croom (1890). "Grote, Arthur" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  4. ^ Grote, Harriet (1873), The Personal Life of George Grote, London: John Murray
  5. ^ "The Terriss Tragedy", New York Dramatic Mirror, 21 December 1897
  6. ^ a b Grote, George (1846). A History of Greece: I. Legendary Greece II. Grecian History to the Reign of Peisistratus at Athens. Vol. II. London: John Murray. Retrieved 14 October 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Kinzer, Bruce (2004), "George Grote, the Philosophical Radical and Politician", Brill's Companion to George Grote and the Classical Tradition, London: Brill, pp. 16–45
  8. ^ Kinzer, Bruce (2004), "George Grote, the Philosophical Radical and Politician", Brill's Companion to George Grote and the Classical Tradition, London: Brill, pp. 16–45, esp. 37-44
  9. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter G" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  10. ^ Schofield, M. (1998–2002), "Plato", in Craig, E (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge
  11. ^ "George Grote". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  12. ^ George Grote Plaque, English Heritage, retrieved 24 November 2013
  13. ^ George Grote; Jeremy Bentham (1822), Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion: On the Temporal Happiness, of Mankind, R. Carlile, ISBN 9780598828064
  14. ^ Grote, George (1831), Essentials of parliamentary reform, London: Baldwin and Gradock
  15. ^ George Grote (1 April 2010), A History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-00951-5
  16. ^ "Review of A History of Greece by George Grote, Vols. I and II". The Athenæum: 309–11. 28 March 1846.
  17. ^ "Review of A History of Greece: 1. Legendary Greece; 2. Grecian History to the Reign of Peisistratus at Athens by George Grote". The Quarterly Review. 78: 113–144. June 1846.
  18. ^ "Review of History of Greece by George Grote, Vols. III and IV". The Athenæum: 509–10. 15 May 1847.
  19. ^ "Review of History of Greece, Vols. III–VIII by George Grote". The Quarterly Review. 86: 384–415. March 1850.
  20. ^ "Review of History of Greece by George Grote, Vols. V and VI". The Athenæum: 136–37. 10 February 1849.
  21. ^ "Review of History of Greece by George Grote, Vols. VII and VIII". The Athenæum: 279–81. 16 March 1850.
  22. ^ "Review of History of Greece by George Grote, vols. vii & viii". The Quarterly Review. 88: 41–68. December 1850.
  23. ^ "Review of History of Greece by George Grote, Vol. XI". The Athenæum: 673–74. 4 June 1853.
  24. ^ "Review: History of Greece by George Grote, Vol. XII". The Athenæum: 295–96. 8 March 1856.
  25. ^ "Review of A History of Greece by George Grote, 12 vols". The Quarterly Review. 99: 60–105. June 1856.
  26. ^ Grote, George (1876), Seven letters concerning the politics of Switzerland, pending the outbreak of the civil war in 1847, London: John Murry
  27. ^ Grote, George (7 August 2012) [1885], Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates, vol. 1 (4 volumes, 3rd ed.), Project Gutenberg
  28. ^ George, Grote (1868), Review of the work of Mr. John Stuart Mill, entitled, 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy'
  29. ^ Aristotle (ed. by Alexander Bain and George Croom Robertson), volumes 1 and 2
  30. ^ Bywater, I. (15 November 1872). "Review of Aristotle by George Grote, edited by Alexander Bain and G. Croom Robertson". The Academy. 3: 431–33.
  31. ^ Grote, George; Bain, Alexander (1873), The minor works of George Grote. With critical remarks on his intellectual character, writings and speeches, London: J. Murray
  32. ^ Grote, George (1876), Fragments on ethical subjects, a selection from his posthumous papers, London: J. Murray
  33. ^ George Grote Prize in Ancient History, archived from the original on 8 December 2021, retrieved 13 March 2018
  34. ^ "The Founding of South Australia", The Advertiser, Adelaide: National Library of Australia, p. 11, 28 December 1928, retrieved 3 June 2015
  1. ^ Charles Darwin remembered that he was pleased by the simplicity and absence of all pretension (Grote's manners cited in Barlow, Nora, ed. (1958), The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882, London: Collins, p. 111)

References

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  • "Grote, George." British Authors of the Nineteenth Century. H.C. Wilson Company, New York, 1936.

Attribution:

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Grote, George". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 619–620. This includes a detailed contemporaneous analysis of his career and works.

Further reading

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  • Calder, William M., ed. (1996). George Grote Reconsidered: A 200th Birthday Celebration. Hildesheim: Weidmann. ISBN 3-615-00180-X.
  • Clarke, Martin L. (1962). George Grote: A Biography. London: Athlone Press.
  • Davies, James (1873). "George Grote," The Contemporary Review, Vol. 22, pp. 393–411.
  • Demetriou, Kyriacos N. (1999). George Grote on Plato and Athenian Democracy, a Study in Classical Reception. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Wien: Lang. ISBN 3-631-32739-0; ISBN 0-8204-3554-6
  • Dow, Elizabeth Flagg (1956). "George Grote, Historian of Greece: Some Notes for the Centennial", The Classical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 211–19.
  • Hamburger, Joseph (1965). Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophical Radicals. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Johnson, W. (1994). "Edward Gibbon and George Grote: A Bicentenary in Common", Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 221–26.
  • Jones, Tom B. (1935). "George Grote and His History of Greece", The Classical Weekly, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 59–61.
  • "Modern Historians," Part II, The British Controversialist, Vol. 1, 1869, pp. 1–19, 161–86.
  • Momigliano, Arnaldo (1952). George Grote and the Study of Greek History. London: H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.
  • Robertson, G. Croom (1890). "George Grote". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXIII. New York: Macmillan & Co. pp. 284–93.
  • Stephen, Leslie (1900). "George Grote". The English Utilitarians. Vol. III (John Stuart Mill). London: Duckworth & Co. pp. 336–44.
  • Thomas, William (1979). "George Grote and the Ballot." In: The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice, 1817–1841. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Tritle, Lawrence (1999). "The Athens of George Grote: Historiography and Philosophic Radicalism." In: Text and Tradition: Studies in Greek History and Historiography. Claremont, California: Regina Books.
  • Whedbee, Karen E. (2004). "Reclaiming Rhetorical Democracy: George Grote's Defense of Cleon and the Athenian Demagogues", Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 71–95.
  • Whedbee, Karen E. (2005). "Authority and Critical Reason: George Grote's Defense of Democratic Justice." Victorians Institute Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 97–115.
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George Grote
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for the City of London
1832 – 1841
With: Sir Matthew Wood, Bt 181–743
Robert Waithman 1826 – Mar 1833
Sir John Key, Bt 1832 – Aug 1833
George Lyall Mar 1833–1835
William Crawford Aug 1833–1841
James Pattison 1835–41 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of University of London
1862–1871 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
New position
 President of the Royal Historical Society
1871 		Succeeded by
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