Menora or Manora (มโนราห์, pronounced [mā.nōː.rāː]), sometimes shortened as Nora (โนรา, pronounced [nōː.rāː]) is traditional Siamese theatrical, musical, and acrobatic dance performance originated from the southern regions of Thailand.[1] Having similar plots adopted from Jataka tales of Manohara, this kind of performance is related to the Lakhon chatri (ละครชาตรี), another Siamese arts performance originating from central Thailand. Over five hundred years old, Nora is performed in Thailand's local community centres and at temple fairs and cultural events, and is passed on through training by masters in homes, community organizations and educational institutions.[1] In Malaysia, the practice of Menora has significantly declined since it has been banned by the government of Kelantan, which considers this kind of cultural performance as haram (lit. ‘forbidden’)[2] for being involved with polytheism.[3]
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| Native name | Manora (Thai) |
|---|---|
| Etymology | Thai: มโนราห์, romanized: Manora |
| Instrument(s) | drums, gongs, cymbals and wooden clappers |
| Inventor | Siamese |
| Origin | Southern Thailand |
| Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country | Thailand |
| Domains | Oral traditions and expressions, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship |
| Criteria | R.1, R.2, R.3, R.4, R.5 |
| Reference | 1587 |
| Region | Asia and the Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2021 (16th session) |
| List | Representative |
In 2021, Nora was officially recognized by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[1]
Gallery
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Nora Dance at Wat Khien Bang Kaeo, Phatthalung province. -
Nora Dance at Wat Khien Bang Kaeo, Phatthalung province. -
Nora Dance performed at a temple fair in Koh Samui.
References
edit- ^ a b c "Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2021.
- ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ New Straits Times (26 January 2020). "Kelantan has no plans to lift ban on Menora". New Straits Times.
Further reading
edit- Ginsburg, Henry D. (1972). "The Menora dance-drama: an introduction" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 60 (2): 169–181.
- Hemmet, Christine (1992). "Le Nora du sud de la Thaïlande: un culte aux ancêtres". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 79 (2): 261–282. doi:10.3406/befeo.1992.1881. JSTOR 43731384.
- Kershaw, Roger (1982). "A Little Drama of Ethnicity: Some Sociological Aspects of the Kelantan Manora". Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. 10 (1): 69–95. doi:10.1163/156853182X00056. JSTOR 24490909.
- "CORRIGENDA: A Little Drama of Ethnicity: Some Sociological Aspects of the Kelantan Manora". Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. 10 (2): 118. 1982. doi:10.1163/156853182X00191. JSTOR 24490818.
- Plowright, Poh Sim (November 1998). "The Art of Manora: an Ancient Tale of Feminine Power Preserved in South-East Asian Theatre". New Theatre Quarterly. 14 (56): 373–394. doi:10.1017/S0266464X00012458. S2CID 193245274.
- Sheppard, Mubin (1973). "MANORA in KELANTAN". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 46 (1 (223)): 160–170. JSTOR 41492072.
- Simmonds, E. H. S. (1967). "'Mahōrasop' in a Thai Manōrā Manuscript". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 30 (2): 391–403. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00062297. JSTOR 611002. S2CID 177913499.
- Simmonds, E. H. S. (1971). "'Mahōrasop' II: The Thai National Library Manuscript". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 34 (1): 119–131. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141618. JSTOR 614627. S2CID 162819400.
- Sooi-Beng, Tan (1988). "The Thai 'Menora' in Malaysia: Adapting to the Penang Chinese Community". Asian Folklore Studies. 47 (1): 19–34. doi:10.2307/1178249. JSTOR 1178249.