Leeds and Liverpool Canal

The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a canal in Northern England, linking the cities of Leeds and Liverpool.

Leeds and Liverpool Canal
Ainscoughs mill in Burscough
Specifications
Maximum boat length	62 ft 0 in (18.90 m) (A 62' boat can traverse the whole canal; craft up to 72' formerly worked between Liverpool and Leigh.)
Maximum boat beam	14 ft 4 in (4.37 m) (Boats with a beam of 14' 4" can traverse the whole canal; craft with a beam up to 14' 6" formerly worked between Liverpool and Leigh.)
Locks	91
Maximum height above sea level	487 ft (148 m)
Status	Open
Navigation authority	Canal & River Trust
History
Principal engineer	John Longbotham
Other engineer(s)	James Brindley Robert Whitworth
Date of act	1770
Construction began	1770
Date of first use	1774
Date completed	1816
Date extended	1822
Geography
Start point	53°47′34″N 1°32′53″W
End point	53°24′11″N 2°59′34″W

Leeds and Liverpool Canal
Neville Street, Leeds city centre Leeds railway station, Leeds city centre Holl Beck Enters the River Aire River Aire, Aire and Calder Navigation Lock 1, River Lock, start of the Leeds and Liverpool (1) River Aire / Railway / Leeds and Liverpool Canal Bondman or Monkpit Dam Formerly the Canal Warehouse Canal Basin, Granary Wharf, Leeds city centre Monkpit Branch – Monkpit Lock was beneath the railway Formerly the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Office Access to Granary Wharf, beneath the railway station Lock 2, Office Lock, Leeds city centre (1) Tower Works – three listed towers Railway Bridge 225H Leeds to Shipley Leeds to Shipley Footbridge over the River Aire from the canal towpath Monk Bridge 225G, Whitehall Road Viaduct approach to Leeds Central Railway Station Lock 3, St Ann's Ing Lock (1) Bridge 225D  A58  Wellington Road Formerly the Lock Keepers Cottage, Oddy Locks, Wortley Locks 4–5, Oddy Two Rise Staircase Locks (2) Lock 6, Spring Garden Lock (1) Danish Camp (Site of), Giant's Hill, Armley Leeds–Harrogate Railway aka Kirkstall Viaduct, Harrogate line Footbridge to Milford Place / Botany Bay Wharf Viaduct Road / Canal Road, Bridge 225A Entrance to Armley Mills Industrial Museum, from Canal Road Armley Mills Industrial Museum Airedale line (Leeds–Bradford/Skipton) and the Settle & Carlisle Aire Valley Marina Redcote Lane / Redcote Lane footbridge Wyther Lane aka Amen Corner Broad Lane, leading to Bramley Kirkstall Brewery Bridge 221A,  B6157  Bridge Road Lock 7, Kirkstall Lock (1) Kirkstall Abbey Locks 8–10, Forge Three Rise Staircase Locks (3) Kirkstall Forge / Bramley Fall Woods Locks 11–13, Newlay Three Rise Staircase Locks (3) Footbridge / Pollard Lane, Newlay Ross Mills Weir / Ross Mill Swing Bridge 219 Rodley Nature Reserve Moss Bridge Road / Moss Swing Bridge 218 Bridge Road Swing Bridge 217 Bridge 216A  A6120  Leeds Ring Road, Rodley Packhorse bridge / Owl Swing Bridge 216 Calverley Bridge Lodge Swing Bridge 215, Calverley Thornhill Bridge 214B, Parkin Lane leading to Calverley Cutting Bridge 214A,  A658  Harrogate Road Apperley Bridge Marina Apperley Road / Millman Swing Bridge 214 Locks 14–15, Dobson Two Rise Staircase Locks (2) Canal and River Trust Office, Dobson Locks, Apperley Bridge Airedale line (Leeds-Bradford/Skipton) and the Settle & Carlisle Idle Swing Bridge 212 Esholt Footbridge Locks 16–18, Field Three Rise Staircase Locks (3) Footbridge, Baildon / Buck Hill Swing Bridge 211, Thackley Oddies Swing Bridge 210 Wharfedale line Dock Swing Bridge 209, Dock Lane, Shipley Bradford Wharfs Locks (10) Bradford Canal Shipley Lock 19, Hirst Lock (1) Dowley Gap, seven-arch aqueduct over the River Aire Locks 20–21, Dowley Gap Two Rise Staircase Locks (2) Locks 22–24, Bingley Three Rise Locks (3) Locks 25–29, Bingley Five Rise Locks (5) Keighley Silsden Skipton Thanet Canal (or Springs Branch) Lock 30, Holme Bridge Lock (1) Eshton Beck Locks 31–35, Gargrave locks (5) Priest Holme Rly bridge Priest Holme aqueduct over the River Aire Winterburn reservoir Locks 36–41, Bank Newton locks (6) Lancashire–Yorkshire border (Bedlam Dike) Locks 42–44, Greenberfield locks (3) Summit pound Little Cut Lower Park Marina, Barnoldswick Pre 1974 Lancashire–Yorkshire border (County Brook) Foulridge Tunnel (1640 yd) Slipper Hill & Whitemoor reservoirs Foulridge reservoirs (2) Barrowford reservoir Summit pound Locks 45–51, Barrowford locks (7) Colne Water  M65  bridge Reedley Marina Burnley to Bootle Burnley to Bootle Burnley Embankment Burnley Wharf / Weavers' Triangle visitor centre Burnley Barracks & Burnley Manchester Road  M65  aqueduct Gannow Tunnel (559 yd)  M65  bridges (4)  M65  aqueduct Rishton Reservoir Locks 52–57, Blackburn locks (6) River Darwen  M65  Locks 58–64 Johnson's Hill locks (7) Formerly the Lancaster Canal  M61  Manchester–Preston line  A6  Bolton Road White Bear Marina, Adlington Formerly the Lancaster Canal Locks 65–85, Wigan locks (East of Leigh branch) (21) Wigan Junction Poolstock locks (2) Leigh Branch West Coast Main Line Jn with Bridgewater Canal River Douglas Locks 86–87, Wigan locks (West of Leigh branch) (2) Wigan Pier Locks 88–89, Pagefield and Ell Meadow Locks (2) Crooke Village Marina  M6  Locks 90–94, Dean Locks and Appley Locks (4) To River Ribble Tarleton Lock connects to River Douglas 8 locks on branch Rufford Branch Scarisbrick Marina  M58   M57  Aintree Bootle Liverpool Canal Link Stanley Dock locks (4) Eldonian Basin, Liverpool Philips Street coal yards basin (closed 1960s) Clarkes Basin (closed 1886) Stanley Dock Lock Tunnels (3) Pier Head Mann Island Lock Tidal gate Canning Dock

Over a distance of 127 miles (204 km), crossing the Pennines, and including 91 locks on the main line. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal has several small branches, and in the early 21st century a new link was constructed into the Liverpool docks system.

History

Background

In the mid-18th century the growing towns of Yorkshire, including Leeds, Wakefield and Bradford, were trading increasingly. While the Aire and Calder Navigation improved links to the east for Leeds, links to the west were limited. Bradford merchants wanted to increase the supply of limestone to make lime for mortar and agriculture using coal from Bradford's collieries and to transport textiles to the Port of Liverpool. On the west coast, traders in the busy port of Liverpool wanted a cheap supply of coal for their shipping and manufacturing businesses and to tap the output from the industrial regions of Lancashire. Inspired by the effectiveness of the wholly artificial navigation, the Bridgewater Canal opened in 1759–60. A canal across the Pennines linking Liverpool and Hull (by means of the Aire and Calder Navigation) would have obvious trade benefits.

A public meeting took place at the Sun Inn in Bradford on 2 July 1766 to promote the building of such a canal. John Longbotham was engaged to survey a route. Two groups were set up to promote the scheme, one in Liverpool and one in Bradford. The Liverpool committee was unhappy with the route originally proposed, following the Ribble valley through Preston, considering that it ran too far to the north, missing key towns and the Wigan coalfield. A counter-proposal was produced by John Eyes and Richard Melling, improved by P.P. Burdett, which was rejected by the Bradford committee as too expensive, mainly because of the valley crossing at Burnley. James Brindley was called in to arbitrate, and ruled in favour of Longbotham's more northerly route, though with a branch towards Wigan, a decision which caused some of the Lancashire backers to withdraw their support, and which was subsequently amended over the course of development. In 1768 Brindley gave a detailed estimate of a distance just less than 109 miles (175 km) built at a cost of £259,777 (equivalent to about £32.67 million as of 2014).

Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1770
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long title	An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Cut or Canal from Leeds Bridge, in the County of York, to The North Lady's Walk in Liverpool, in the County Palatine of Lancaster; and from thence to the River Mersey.
Citation	10 Geo. 3. c. 114
Dates
Royal assent	19 May 1770

The Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1770 (10 Geo. 3. c. 114) was passed in May 1770 authorising construction, and Brindley was appointed chief engineer and John Longbotham clerk of works; following Brindley's death in 1772, Longbotham carried out both roles.

Construction

First phase

Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1783
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long title	An Act for altering and varying the Powers of an Act, passed in the Sixth Year of the Reign of King George the First,[q] for making the River Douglas, alias Asland, navigable from the River Ribble to Wigan, in the County Palatine of Lancaster; and for enabling the Company of Proprietors of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, incorporated by an Act passed in the Tenth Year of His present Majesty's Reign, to purchase the said River Navigation; for amending the said last mentioned Act; for incorporating and consolidating the said Two Navigations; and for other Purposes.
Citation	23 Geo. 3. c. 47
Dates
Royal assent	24 June 1783
Other legislation
Relates to	Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1770

Bingley Five Rise Locks

A commencement ceremony was held at Halsall, north of Liverpool on 5 November 1770, with the first sod being dug by the Hon. Charles Mordaunt of Halsall Hall. The first section of the canal opened from Bingley to Skipton in 1773. By 1774 the canal had been completed from Skipton to Shipley, including significant engineering features such as the Bingley Five Rise Locks, Bingley Three Rise Locks and the seven-arch aqueduct over the River Aire, at Dowley Gap. Also completed was the branch to Bradford. On the western side, the section from Liverpool to Newburgh was dug. By the following year the Yorkshire end had been extended to Gargrave, and by 1777 the canal had joined the Aire and Calder Navigation in Leeds. From Liverpool it had reached Wigan by 1781, replacing the earlier and unsatisfactory Douglas Navigation. By now, the subscribed funds and further borrowing had all been spent, and work stopped in 1781 with the completion of the Rufford Branch from Burscough to the River Douglas at Tarleton. The war in the American colonies and its aftermath made it impossible to continue for more than a decade.

Second phase

Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1790
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long title	An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Canal Navigation from Leeds to Liverpool, to vary the Line of the said Canal Navigation, and to raise a further Sum of Money for the Purpose of completing the said Canal Navigation, and for other Purposes.
Citation	30 Geo. 3. c. 65
Dates
Royal assent	9 June 1790

In 1789 Robert Whitworth developed fresh proposals to vary the line of the remaining part of the canal, including a tunnel at Foulridge, lowering the proposed summit level by 40 feet (12 m), using a more southerly route in Lancashire. These proposals were authorised by a fresh act of Parliament, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1790 (30 Geo. 3. c. 65), together with further fund-raising, and in 1791, construction of the canal finally recommenced south-westward from Gargrave, heading toward Barrowford in Lancashire. By this time planning for the competing Rochdale Canal was under way and it was likely to offer a more direct journey to Liverpool via Manchester and the Bridgewater Canal. The same year John Rennie surveyed a branch of the Rochdale between Todmorden and Burnley.

Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1794
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long title	An act to enable the company of proprietors of the canal navigation from Leeds to Liverpool, to complete the said navigation, and to vary the line thereof, and to raise a further fum of money for those purposes; and for making a navigable branch, therein described, from the intended new line of the said canal.
Citation	34 Geo. 3. c. 94
Dates
Royal assent	9 May 1794

In 1794 an agreement was reached with the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal company to create a link near Red Moss near Horwich. The company's experiences running the two sections of the canal had shown that coal not limestone would be its main cargo, and that there was plenty of income available from local trade between the settlements along the route. With this in mind in the same year, the route was changed again with a further act of Parliament, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act 1794 (34 Geo. 3. c. 94), moving closer to that proposed by Burdett.

The Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal company proposed another link from Bury to Accrington. This new link would have been known as the Haslingden Canal. The Peel family asked the canal company not to construct the crossing over the River Hyndburn above their textile printworks; such a crossing would have required the construction of embankments, and reduced the water supply to their factories. Consequently, Accrington was bypassed and the Haslingden Canal was never built.

Yet more fund-raising took place, as the Foulridge Tunnel was proving difficult and expensive to dig. The new route took the canal south via the expanding coal mines at Burnley, Accrington and Blackburn, but would require some sizable earthworks to pass the former. The completion in 1796 of the 1,640-yard-long (1,500-metre) Foulridge Tunnel and the flight of seven locks at Barrowford enabled the canal to open to eastern Burnley. At a cost of £40,000 (about £3.65 million in 2014). The tunnel became the most expensive single item in the whole project.

At Burnley, rather than using two sets of locks to cross the shallow Calder valley, Whitworth designed the Burnley Embankment, a 1,350 yards (1,234 m) long and up to 60 feet (18 m) high earthwork. It would also require another 559 yards (511 m) tunnel nearby at Gannow and a sizeable cutting to allow the canal to traverse the hillside between the two. It took 5 years to complete this work, with the embankment alone costing £22,000, about £1.55 million in 2014 (comparing the historic opportunity cost of £22,000 in 1801 with 2014). Whitworth died aged 64, on 30 March 1799 and Samuel Fletcher, previously the inspector of works took over as engineer. Once the Burnley work was completed, the canal opened to Enfield near Accrington in 1801. It would be another 9 years until it reached Blackburn only 4 miles away. Following the French Revolution, Britain had been at war with France from 1793 to 1802. The peace proved temporary, with the Napoleonic Wars beginning the following year. High taxes and interest rates during this period made it difficult for the company to borrow money, and the pace of construction inevitably slowed.

Third phase

In 1804 Samuel Fletcher also died and his brother Joseph and son James were jointly appointed to replace him and they were provided with Gannow House in Burnley. In 1805 they estimated the cost of linking Enfield to Red Moss would be £245,275 and £101,725 for the shorter continuation to Wigan (totalling about £27.36 million in 2014). The planned link with the Manchester, Bolton and Bury did not materialize.

The latest plan for the route had it running parallel to, and then crossing the southern section of the Lancaster Canal, but common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool connected with the Lancaster Canal between Aspull and Johnson's Hillock. The main line of the canal was thus completed in 1816.

Leeds and Liverpool Canal Branch and Railway Act 1819
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Canal Navigation from Leeds to Liverpool, to make a Navigable Cut, and also a Collateral Branch or Railway, from their said Canal at Hennis Bridge near Wigan, to join the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal at Leigh, all in the County Palatine of Lancaster; and to amend the several Acts relating to the said Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and an Act for making the Rochdale Canal, so far as relates to certain Powers therein given to the late Duke of Bridgewater.
Citation	59 Geo. 3. c. cv
Dates
Royal assent	21 June 1819
Text of statute as originally enacted

There had been various unsuccessful negotiations to connect the canal to the Bridgewater Canal at Leigh but agreement was finally reached in 1818, and embodied in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Branch and Railway Act 1819 (59 Geo. 3. c. cv) and the connection was opened in 1820, thus giving access to Manchester and the rest of the canal network. The Bridgewater Canal, like most of Brindley's designs was for boats of 72 feet (22 m) length, whereas the Leeds and Liverpool had been designed for broad boats of 62 feet (19 m) length. There was naturally a desire by the longer boats to reach Liverpool and the locks of the westerly end of the canal were extended to 72 feet (22 m) in 1822.

James Fletcher continued as engineer until his death in 1844.

Operation

The canal took almost 50 years to complete; in crossing the Pennines the Leeds and Liverpool had been beaten by the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Rochdale Canal. The most important cargo was always coal, with over a million tons per year being delivered to Liverpool in the 1860s. Even in Yorkshire, more coal was carried than limestone. Once the canal was fully open, receipts for carrying merchandise matched those of coal. The heavy industry along its route, together with the decision to build the canal with broad locks, ensured that (unlike the other two trans-Pennine canals) the Leeds and Liverpool competed successfully with the railways throughout the 19th century and remained open through the 20th century.

20th century

A concrete pillbox by the canal

1890s warehouse - Weavers' Triangle - Leeds and Liverpool Canal

The canal suffered some damage during the Second World War. It was breached when a German bomb fell on it in Bootle. The canal in West Lancashire was part of Britain's defensive plans against invasion. Along the canal there were tank traps, bunkers and blockhouses. Some buildings such as barns and pubs along the canal were fortified. There are still some remaining concrete pillboxes and brick built blockhouses.

21st century

In August 2010, a 60-mile stretch of the canal was closed due to the low reservoirs, following the driest start to the year since records began. It was reopened the following month, although some restrictions remained.

Liverpool Canal Link, Pier Head

The £22 million Liverpool Canal Link was completed in 2009, joining the Leeds and Liverpool Canal with the City Centre.

On 11 October 2021 the stretch between Barrowford and Blackburn was closed following a breach in the canal appearing between bridges 109 and 110.

Later that month, lock numbers 73 and 80 were among 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-million grant from the government's Culture Recovery Fund.

Route

Tarleton Lock, where the Rufford Branch links into the River Douglas.

The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is 127 miles (204 km) long and crosses the country from Liverpool to Leeds, via East Lancashire and the Pennines. It was generally built with locks 60 ft (18 m) long and 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) wide.

The Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Wigan Pier

Leeds and Liverpool Canal near Granary Wharf in Leeds

Leeds to Liverpool Canal, Saltaire. Mill buildings built by Sir Titus Salt.

Bingley Five Rise Locks

The Double Arched bridge (number 161) at East Marton

Canal boats at Appley Bridge

Bell's Swing Bridge#16 in Lydiate

From Liverpool to Appley Locks, the canal runs for 27 miles (43 km) without locks, across the West Lancashire Coastal Plain.

The two main side-branches both connect to other waterways. The Rufford Branch links into the River Douglas and, via the Ribble Link and the River Ribble to the previously isolated Lancaster Canal. The Leigh Branch from Wigan leads to the Bridgewater Canal and thus to Manchester and the Midlands.

The canal at Aintree passes close to the racecourse and gives the name to the course's Canal Turn.

Places en route

Direction: East (top) to west (bottom)

• Leeds
• Granary Wharf, Leeds city centre
• Armley Pool
• Kirkstall
• Bramley
• Apperley Bridge
• Shipley
• Saltaire
• Bingley
• Keighley
• Silsden
• Skipton
• Gargrave
• Barnoldswick
• Foulridge Tunnel
• Nelson
• Brierfield
• Burnley
• Hapton
• Clayton-le-Moors
• Church
• Oswaldtwistle
• Rishton
• Blackburn
• Wheelton
• Chorley
• Adlington
• Aspull

Wigan flight

• Ince in Makerfield

Leigh branch

• Leigh

• Wigan - Wigan Pier
• Appley Bridge
• Parbold

Rufford branch:

• Rufford, Tarleton

• Burscough
• Scarisbrick
• Halsall
• Maghull
• Melling
• Aintree
• Litherland
• Bootle
• Vauxhall

Stanley Dock Branch:

• Stanley Dock

• Liverpool

See also

• Leeds and Liverpool Canal Society

Citations

Bibliography

• Fisher, Stuart (2017). The Canals of Britain: The Comprehensive Guide (3 ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4729-2972-3.
• Priestley, Joseph (1831). Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals and Railways of Great Britain. Longman, Green.
• Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2939-X.

External links

• Google Map of Leeds Liverpool Canal and Branches
• "200-year-old 'canal cottages' at risk in Liverpool city centre: Must we lose this historic link with Liverpool's commercial past?". The fight to save 91-93 Old Hall Street. 10 September 2001. Retrieved 3 May 2006.
• Images & map of mile markers seen along the Leeds & Liverpool canal