Iskra (Russian: Искра, IPA: [ˈiskrə], the Spark) was a fortnightly political newspaper of Russian socialist emigrants established as the official organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).[1]
| "Из искры возгорится пламя" ("From a spark a flame will flare up") | |
 The first issue of Iskra | |
| Founder(s) |
|
|---|---|
| Staff writers |
|
| Founded | 1900 |
| Political alignment | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party |
| Language | Russian |
| Ceased publication | 1905 |
| Circulation | 8,000 |
History
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Iskra was published in exile and then smuggled into Russia.[2] Initially, it was managed by Vladimir Lenin, moving as he moved. The first edition was published in Leipzig,[3] Germany, on 1 December 1900 (other sources say 11 December). Other editions were published in Munich (1900–1902) and Geneva from 1903. When Lenin was in London (1902–1903) the newspaper was edited from a small office at 37a Clerkenwell Green, EC1,[4] with Henry Quelch arranging the necessary printworks.[5]
Iskra quickly became the most successful underground Russian newspaper in 50 years.[6] It was smuggled into Russia via Romania, and reprinted on secret presses in Kishinev and the Caucasus.[1] Using the networks created to write for and distribute the paper, Lenin and Julius Martov prepared organisationally for the Second Congress of the RSDLP.[1]
In 1903, following the split of the RSDLP, Chairman Georgi Plekhanov chose to seek reconciliation with dissident party members who had walked out on the vote to reduce the number of seats on the editorial board from six to three. He chose to nominate three members, all Mensheviks. Lenin resigned shortly before the nominations were finalized, leaving Iskra in Menshevik control.[7]
Political viewpoint
editIskra's motto was "Из искры возгорится пламя" (Iz iskry vozgoritsya plamya — "From a spark a flame will flare up") — a line from the reply Alexander Odoevsky wrote to the poem by Alexander Pushkin addressed to the anti-tsar Decembrists imprisoned in Siberia. The editorial line championed the battle for political freedom as well as the cause of socialist revolution.[2] The paper also ran a number of notable polemics against "economists", who argued against political struggle in favour of pure trade union activity for the worker's economic interests, as well as the Socialist Revolutionaries, who advocated terror tactics.[8][failed verification] In the book What Is to Be Done?, Lenin argues that trade union activity, although being a good starting point for revolution, would only stay at the level of trade-unionist politics and would not be capable, in itself, of challenging the aristocracy or capitalism. Lenin, on the other hand, argues for a vanguard party, made up of professional revolutionaries, to lead the political struggle and raise the average worker to the level of revolutionaries.[9]
As outlined by Lenin in What Is to Be Done?, Iskra took the place of a central project to cohere the RSDLP nationally.[2] As one of the editors, Lenin was "allowed a virtual monopoly over communications with party workers in Russia and could count on the acquiescence of his colleagues in his endeavours to put his organizational program into practice."[1]
Staff
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Initial staff members:
- Vladimir Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)
- Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov, his younger brother
- Georgi Plekhanov
- Vera Zasulich
- Pavel Axelrod (Pinchas Borutsch)
- Julius Martov (Ilija Cederbaum)
- Alexander Potresov
Later:
- Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein)
Some of the staff were later involved in the Bolshevik revolution of October 1917.
Iosif Blumenfeld did the printing. Leo Deutsch was the administrator of Iskra but did not share in the editorial work.[10]
Savva Morozov was one of the people who financed the paper.
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b c d Wildman, Allan K. (1964). "Lenin's Battle with Kustarnichestvo: The Iskra Organization in Russia". Slavic Review. 23 (3): 479–503. doi:10.2307/2492685. JSTOR 2492685.
- ^ a b c Lih, Lars (2005). Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13120-0.
- ^ Rappaport, Helen (8 May 2012). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic Books. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-465-02859-7.
- ^ Glancey, Jonathan (21 June 2004). "Return of the radicals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
- ^ Saville, John, ed. (2004). "Quelch, Henry [Harry] (1858–1913), socialist and journalist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37874. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 5 September 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Rice, Christopher (1990). Lenin: portrait of a professional revolutionary. London: Cassell. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-304-31814-8 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Carr, Edward Hallett (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Miliukov, Paul (1962). Russia and its Crisis. Collier-Macmillan Ltd. pp. 353–4.
- ^ Lenin, Vladimir (1905). What is to be done? Burning Questions of Our Movement. Wellred. p. 230. ISBN 1900007924.
- ^ Trotsky, Leon. "Lenin and the Old Iskra: Part II". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
Further reading
edit- Wildman, Allan K. (September 1964). "Lenin's Battle with Kustarnichestvo: The Iskra Organization in Russia". Slavic Review. 23 (3): 479–503. doi:10.2307/2492685. JSTOR 2492685.
