An Ordinance of Secession was the name given to multiple resolutions[1] drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861, at or near the beginning of the Civil War, by which each seceding slave-holding Southern state or territory formally declared secession from the United States of America. South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas also issued separate documents purporting to justify secession.
| Ordinance of Secession | |
|---|---|
 Facsimile of the 1861 Ordinance of Secession signed by 293 delegates to the Georgia Secession Convention at the statehouse in Milledgeville, Georgia, January 21, 1861 | |
| Created | c. January 20, 1861 |
| Ratified | Ratified January 19, 1861 vote was 208 yeas 89 nays Signed January 21, 1861 by 293 delegates Enacted January 22, 1861 |
| Location | Engrossed copy: University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Library |
| Author(s) | George W. Crawford et al. Engrosser: H. J. G. Williams |
| Signatories | 293 delegates to The Georgia Secession Convention of 1861 |
| Purpose | To announce Georgia's formal intent to secede from the Union. |
Adherents of the Union side in the Civil War regarded secession as illegal by any means and President Abraham Lincoln, drawing in part on the legacy of President Andrew Jackson, regarded it as his job to preserve the Union by force if necessary. However, President James Buchanan, in his State of the Union Address of December 3, 1860, stated that the Union rested only upon public opinion and that conciliation was its only legitimate means of preservation; President Thomas Jefferson also had suggested in 1816, after his presidency but in official correspondence, that secession of some states might be desirable.
Beginning with South Carolina in December 1860, eleven Southern states and one territory[2] both ratified an ordinance of secession and effected de facto secession by some regular or purportedly lawful means, including by state legislative action, special convention, or popular referendum, as sustained by state public opinion and mobilized military force. Both sides in the Civil War regarded these eleven states and territory as de facto seceding.
Two other Southern states, Missouri and Kentucky, attempted secession ineffectively or only by irregular means. These two states remained within the Union, but were regarded by the Confederacy as having seceded. Two remaining Southern states, Delaware and Maryland, rejected secession and were not regarded by either side as having seceded. No other state considered secession. In 1863 a Unionist government in western Virginia created a new state from 50 western counties which entered the Union as West Virginia. The new state contained 24 counties that had ratified Virginia's secession ordinance.[3]
Timeline
edit| State | Rejected | Approved | Referendum | Vote | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Carolina | December 20, 1860[4] | |||||||||
| Delaware[a] | January 3, 1861[5] | |||||||||
| Mississippi | January 9, 1861[6] | |||||||||
| Florida | January 10, 1861[7] | |||||||||
| Alabama | January 11, 1861[8] | |||||||||
| Georgia | January 19, 1861[9] | |||||||||
| Louisiana | January 26, 1861[10] | |||||||||
| Texas | February 1, 1861[11] | February 23, 1861 | 46,153–14,747 | |||||||
| Confederate States of America provisionally constituted February 8, 1861[b] | ||||||||||
| Tennessee[c] | February 9, 1861[d] | February 9, 1861 | 59,499–68,262 | |||||||
| Arizona Territory | March 16, 1861 | |||||||||
| Virginia | April 4, 1861 | April 17, 1861[12] | May 23, 1861 | 132,201–37,451 | ||||||
| Maryland[e] | April 29, 1861 | |||||||||
| Arkansas | May 6, 1861[13] | |||||||||
| Tennessee[f] | May 6, 1861[14][15] | June 8, 1861 | 104,471–47,183 | |||||||
| North Carolina | May 20, 1861[16] | |||||||||
| Missouri[g] | October 31, 1861[17] | |||||||||
| Kentucky[g] | November 20, 1861[18] | |||||||||
The first seven seceding states, all of the Deep South, were motivated mainly by the election in November 1860 of President Lincoln, who had no support among Southern voters, and the direct threat to slavery his election posed.
The next four seceding states, further north, also were motivated by the same two factors, but another factor was the Federal policy of using military force to preserve the Union.[citation needed]
In Missouri and Kentucky, attempted secession was belated, severely disrupted, lacked sufficient popular support, and failed. In Missouri, the state government called a convention whose members disfavored secession. Union military intervention quickly restored Union control, first in St. Louis, then throughout nearly the whole state. The ineffective Missouri ordinance of secession eventually was passed only by a rump convention meeting at Neosho. In Kentucky, whose potential secession Unionists particularly feared,[19] both the legislature and public opinion firmly opposed secession. Only an even less influential rump convention purported to secede. When Confederate armies invaded Kentucky in 1862, bringing extra arms to equip new volunteers, briefly seizing the state capital, and installing an ephemeral state government, local recruitment proved weak and Union forces soon decisively defeated the invasion. Despite Missouri and Kentucky remaining within the Union, thousands from both states embraced secession by choosing to fight for the Confederacy.
Elsewhere, the Delaware legislature quickly, firmly rejected secession despite targeted lobbying from states intending to secede. President Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus and overwhelming Union military intervention aimed at protecting Washington blocked the Maryland legislature, or any other group in Maryland, from considering secession further after the legislature overwhelmingly rejected calling a secession convention but retained some notion of limiting cooperation with the Union and military coercion. Geographic exposure to conflict between larger neighboring states also deterred secession in Delaware and Maryland. As in Missouri and Kentucky, thousands from Delaware and Maryland also fought for the Confederacy. The unorganized Indian Territory did not document secession and was not unanimous in its orientation, but generally supported the Confederacy. No other state or territory contemplated secession, and the Confederacy did not claim Delaware or Maryland as member states.[20]
Bitter, violent controversy remained even in states where a popular majority clearly favored secession. A geographic correlation existed between local prevalence of slavery[21] and support for secession. Beyond Virginia, effective secession in most of a state could critically destabilize or virtually eliminate state government control over a region where people strongly rejected secession and favored the Union, such as East Tennessee and other areas. Thousands from seceding states, including slaves where the opportunity arose, also chose to fight for the Union.
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Did not secede
- ^ Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States. Seceded Texas joined between March 1 and March 5, 1861.
- ^ First referendum
- ^ On January 19, the Tennessee legislature in special session beginning January 7 required that approval of a possible secession convention be put to referendum on February 9. Voters rejected the convention, and by extension, any secession. Had it convened, it would have been overwhelmingly pro-Union. Thousands of pro-Union voters voted for a secession convention aiming that it should fail.
- ^ Did not secede
- ^ Second referendum
- ^ a b Ineffective
- ^ Mintz, S.; McNeil, S. "Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". Digital History. University of Houston. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ "Confederate Arizona had a population of less than 13,000 as tabulated by Census of 1860". Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- ^ Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pg. 49
- ^ ""An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other states," or the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, South Carolina, 1860". TeachingUSHistory.org. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ Sharp, Andrew. "This date in Delaware history: State rejects secession, sticks to the Union in Civil War". delawareonline. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- ^ "Mississippi". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Florida". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Alabama". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Georgia". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Louisiana". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Texas". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Virginia". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Arkansas". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ Public opinion had shifted dramatically, most notably in Middle Tennessee.
- ^ "Tennessee". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "North Carolina". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Missouri". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Kentucky". 1starnet.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ "Lincoln of Kentucky". The University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ "States of the Pseudo-Confederacy". American Battlefield Trust. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States. Compiled from the census of 1860". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
External links
edit- Confederate States of America Documents
- Texts of the Ordinances
- Texts of declarations of causes
- South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession Text and original document from the South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
- Virginia's Ordinance of Secession (enrolled bill) Text and original document from the Library of Virginia.
- Virginia's Ordinance of Secession (signed copies) Text and original documents from the Library of Virginia and National Archives.
- Texas Declaration of Causes, Feb. 2, 1861 Text of Declaration of Causes from Texas archives.