Panaeolus papilionaceus, also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus, Panaeolus retirugis,[1] and Panaeolus sphinctrinus,[1] and commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that feeds on dung.
| Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. papilionaceus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Agaricus calosus | |
Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnexed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is black |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.
Description
edit- Cap: 1–5 cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown,[1] not hygrophanous, becoming campanulate in age, margin adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge,[1] flesh thin.
- Gills: adnate to adnexed close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges.
- Spores: 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
- Stipe: 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,[1] fibrous, and pruinose.
- Odor: Mild.
- Taste: Unappetizing.
- Microscopic features: Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.
Habitat and formation
editOccurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including[2] Canada (Alberta,[3] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,[3] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,[3] Indiana,[3] Louisiana,[3] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,[3] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,[3] Washington[3]), the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,[3] Norway, Slovenia,[3] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.
Edibility
editPanaeolus papilionaceus is inedible,[4] and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, do contain psilocybin, Panaeolus papilionaceus does not.[5]
Gallery
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Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus -
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See also
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.