Ignace Tonené (1840 or 1841 – 15 March 1916), also known as Nias or by his Ojibwe name Maiagizis ('right/correct sun'), was a Teme-Augama Anishnabai chief, fur trader, and gold prospector in Upper Canada. He was a prominent employee of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Ignace Tonené | |
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.jpg) Tonené in 1909 | |
| Born | 1840 or 1841 near Lake Temagami, Upper Canada |
| Died | 15 March 1916 (aged 74–75) near Lake Abitibi, Quebec |
| Burial place | near Mount Kanasuta, Quebec |
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| Employer | Hudson's Bay Company |
| Known for | Teme-Augama Anishnabai leadership |
| Title | Chief |
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| Children | 7 |
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Tonené was the elected deputy chief before being the lead chief and later the life chief of his community. In his role as deputy, he negotiated with the Canadian federal government and the Ontario provincial government, advocating for his community to receive annual financial support from both. His attempts to secure land reserves for his community were thwarted by the Ontario premier Oliver Mowat.
Tonené's prospecting triggered a 1906 gold rush and the creation of Kerr Addison Mines Ltd., although one of his claims was stolen from him by white Canadian prospectors.
Tonené died in 1916 at the age of 74 or 75. He is buried near Mount Kanasuta in Quebec.
Early life
editMaiagizis was most commonly known by his French name Ignace Tonené, often shortened to Nias. He was born in 1840 or 1841 near Lake Temagami in the Temagami First Nation in Upper Canada. He was the eldest son of François Kabimigwune and Marian[1] and grandson of Temagami chief White Bear (Wabimakwa).[2] His brother was Frank White Bear (died 1930).[2]
Career and community leadership
editTonené worked for the Hudson's Bay Company from 1857, delivering mail between its trading posts at Lake Timiskaming and Lake Temagami. He also worked at Fort Témiscamingue where he likely learned French.[1]
Leadership
editAround 1889, Tonené was elected as deputy chief (anike ogima) taking over the role from his father.[1] In 1877, Tonené filed a land claim concerning the Temagami region with the Parry Sound federal Indian Agent.[3] In 1878, Tonené took over as head chief.[1] He oversaw the adoption of potato farming and cattle raising.[2] As chief, Tonené was noted for his principles, advocating to the community that debts must be paid, including to the Hudson's Bay Company.[2] Unlike other First Nations surrounding Lake Huron, Tonené's community was not a party to the Robinson Treaties.[1] The treaties were two 1850 formal agreements between Ojibwa chiefs and the Crown in which chiefs relinquished land in exchange for immediate and ongoing financial payments.[4] Tonené advocated for redress and support for his people.[1] Tonené was concerned about the impact of lumberjacks and their impact on the natural resources of the area. He advocated to federal Indian agent Charles Skene for the provision of an annuity payment and the creation of reserve.[1][5]
During a speech in January 1889, Tonené warned his community: "The white men were coming closer and closer every year and the deer and furs were becoming scarcer and scarcer ... so that in a few years more Indians could not live by hunting alone."[1] He continued to press the government for federal financial support and the creation of a reserve through a series of meetings and letters written in Anishinaabe, which resulted in an acknowledgment from Indian agent Deputy Superintendent Lawrence Vankoughnet in 1880 that approximately 2,800 square miles (7,300 km2) of Temagami land were indeed unceded.[2] Initially Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald deferred the matter to the Ontario Premier, but in 1883 the Department of Indian Affairs agreed to an annual payment to the nation. The prices were comparable to the amounts received by other First Nations who were parties to the Robinson Huron Treaty. In 1884, Tonené convened a tribal council on Bear Island to discuss the potential location for the reserve; the community agreed it should be about 100 square miles (260 km2) surrounding Cross Lake and at the south end of Lake Temagami.[1] The federal government agreed to the proposal, but the Ontario Premier Oliver Mowat, who had a reputation for hostility towards to Indigenous treaty rights, blocked the land transfer, primarily concerned about the value of the red and white pine[2] lumber at the location.[6]: 38 [1] It was not until 1943 that lands were finally set aside for the Temagami and the official creation of the Bear Island Reserve not occur until 1971.[7]
In 1889, after Oliver Mowat's refusal to create the reserve and as his chiefdom ended, Tonené moved his family to land between Lake Opasatica and Lake Dasserat near Abitibi, Quebec. In 1889, he travelled to Bear Island to meet Indian agent Thomas Walton and ask for seeds and farming equipment for his community.[1][2] Tonené hunted and trapped to feed his family, and in 1903 starting prospecting, motivated by the recent silver discovery at Cobalt, Ontario.[1] His successful finds of gold instigated the Larder Lake gold rush of 1906, according to the Canadian Mining Journal.[6] The gold that he discovered at McGarry later became the Kerr-Addison mine, and he staked at least one claim there which was subsequently stolen from him by white settlers.[1][6]: 43 The Tonene Old Indian Mining Company issued a prospectus just prior to the start of World War I, but sources do not indicate if Tonené benefited from the company.[1]
Tonené was succeeded as head chief by John Paul, though Tonené continued to hunt and trap in Abitibi country. Following the 1893 death of John Paul, Tonené once again became head chief, and from 1910 he was the honorary or life chief and the primary advisor to the new head chief, his younger brother Frank White Bear.[1]
Personal life
editIn 1860, Tonené married Angèle, the daughter of former Temagami band chief Nebenegwune. They had two sons and two daughters, and Angèle died in childbirth in 1869. In 1871, Tonené married Elisabeth Pikossekat of the Timiskaming band and they had three daughters.[1]
Both of Tonené's sons died before adulthood, although his five daughters all lived into adulthood, married, and had children.[1]
Death and legacy
editTonené died on 15 March 1916, near Lake Abitibi, Quebec.[1] He was buried close to Mount Kanasuta, Quebec, near the Quebec–Ontario border.[1] The location of his burial was later turned into a gravel pit and then a community dump.[6]: 43
In 2016, Tournene Lake, south of Bear Lake and north of Larder Lake, was officially renamed Chief Tonene Lake.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hodgins, Bruce W.; Morrison, James (1998). "Biography – Tonené, Ignace". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto, Université Laval. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hodgins, Bruce W.; Benidickson, Jamie (1989). The Temagami Experience: Recreation, Resources, and Aboriginal Rights in the Northern Ontario Wilderness, Canada: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9780802067135 pp. 35, 40–48, 66, 299
- ^ "First protest was filed by Chief Tonene in 1877". North Bay Nugget. 23 August 1980. p. 28. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Robinson Treaties and Douglas Treaties (1850–1854)". Government of Canada, Indigenous and Northern Affairs. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Potts, Gary (1989). Last Ditch Defense of a Priceless Homeland in Drumbeat: Anger and Renewal in Indian Country, ed. Boyce Richardson. Canada: Summerhill Press, ISBN 9780929091037 p. 212
- ^ a b c d Angus, Charlie (2022). Cobalt: Cradle of the Demon Metals, Birth of a Mining Superpower. Canada: House of Anansi Press, ISBN 9781487009496 pp. 38–43
- ^ McNeil, Kent (1990). "The Temagami Indian Land Claim: Loosening the Judicial Straitjacket", in Matt Bray and Ashley Thompson, eds., Temagami: A Debate on Wilderness, Toronto: Dundurn Press, ISBN 1550020862, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Chief Tonene Lake. Canadian Geographical Names Database, Government of Canada. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ Chief Tonene Lake (Formerly Tournene Lake / lac Tournene). Canadian Geographical Names Database, Government of Canada. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
