Wikipedia

Judaism by country

"Jewish world" redirects here. For other uses, see Jewish world (disambiguation).

At the end of 2023, the world's Jewish population was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. Israel hosts the largest Jewish population in the world, with 7.1 million, followed by the United States with 6.3 million.[1] Other countries with core Jewries above 100,000 include France (440,000), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), Australia (117,000)[1] and Brazil (107,000).[2] The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 25.5 million.[3][4]

Jews and those of sufficient Jewish descent to be eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return by country in proportion to the general population (per million people in each country, 2018)

The percentage of the eligible Jewish population that is living in each country (top 13, 2018)

   United States (51%)
   State of Israel and  West Bank combined (30%)
   France (3%)
   Canada (3%)
   Russia (3%)
   United Kingdom (2%)
   Argentina (1%)
   Germany (1%)
   Australia (1%)
   Brazil (1%)
   Mexico (1%)
   Ukraine (1%)
   Hungary (1%)
  Other (1%)

Two countries account for 81% of those recognized as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51%[citation needed] and Israel with 30% along with population centers in Israeli settlements in the West Bank with 2%. An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), UK (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the only country that Jews control and the only explicit Judaic-country.[5]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 16.6 million. Almost half the Jewry of the World lived in the Americas and Poland.[6] Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.[7][8][9] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.[8] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewry grew 0.63% annually on average, while world's population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.[10] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.[11]

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Israel

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Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in Israeli Jewry and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Aliyas to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, Palestinian Jewry rose from 9,000 to 23,000.[12] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the Population of Palestine.[13][14] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,[15] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[16] Current the Demographics of Israel are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[17] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[18] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people get out off Judaism versus strangers to Judaism.[16] Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. Palestine has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jews from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,[19] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.[20]

Rest of the world

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In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[21] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,[22][23] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long-term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewries. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[24][25] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.[26]

Debate over American numbers

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The number of Jews in the United States has been much debated because of questions about counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[27] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[28] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[29] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable”. However, he revised the United States Jewish number to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[30][29] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[29] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting the number of Jewish Americans.

In 2020, the Pew Research Center's Jewish Americans 2020 study estimated there were 5.8 million adult Jews in the United States and 1.8 million children of at least one Jewish parent being raised as Jewish in some way, for a total of 7.5 million Jews, 2.5% of the national population.[31] According to Sergio Della Pergola's narrower definition, which count children and adult Jews without religious affiliation only if they have two Jewish parents, this corresponds to 4.8 million Jewish adults and 1.2 million Jewish children in 2020.[32] The American Jewry Project at Brandeis University, which synthesizes survey data from the 50 states and DC, estimates there are 7.63 million American Jews, 6 million adults and 1.6 million children.[33]

By country

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Definition

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United States  
12000
Israel  
6778
France  
750
Canada  
700
Russia  
600
West Bank  
413
United Kingdom  
410
Argentina  
350
Germany  
275
Ukraine  
200
Brazil  
180
Australia  
155
Hungary  
131
Other  
805

Total: 23747

Eligible
Enlarged
Connected
Core
Jewish population by country (1,000s, 2020)[34]

Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[34] The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis:

  • Core Jewish population refers to those who consider themselves Jews to the exclusion of all else.
  • Connected Jewish population includes the core Jewish population and additionally those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish background from at least one Jewish parent.
  • Enlarged Jewish population includes the Jewish connected population and those who say they have Jewish background but not a Jewish parent, and all non-Jews living in households with Jews.
  • Eligible Jewish population includes all those eligible for immigration to Israel under its Law of Return.
  • National official population is the Jewish population reported by a national source. Note that the "National" results may not be entirely accurate, as other sources may have conflicting accounts of Jewish populations in some countries.

Core, connected and enlarged population

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Countries Core population Connected population Enlarged population
Total pct pmp Total pct pmp Total pct pmp
  Israel[a] 7,350,000 47 735,000 7,650,000 42 765,000 7,850,000 37 785,000
  United States 5,700,000 36 17,320 8,000,000 44 24,309 10,000,000 48 30,386
  France[b] 440,000 2.8 6,910 550,000 3.1 8,483 650,000 3.1 10,026
  Canada 393,000 2.5 10,500 450,000 2.5 12,023 550,000 2.6 14,695
  United Kingdom[c] 292,000 1.9 4,370 330,000 1.8 4,939 370,000 1.8 5,537
  Argentina 175,000 1.1 3,990 260,000 1.4 5,779 310,000 1.5 6,891
  Russia 155,000 0.99 1,060 320,000 1.8 2,188 460,000 2.2 3,146
  Australia 118,000 0.75 4,660 130,000 0.72 5,134 145,000 0.69 5,726
  Germany 118,000 0.75 1,420 150,000 0.83 1,805 225,000 1.1 2,708
  Brazil 92,000 0.59 440 120,000 0.67 574 150,000 0.71 717
  South Africa 52,300 0.33 890 65,000 0.36 1,106 75,000 0.36 1,276
  Hungary 47,200 0.30 4,830 75,000 0.42 7,675 100,000 0.48 10,233
  Ukraine 45,000 0.29 1,070 90,000 0.50 2,140 140,000 0.67 3,329
  Mexico 40,000 0.25 320 45,000 0.25 360 50,000 0.24 400
  Netherlands 29,800 0.19 1,250 43,000 0.24 1,563 53,000 0.25 2,188
  Belgium 29,000 0.18 2,530 35,000 0.19 3,053 40,000 0.19 3,490
  Italy 27,000 0.17 450 34,000 0.19 560 41,000 0.20 676
  Switzerland 18,500 0.12 2,160 22,000 0.12 2,569 25,000 0.12 2,919
  Uruguay 16,000 0.10 4,690 20,000 0.11 5,685 24,000 0.11 6,822
  Chile 16,000 0.10 840 20,000 0.11 1,050 24,000 0.11 1,260
  Sweden 15,000 0.096 1,460 20,000 0.11 1,947 25,000 0.12 2,433
  Turkey 14,500 0.092 180 19,000 0.11 234 21,000 0.100 259
  Spain 13,000 0.083 280 16,000 0.089 345 19,000 0.090 409
  Austria 10,300 0.066 1,160 14,000 0.078 1,577 17,000 0.081 1,915
  Panama 10,000 0.064 2,370 11,000 0.061 2,607 12,000 0.057 2,844
  Iran 9,500 0.061 110 10,500 0.058 122 12,000 0.057 139
  Romania 8,900 0.057 460 13,000 0.072 672 17,000 0.081 879
  Belarus 8,500 0.054 900 17,000 0.094 1,800 25,000 0.12 2,647
  New Zealand 7,500 0.048 1,510 8,500 0.047 1,711 9,500 0.045 1,913
  Azerbaijan 7,200 0.046 720 10,500 0.058 1,050 15,500 0.074 1,550
  Denmark 6,400 0.041 1,100 7,500 0.042 1,289 8,500 0.040 1,461
  Venezuela 6,000 0.038 210 10,000 0.055 350 12,000 0.057 420
  India 4,800 0.031 3 6,000 0.033 4 7,500 0.036 5
  Latvia 4,500 0.029 2,350 8,000 0.044 4,178 12,000 0.057 6,267
  Poland 4,500 0.029 120 7,000 0.039 187 10,000 0.048 267
  Greece 4,100 0.026 380 5,200 0.029 482 6,000 0.029 556
  Czech Republic 3,900 0.025 370 5,000 0.028 474 6,500 0.031 617
  Portugal 3,300 0.021 296 3,500 0.019 334 4,000 0.019 382
  China[d] 3,000 0.019 2 3,200 0.018 2 3,400 0.016 2
  Uzbekistan 2,900 0.018 90 6,000 0.033 186 8,000 0.038 248
  Ireland 2,700 0.017 550 3,600 0.020 733 5,000 0.024 1,019
  Slovakia 2,600 0.017 480 3,600 0.020 665 4,600 0.022 849
  Kazakhstan 2,500 0.016 140 4,800 0.027 269 6,500 0.031 364
  Costa Rica 2,500 0.016 490 2,800 0.016 549 3,100 0.015 608
  Lithuania 2,400 0.015 860 4,700 0.026 1,684 7,500 0.036 2,688
  Colombia 2,100 0.013 40 2,800 0.016 53 3,500 0.017 67
  Morocco 2,100 0.013 60 2,500 0.014 71 2,800 0.013 80
  Bulgaria 2,000 0.013 290 4,000 0.022 580 6,000 0.029 870
  Moldova 1,900 0.012 540 3,800 0.021 1,080 7,500 0.036 2,132
  Estonia 1,900 0.012 1,430 2,700 0.015 2,032 3,500 0.017 2,634
  Peru 1,900 0.012 60 2,400 0.013 76 3,000 0.014 95
  Croatia 1,700 0.011 420 2,400 0.013 593 3,100 0.015 766
  Georgia 1,500 0.0096 380 3,000 0.017 760 5,000 0.024 1,267
  Puerto Rico 1,500 0.0096 490 2,000 0.011 653 2,500 0.012 817
  Serbia 1,400 0.0089 200 2,100 0.012 300 2,800 0.013 400
  Finland 1,300 0.0083 240 1,600 0.0089 295 1,900 0.0090 351
  Norway 1,300 0.0083 240 1,600 0.0089 295 2,000 0.0095 369
  Paraguay 1,100 0.0070 150 1,300 0.0072 177 1,600 0.0076 218
  Tunisia 1,000 0.0064 90 1,200 0.0067 108 1,400 0.0067 126
  Japan 1,000 0.0064 10 1,200 0.0067 12 1,400 0.0067 14
  Guatemala 900 0.0057 50 1,200 0.0067 67 1,500 0.0071 83
  Singapore 900 0.0057 160 1,000 0.0055 178 1,200 0.0057 213
  Gibraltar 800 0.0051 22,860 900 0.0050 25,718 1,000 0.0048 28,575
  Luxembourg 700 0.0045 1,130 900 0.0050 1,453 1,100 0.0052 1,776
  Ecuador 600 0.0038 30 800 0.0044 40 1,000 0.0048 50
  Bolivia 500 0.0032 40 700 0.0039 56 900 0.0043 72
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 500 0.0032 140 800 0.0044 224 1,100 0.0052 308
  Cuba 500 0.0032 40 1,000 0.0055 80 1,500 0.0071 120
  U.S. Virgin Islands 500 0.0032 3,810 600 0.0033 5,715 700 0.0033 6,668
  Jamaica 500 0.0032 180 300 0.0017 108 400 0.0019 144
  Kyrgyzstan 400 0.0025 60 700 0.0039 105 1,000 0.0048 150
  Netherlands Antilles 400 0.0025 1,250 500 0.0028 1,563 700 0.0033 2,188
  Kenya 300 0.0019 10 500 0.0028 17 700 0.0033 23
  Cyprus 300 0.0019 240 400 0.0022 320 500 0.0024 400
  Nicaragua 250 0.0016 37 250 0.0014 37 250 0.0012 37
  Bahamas 200 0.0013 510 500 0.0028 1,275 700 0.0033 1,785
  Suriname 200 0.0013 330 400 0.0022 660 600 0.0029 990
  Thailand 200 0.0013 3 300 0.0017 4 400 0.0019 6
  Turkmenistan 200 0.0013 30 400 0.0022 60 600 0.0029 90
  Zimbabwe 200 0.0013 10 400 0.0022 20 600 0.0029 30
  Armenia 100 0.00064 30 300 0.0017 90 500 0.0024 150
  Bermuda 100 0.00064 1,540 200 0.0011 3,080 300 0.0014 4,620
  Botswana 100 0.00064 40 200 0.0011 80 300 0.0014 120
  DR Congo 100 0.00064 1 200 0.0011 2 300 0.0014 3
  Barbados 100 0.00064 350 200 0.0011 700 300 0.0014 1,050
  Dominican Republic 100 0.00064 10 200 0.0011 20 300 0.0014 30
  Egypt 100 0.00064 1 200 0.0011 2 300 0.0014 3
  El Salvador 100 0.00064 20 200 0.0011 40 300 0.0014 60
  Ethiopia 100 0.00064 1 500 0.0028 4 1,000 0.0048 8
  Indonesia 100 0.00064 0 200 0.0011 1 300 0.0014 1
  Malta 100 0.00064 200 200 0.0011 400 300 0.0014 600
  Namibia 100 0.00064 40 200 0.0011 80 300 0.0014 120
  Nigeria 100 0.00064 0 200 0.0011 1 300 0.0014 1
  North Macedonia 100 0.00064 50 200 0.0011 100 300 0.0014 150
  Madagascar 100 0.00064 3 200 0.0011 7 300 0.0014 10
  Philippines 100 0.00064 1 200 0.0011 2 300 0.0014 3
  Slovenia 100 0.00064 50 200 0.0011 100 300 0.0014 150
  South Korea 100 0.00064 2 200 0.0011 4 300 0.0014 6
  Tajikistan 100 0.00064 4 200 0.0011 9 300 0.0014 13
  Taiwan 100 0.00064 4 200 0.0011 9 300 0.0014 13
  World 15,700,000 100 1,920 18,030,900 100 2,341 21,005,700 100 2,727

Eligible population and national official

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Countries Eligible population National official
Total pct pmp Total Year
  United States 12,000,000 50 36,463 6,300,000 2024[35]
  Israel[e] 7,742,000 33 779,386 7,200,000 2024[36]
  France[f] 750,000 3.2 11,568 — —
  Canada 700,000 2.9 18,702 398,000 2024[37]
  Russia 600,000 2.5 4,103 157,673 2010[38]
  United Kingdom[g] 410,000 1.7 6,136 312,000 2024[39][40][41]
  Argentina 360,000 1.5 8,002 — —
  Germany 275,000 1.2 3,309 83,430 2011[42]
  Ukraine 200,000 0.84 4,756 103,878 2001[43]
  Brazil 180,000 0.76 861 107,329 2011[44]
  Australia 160,000 0.67 6,319 99,956 2021[44]
  Hungary 130,000 0.55 13,303 10,965 2011[44]
  South Africa 85,000 0.36 1,446 49,469 2016[45]
  Mexico 65,000 0.27 520 67,476 2010[44]
  Netherlands 63,000 0.26 2,813 0.1% 2016[46]
  Italy 48,000 0.20 791 — —
  Belgium 45,000 0.19 3,926 — —
  Belarus 33,000 0.14 3,494 13,705 2019[47]
  Sweden 30,000 0.13 2,920 — —
  Switzerland 28,000 0.12 3,269 16,763 2011[44]
  Uruguay 28,000 0.12 7,959 — —
  Chile 28,000 0.12 1,470 14,976 2002[44]
  Turkey 23,000 0.097 284 — —
  Spain 22,000 0.092 474 — —
  Azerbaijan 20,500 0.086 2,050 9,084 2009[47]
  Austria 20,000 0.084 2,252 8,140 2001[44]
  Romania 20,000 0.084 1,034 3,519 2011[44]
  Latvia 16,000 0.067 8,356 8,210 2019[48]
  Venezuela 14,000 0.059 490 9,500 2010[49][50]
  Panama 13,000 0.055 3,081 — —
  Iran 13,000 0.055 151 9,826 2016[44]
  Poland 13,000 0.055 347 2,488 2011[51]
  New Zealand 10,500 0.044 2,114 5,274 2018[44]
  Lithuania 10,500 0.044 3,763 1,229 2011[44]
  Uzbekistan 10,000 0.042 310 94,689 1989[52]
  Moldova 10,000 0.042 2,842 1,601 2014[44]
  Denmark 9,500 0.040 1,633 — —
  Kazakhstan 9,500 0.040 532 5,281 2009[44]
  India 9,000 0.038 6 4,650 2011[53]
  Czech Republic 8,000 0.034 759 1,427 2021[54]
  Bulgaria 8,000 0.034 1,160 1,162 2011[55]
  Georgia 7,500 0.032 1,900 1,417 2014[44]
  Uganda — — — 7,189 2014[56]
  Greece 7,000 0.029 649 — —
  Ireland 6,500 0.027 1,324 1,921 2016[57]
  Slovakia 6,000 0.025 1,108 601 2019[58]
  Portugal 5,000 0.021 478 2,910 – 15,000 2021[59][60]
  Colombia 4,500 0.019 86 — —
  Estonia 4,500 0.019 3,387 1,921 2019[61]
  Croatia 3,800 0.016 939 536 2011[44]
  China[h] 3,600 0.015 3 — —
  Peru 3,500 0.015 111 — —
  Serbia 3,500 0.015 500 578 2011[44]
  Costa Rica 3,400 0.014 666 — —
  Morocco 3,100 0.013 89 — —
  Puerto Rico 3,000 0.013 980 — —
  Norway 2,500 0.011 462 761 2021[62]
  Ethiopia 2,500 0.011 20 — —
  Finland 2,200 0.0092 406 1,093 2017[63]
  Cuba 2,000 0.0084 160 — —
  Paraguay 1,900 0.0080 259 1,100 2002[44]
  Guatemala 1,800 0.0076 100 — —
  Tunisia 1,600 0.0067 144 — —
  Japan 1,600 0.0067 16 — —
  Kyrgyzstan 1,500 0.0063 225 455 2018[64]
  Singapore 1,400 0.0059 249 — —
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,400 0.0059 392 262 2013[65]
  Luxembourg 1,300 0.0055 2,099 — —
  Ecuador 1,200 0.0050 60 — —
  Gibraltar 1,100 0.0046 31,433 763 2012[44]
  Bolivia 1,100 0.0046 88 — —
  Bahamas 900 0.0038 2,295 191 2010[44]
  Kenya 900 0.0038 30 — —
  Netherlands Antilles 900 0.0038 2,813 — —
  U.S. Virgin Islands 800 0.0034 7,620 — —
  Suriname 800 0.0034 1,320 181 2012[66]
  Turkmenistan 800 0.0034 120 1,537 1995[67]
  Zimbabwe 800 0.0034 40 — —
  Armenia 700 0.0029 210 127 2011[68]
  Cyprus 600 0.0025 480 — —
  Jamaica 500 0.0021 180 506 2011[44]
  Thailand 500 0.0021 7 — —
  Bermuda 400 0.0017 6,160 135 2010[44]
  Botswana 400 0.0017 160 — —
  DR Congo 400 0.0017 4 — —
  Barbados 400 0.0017 1,400 103 2011[44]
  Dominican Republic 400 0.0017 40 — —
  Egypt 400 0.0017 4 — —
  El Salvador 400 0.0017 80 — —
  Indonesia 400 0.0017 1 — —
  Malta 400 0.0017 800 — —
  Namibia 400 0.0017 160 — —
  Nigeria 400 0.0017 2 — —
  North Macedonia 400 0.0017 200 66 2021[69]
  Madagascar 400 0.0017 13 — —
  Philippines 400 0.0017 4 — —
  Slovenia 400 0.0017 200 99 2001[44]
  South Korea 400 0.0017 8 — —
  Tajikistan 400 0.0017 18 — —
  Taiwan 400 0.0017 17 — —
  Aruba — — — 354 2018[44]
  Nicaragua 250 0.0011 37 181 2017[70]
  Iceland — — — 55 2020[71]
  Mauritius — — — 43 2018[44]
  Syria — — — 38 2020[47][72]
  Liechtenstein — — — 26 2020[73]
  Anguilla — — — 16 2018[44]
  Faroe Islands — — — 12 2020[74]
  Montenegro — — — 12 2018[44]
  British Virgin Islands — — — 11 2018[44]
  Falkland Islands — — — 1 2018[44]
  World 23,809,100 100 3,091 — —
pct = percent of total world Jewish population
pmp = per million people in country
  1. ^ Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the Judea & Samaria.
  2. ^ Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
  3. ^ Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
  4. ^ Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.
  5. ^ Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the Judea & Samaria.
  6. ^ Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
  7. ^ Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
  8. ^ Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.

Remnant and vanished populations

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The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, including in the Islamic/Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in all Islamic/Muslim countries; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewry of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[75] Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zebulon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September[76] and October 2021,[77][78] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[79] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[80][81] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, Yemen's Jews have faced persecution by Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.[82] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elder Jews in Yemen.[83][84] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[85]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Central Bureau of Statistics. "Media Release - December 2023" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Censo demográfico: 2010: características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência" [Census 2010: General characteristics of the population, religion and people with disabilities] (PDF). Censo Demográfico (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics] (IGBE). Tabela 1.4.1 - População residente, por situação do domicílio e sexo, segundo os grupos de religião [Table 1.4.1 - Resident population, by household situation and sex, the religious groups]. ISSN 0104-3145. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide | The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Global Jewish population hits 15,7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel". The Times of Israel.
  5. ^ "Israel's Population Crosses 9 Million Mark!". United With Israel. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
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