Wikipedia

Königsberg Castle

The Königsberg Castle (German: Königsberger Schloss, Russian: Кёнигсбергский замок, romanized: Konigsbergskiy zamok) was one of the landmarks of the city of Königsberg (since 1946 Kaliningrad, Russia).

Königsberg Castle
German: Königsberger Schloss
Russian: Кёнигсбергский замок
Königsberg (Kaliningrad)
Königsberg Castle, 1895
Königsberg Castle is located in Germany
Königsberg Castle
Königsberg Castle (German Empire)
Königsberg Castle is located in Kaliningrad Oblast
Königsberg Castle
Königsberg Castle (Kaliningrad Oblast)
Königsberg Castle is located in Europe
Königsberg Castle
Königsberg Castle (Europe)
Coordinates54°42′36.78″N 20°30′38.84″E / 54.7102167°N 20.5107889°E / 54.7102167; 20.5107889
Site history
Built1255
Demolished1968–1969

History

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The site of the castle was originally an Old Prussian fort known as Tuwangste near the Pregel River at an important waypoint in Prussian territory. Nearby were three Prussian villages, later known as Löbenicht, Sackheim, and Tragheim. After conquering the area in 1255, the Teutonic Knights constructed a provisionary wooden and earthworks fort in place of the Prussian one.[1] By 1257, a new stone Ordensburg castle was being constructed. The castle was greatly enlarged and refortified in several stages between the 16th to 18th centuries.[2]

The fortress, later designated a castle, was the residence of the Grandmasters of the Teutonic Order and later residence for Prussian rulers.[2] In 1635, Polish King Władysław IV Vasa resided at the castle during his stay in the city as the suzerain of Ducal Prussia.[3] In 1734–1736, it was the place of stay of Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński during the War of the Polish Succession.[4]

The 1815 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to "the magnificent palace in which is a hall 83.5 m long and 18 m broad without pillars to support it, and a handsome library. The gothic tower of the castle is very high (100 m) and has 284 steps to the top, from where a great distance can be seen". This extensive building, enclosed in a large quadrangle and situated almost in the center of the city, was formerly a seat of the Teutonic Order. It was altered and enlarged from the 16th to 18th centuries.[2] The west wing contained the Schloßkirche, or palace church, where Frederick I was crowned in 1701 and William I in 1861.[2] The arms emblazoned upon the walls and columns were those of members of the Order of the Black Eagle. Above the church was the 83 m long and 18 m high Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich.

Until the latter part of World War II, the apartments of the Hohenzollerns and the Prussia Museum (north wing, Prussia-Sammlung [de]) were open to the public daily. Among other things, the museum accommodated 240,000 exhibits of the Prussian collection, a collection of the Königsberg State and University Library, as well as many paintings by the artist Lovis Corinth.[2] In 1926, Friedrich Lahrs led an excavation of the castle courtyard. During World War II, various pieces of captured Russian art were stored there, possibly including parts of the Amber Room. An extensive collection of provincial archives was also housed there. Also the Blutgericht, a wine selling tavern, was situated within the castle. An image of Hans von Sagan was used as the castle's weathervane.

Following the bombing of Königsberg by the Allies in the Second World War in 1944, the castle completely burnt down.[5] However, the thick walls were able to withstand both the aerial bombing and Soviet artillery, as well as urban fighting in April 1945, allowing the ruins of the castle to stay standing.[citation needed] The largely demolished Königsberg became part of the Soviet Union and was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946.

Kaliningrad was to be rebuilt as a model town on the remains of Königsberg, without reminders of its German past left standing.[6] The ruins of the castle were periodically blown up over the next several years, with the last remnants being destroyed in 1968 on Leonid Brezhnev's personal orders.[7][8] However, the ruins of the nearby Königsberg Cathedral, which included the tomb of Immanuel Kant, were left standing, and, after the collapse of the USSR, in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century were rebuilt and restored.

Current situation

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Castle ruins, 1965

Today, Kaliningrad is part of Russia. The centre square of Kaliningrad resides on the site of the castle which, despite its name, actually lies to the southeast of the town centre. Adjacent to the centre square on the filled-in moat is the "House of Soviets",[9] which in 1960 was intended to be the central administration building. Continuation of development was stopped in the 1980s as the massive building gradually sank into the structurally unsound soil stemming from the collapse of tunnels in the old castle's subterranean levels. Many people call this the "Revenge of the Prussians" or "The Monster". The outside of the building was finally completed pending a visit by President Putin in 2005. The inside remains unfinished.

The current Kaliningrad city administration debated whether to rebuild the castle with the financial assistance of the Russian Department of Culture. In contrast to the Königsberger Dom, there would be the difficult task of erecting the castle from scratch, so plans were dropped for the time being. Instead, the centre square is cobbled.

In June 2010, the regional Minister of Culture, Mikhail Andreyev, announced that a referendum on the reconstruction of the castle would be held in the city of in March 2011. Previously, it had been intended to hold the referendum in October 2010, but budgetary pressures caused a delay.[10][11]

 
Excavations at the castle site, January 2018

Since September 2001, the German magazine Der Spiegel has financed the excavation of parts of the castle's cellar, which was carried out with the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts.[12] It is hoped that various buried treasures of the previous castle museum are uncovered, and possibly the rest of the Amber Room. During the Second World War the Amber Room was transferred by Germany to Königsberg where it was installed in one of the halls of the Castle. Here its traces were lost.[13] So far, thousands of items have been discovered. In June 2005, an occult silver casket with medals and amulets was found. [14] It is planned that after completion of the excavation, parts of the castle's vaults will be made accessible as an open-air museum.

In May 2023, the House of Soviets is under demolition.

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  •  
    East wing and castle entrance in 1900
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    Castle facade plan
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    East wing and entrance to the castle
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    Castle church with two round towers, constructed in 1597
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    Firmari shelter
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    Interior view of the Hall of Muscovites
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    The later renovated facade of the castle
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    Castle terrace from southeast of the Pregel River
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    Aerial view of the castle from the side of the royal pond
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    Northeast corner of the castle with the Haberturm and the monument to Duke Albrecht
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    Königsberg Castle courtyard in c. 1900
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    The famous restaurant "Blood Court" in the northern wing of the castle
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    Demolition of the castle tower with explosives, 1959
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    Remains of the castle south terrace in June 2024

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Das Königsberger Schloss". ostpreussen.net (in German). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Königsberger Schloss" (in German). Wald Königsberger Marzipan. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  3. ^ Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4. p. 253.
  4. ^ Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków (in Polish). Dąbrówno. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-62552-00-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Denny, Isabel (2007). The fall of Hitler's fortress city: the battle for Königsberg, 1945. MBI Publishing Company. p. 163.
  6. ^ { name="NG">Ryabushev, Alexander (November 11, 2008). "Калининградские руины еще немного подождут". ng.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  7. ^ Ryabushev, Alexander (November 11, 2008). "Калининградские руины еще немного подождут". ng.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  8. ^ Artamonova, Alexandra (7 June 2018). "Raze and rebuild: Kaliningrad's battle to preserve its complex post-war cityscape". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  9. ^ Tofani, Felipe (November 22, 2017). "When @fotostrasse visited the House of Soviets in Kaliningrad, Russia". Fotostrasse. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  10. ^ "В Калининграде референдум о восстановлении замка совместят с выборами". kaliningrad.kp.ru (in Russian). June 7, 2010.
  11. ^ Maitakova, Oksana (July 6, 2010). "Референдум о восстановлении в Калининграде Королевского замка пройдет в марте 2011 г." klops.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  12. ^ Beyer, Susanne (July 25, 2014). "Resurrecting Königsberg: Russian City Looks to German Roots". Spiegel Online. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  13. ^ "Amber Room :: Amber Museum". www.ambermuseum.ru. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  14. ^ Vladimir KULAKOV, TREASURES OF THE "KONIGSBERG" CASTLE // London: Libmonster (LIBMONSTER.COM). Updated: 26.10.2018. URL: https://libmonster.com/m/articles/view/TREASURES-OF-THE-KONIGSBERG-CASTLE (date of access: 30.04.2023).

Bibliography

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  • Albinus, Robert (2002). Königsberg-Lexikon. Stadt und Umgebung (in German). Würzburg: Flechsig. ISBN 3-88189-441-1.
  • Gause, Fritz (1996). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg in Preußen (in German). Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Cologne: Böhlau. ISBN 3-412-08896-X.
  • Köster, Baldur (2000). Königsberg. Architektur aus deutscher Zeit (in German). Husum: Husum Druck. ISBN 3-88042-923-5.
  • Manthey, Jürgen (2005). Königsberg – Geschichte einer Weltbürgerrepublik (in German). Munich: Hanser. ISBN 3-446-20619-1.
  • Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (2004). Wörster, Peter (ed.). Unsterbliches Königsberger Schloß. Zehn Essays (in German). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-39916-2.
  • Rohde, Alfred (1942) [First published 1933]. Das Schloß in Königsberg (Pr.) und seine Sammlungen (in German). Vol. 5. Berlin: Auflage.
  • Strunz, Gunnar (2006). Königsberg entdecken. Zwischen Memel und frischem Haff (in German). Berlin: Trescher. ISBN 3-89794-071-X.
  • Wagner, Wulf D. (2008). Das Königsberger Schloss. Eine Bau- und Kulturgeschichte: Von der Gründung bis zur Regierung Friedrich Wilhelms I. (1255-1740). Das Königsberger Schloss. Eine Bau- und Kulturgeschichte. (in German). Vol. 1. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner. ISBN 978-3-7954-1936-3.
  • Wagner, Wulf D.; Lange, Heinrich (2011). Das Königsberger Schloss. Eine Bau- und Kulturgeschichte: Von Friedrich dem Großen bis zur Sprengung (1740–1967/68). Das Schicksal seiner Sammlungen nach 1945. Das Königsberger Schloss. Eine Bau- und Kulturgeschichte (in German). Vol. 2. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner. ISBN 978-3-7954-1953-0.
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