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Patagonian Welsh (Welsh: Cymraeg y Wladfa) is a variety of the Welsh language spoken in Y Wladfa, the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Chubut Province, Argentina. Patagonian Welsh has developed to be a distinct dialect of Welsh, different from the several dialects used in Wales itself; however, the dialects have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, and speakers from Wales and Patagonia are able to communicate readily. Numerous toponyms throughout the Chubut Valley are of Welsh origin.
| Patagonian Welsh | |
|---|---|
| Cymraeg y Wladfa | |
| Native to | Argentina |
| Region | Chubut |
| Ethnicity | Welsh Argentines |
Native speakers | Unknown |
Indo-European
| |
| Latin (Welsh alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | pata1258 |
| IETF | cy-u-sd-aru |
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Teachers are sent to teach the language and to train local tutors in the Welsh language, and there is some prestige in knowing the language, even among those not of Welsh descent. Welsh education and projects are mainly funded by the Welsh Government, British Council, Cardiff University and the Welsh–Argentine Association. In 2005 there were 62 Welsh classes in the area and Welsh was taught as a subject in two primary schools and two colleges in the region of Gaiman. There is also a bilingual Welsh–Spanish language school called Ysgol yr Hendre situated in Trelew, and a college located in Esquel. In 2016 there were three bilingual Welsh–Spanish primary schools in Patagonia.
The decimal numeral system used in Modern Welsh originated in Patagonia in the 1870s, and was subsequently adopted in Wales in the 1940s as a simpler counterpart to the traditional vigesimal system, which still survives in Wales.
A total of 1,220 people undertook Welsh courses in Patagonia in 2015.
The formal Eisteddfod poetry competitions have been revived, although they are now bilingual in Welsh and Spanish.
History
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A group of Welsh people first arrived in Patagonia in 1865. They had migrated to protect their native Welsh culture and language, which they considered to be threatened in their native Wales. Over the years the use of the language started to decrease, and there was relatively little contact between Wales and the Chubut Valley. The situation began to change when many Welsh people visited the region in 1965 to celebrate the colony's centenary; since then the number of Welsh visitors has increased.
In 1945 and 1946, the BBC World Service broadcast radio shows in Patagonian Welsh.
In the 1982 Falklands War, a Welsh paratrooper encountered a detained Argentine soldier who spoke Welsh.[1][2] During the seaborne repatriation of Argentine troops, British Merchant Navy seamen and Welsh Guardsmen also encountered a Welsh-speaking Argentine soldier.[3] The detained troops were disembarked at Puerto Madryn.
In 2004, the Welsh speakers in Argentina asked the Welsh government to provide them with Welsh TV programmes to encourage the survival and growth of Welsh in Patagonia.
Language uses
editLanguage teaching nowadays
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Around 2005, sixty-two Welsh classes were taught in Chubut and language was also on the curriculum of a kindergarten, two primary schools and two schools in the area of Gaiman (including a school dating from 1899), as well as a bilingual Welsh-Spanish school located in Trelew and a school in Esquel.[4][5] Welsh classes in the Andes region have been held since 1996. The Welsh Institute of Trevelin and Esquel was born from a joint project of the Assembly of Wales, the British Council and the Government of the Province of Chubut.[6]
Since the late 1990s, the Wales-Argentina Association has run a program to increase the teaching and use of the Welsh language in Chubut. For 15 years, the plan succeeded in creating a new type of Welsh-speakers in Patagonia (Welsh speakers as a second language, mostly young). By 1997, most of the students were adults and there was only one school for children. Four years later, there were 263 hours of Welsh classes per week and 846 students, of whom 87% were children and young people (in Gaiman, 95% of those attending such classes were under the age of twenty).[7]
One of the functions of the Wales-Argentina Association is also to organise teacher and student exchange trips between Wales and Argentina: it has a representative on the British Council's Welsh Teaching Project Commission which has sent Welsh teachers to Chubut and financially supports a student attending an intensive Welsh language course held annually. It also has links with colleges and schools in both Wales and Chubut, where it subsidises and provides support to students.[8]
In May 2015, the local government of Trelew announced free intensive Welsh language classes for the city's inhabitants under the name of Cwrs Blasu ("Savoring the language"). Ann-Marie Lewis, a Welsh teacher, travelled to Patagonia exclusively to teach the language.[9]
Welsh-Spanish bilingual schools
editFor the 150th anniversary of the colony, an association was created in Trevelin to form the first Spanish-Welsh bilingual school in the 16 de Octubre valley under the name of Ysgol Gymraeg yr Andes, which will be public, but privately managed.[6]
Literature and journalism
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Poetry and literature books have been published since the early years of the colony, while the first newspapers, such as the Y Drafod (bilingual Welsh-Spanish) date from the 1890s.[10]
Perhaps one of the main writers of the colony was Eluned Morgan, author of several books, such as Into the Andes (in Welsh: Dringo 'r Andes) are considered classics. While R. Bryn Williams, was another prominent writer, who won the presidency of the National Eisteddfod and was also the author of several novels, including Banddos de los Andes. Among the writers in recent times, the figure of Irma Hughes de Jones can be observed.
Several volumes of memoirs on Patagonia have been published, including Memorias de la Patagonia (1980) by R. Bryn Williams, which includes essays by many residents of the Colonia, Atracciones de la Patagonia (1984) by Mariano Elías, based on from interviews with Fred Green, Memories of Patagonia (1985) by Valmai Jones and Nel fach and bwcs (1992) by Margaret Lloyd Jones. Meanwhile, Sian Eirian Rees Davies won the Daniel Owen Memorial Prize in 2005 with I Fyd Sy Well, a historical novel about the beginnings of the colony in Patagonia. Many extant books about the colony are in both Spanish and Welsh.
Eisteddfod
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The Eisteddfod is a very popular musical literary festival in Wales. With the arrival of settlers in Argentina, the festival also began in the region, which is celebrated twice a year until today. In September the Eisteddfod for young people is held in Gaiman and in October for adults. Also, they are held in Trevelin, Dolavon and Puerto Madryn.[11] Competitions are conducted in both Welsh and Spanish.[12]
Vocabulary
editThe dialect contains local adoptions from Spanish or borrowings from English, not present in the Welsh spoken in Wales.[13]
For example, mynd i baseando derives from paseando in Spanish. Baseando is a Welsh grammatical mutation of paseando.
| Patagonian Welsh[14] | Welsh (Wales) | English | Rioplatense Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singlet | Fest | vest, singlet | chaleco |
| Poncin | Pwmpen | pumpkin | zapallo |
| Mynd i baseando | Mynd am dro | to go for a walk | ir de paseo / ir paseando |
| Corral | Corlan | sheepfold, corral | corral |
| Pasiwch | Dewch i mewn | enter! / come in! | ¡pase! |
| Costio | N/a | (to) accost | costar |
Gallery
edit-
Ar agor / Open in Welsh and English in Trelew. -
Tea house in Gaiman. -
Memorial to commemorate the centenary of Welsh settlement in Trelew. -
St David's Society, Trelew. -
Closed (Spanish: Cerrado) / Ar Gau, Puerto Madryn.
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Welsh toponymy of Patagonian sites
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When the Welsh settlers arrived in Patagonia, they did not have immediate contact with the Tehuelche or Mapuche natives, who already had their own toponymy for the region. Because of this, they needed to name the landscapes of their new home.[15]
Puerto Madryn was the first Welsh toponym. The name of the city commemorates Love Jones Parry, Baron of Madryn in Wales. The place name originated towards the end of 1862, when Love Jones Parry, accompanied by Lewis Jones, travelled to Patagonia aboard the Candelaria ship[clarification needed] to decide whether that region was suitable for a Welsh colony.[16]
In the Chubut river valley, some of the toponyms of villages and rural areas arose from the peculiarities of the terrain (such as Bryn Gwyn, "white hill", or Tyr Halen, "salt land"), from the names of the farms donated by the Argentine government, or by a chapel erected in the area (as in the case of Bethesda or Ebenezer).[15]
There are also tributes to people, such as Trelew, where "Lew" is an abbreviation for Lewis Jones;[16] or compound names derived from geographical features (for example, Dolavon, where Dol is meadow or lap[clarification needed] and afon, river) or even from buildings (such as Trevelin, where Tre is town and felin, mill, for John Daniel Evans' flour mill).[15][17]
Some toponyms created by the Welsh survive, but others have been lost.[15] In 2015 a project called Gorsedd y Cwmwl emerged, aimed at restoring the original name of the Trono de las Nubes hill given by the first Welsh people who inhabited the 16 de Octubre valley and forgotten by the population, since the mountain is also called La Monja.[18]
| Spanish | Welsh[19][20][21] | English |
|---|---|---|
| Argentina | Yr Ariannin | Argentina / The Argentine |
| Arroyo de los Saltos | Nant y Fall | Stream of the Fall; nant "stream", north-western Welsh ffôl = rockfall from Eng. fall; English spelling used in the name. Possibly "cascade, waterfall" as a local meaning. |
| Arroyo Pescado | Nant y Pysgod | Stream of the Fishes |
| Bajo de los Huesos | Pant yr Esgyrn | Hollow of the Bones |
| Cajón de Ginebra | Bocs Gin | Crate of Gin |
| Cañada Negra | Glyn Du | Black Glen |
| Cerro Cóndor | Craig yr Eryr | Eagle Hill |
| Cerro Ojo Negro | Trofa Llygad Du < trofa'r llygad du | River-bend of the Black Eye |
| Cerro Trono de las Nubes | Gorsedd y Cwmwl | Throne of the Cloud |
| Dique Florentino Ameghino / El Dique | Yr Argae | The Dam / Florentino Ameghino Dam |
| Estepa patagónica | Y Paith (lit. the prairie) | Patagonian steppe |
| Fuerte Aventura | Caer Antur < caer yr antur | Fort of the Venture / Endeavour |
| La Angostura | Lle Cul | Narrow Place |
| Laguna de Aaron | Llyn Aaron | Aaron Lagoon |
| Laguna/Bajo del Diablo | Llyn y Gwr Drwg | Devil Lagoon |
| Laguna Grande | Llyn Mawr | Big Lagoon |
| Las Plumas | Dôl y Plu | Meadow of the Feathers |
| Loma Blanca | Bryn Gwyn | White Hill |
| Loma María | Bryniau Meri | Mary's Hills |
| Loma Redonda | Bryn Crwn | Round Hill |
| Pampa de Agnia y Laguna de Agnia | Llyn Ania / Pant y Ffwdan | Ania Lake / Hollow of the Commotion |
| Paso de Indios | Rhyd yr Indiaid | Ford of the Indians |
| Paso Berwyn | Rhyd Berwyn | Ford of Berwyn, Berwyn's Ford |
| Península Valdés | Gorynys Valdés | Valdés Peninsula |
| Provincia del Chubut | Talaith Chubut / Camwy | Chubut Province |
| Provincia de Río Negro | Talaith Afon Ddu | Black River Province |
| Provincia de Santa Cruz | Talaith Y Groes Wen | Holy Cross Province |
| Pueblo de Luis | Trelew | Town of Llewelyn (the Welsh form of Lewis, with a short form Llew. (Tre = town) + (soft mutation LL > L) + (Llew) = tre Lew, Trelew |
| Pueblo del Molino | Trevelin < tre'r felin | Mill Village |
| Puerto Madryn | Porth Madryn | Cove (of) Madryn (after Castell Madryn in north-west Wales, seat of Sir Love Jones-Parry, a supporter of the plan for a Welsh settlement. In 1862 or 1863 the ship Candelaria on which he was sailing, investigating suitable sites for the settlement, took refuge from a storm in this bay) |
| Punta Cuevas | Penrhyn yr Ogofâu | Caves Point ("headland (of) the caves") |
| Rawson | Trerawson | Rawsontown |
| Río Chico | Afon Fach | Little River |
| Río Chubut | Afon Camwy | Sinuous River (cam = sinuous, -wy = supposed suffix meaning stream, river) |
| Río Corintos | Aber Gyrants | Stream of the Currants (N.B. NOT Currents). Welsh aber "estuary", but also "stream" in north Wales; north-western cyran(t)s "currants, Corinthian grapes" with initial mutation C > G) |
| Sierra Chata | Craig y Werfa | Rock at the Werfa (south-eastern Welsh = shady place; also a minor place-name in south-east Wales) |
| Tecka | Hafn Lâs | Blue Gorge (if referring to rocks); Green Gorge (if referring to the vegetation) |
| Tierra Salada / Veintiocho de Julio | Tir Halen < "tir yr halen" | Salt Land <ref>https://newspapers.library.wales/view/4023694/4023697/12/Tir%20Halen<ref> |
| Torre José | Tŵr Joseph | Joseph Tower |
| Tres Sauces | Tair Helygen | Three Willows (literally "three willow") |
| Valle 16 de Octubre | Cwm Hyfryd / Bro Hydref | Beautiful Valley / October Valley |
| Valle de Los Altares | Dyffryn yr Allorau | Valley of the Altars |
| Valle de los Mártires | Dyffryn y Merthyron / Rhyd y Beddau | Valley of the Martyrs |
| Valle inferior del río Chubut | Dyffryn Camwy | Chubut Valley |
| Valle Frío | Dyffryn Oer | Cold Valley |
| Vuelta/Prado del río | Dolavon < dôl yr afon | Meadow by the River |
References
edit- ^ "Falklands: Welsh soldiers David Jones, Dilwyn Rogers and Steve Dawkins return". BBC News. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Curtis, Mike (1998). CQB: Close Quarter Battle. London: Random House. pp. 173–174. ISBN 978-0-5521-4465-0.
- ^ Johnson-Allen, J. They couldn't have done it without us 2011 Seafarer Books p.168 ISBN 9781906266233
- ^ "The history of the Welsh language in Patagonia". Glaniad. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ "Historia de Y Wladfa". Asociación Gales-Argentina. 2012.
- ^ a b "Nace Nueva Escuela Bilingüe Castellano/Galés". Andes - Patagonia 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "El Plan del idioma galés en Chubut". Asociación Gales-Argentina.
- ^ "Historia - La Asociación Gales-Argentina".
- ^ "El municipio de Trelew dictará clases gratuitas de galés". Diario Jornada. 29 April 2015.
- ^ "Una página de Y Drafod". Glaniad. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Brooks, Walter Ariel. "Eisteddfod: La cumbre de la poesía céltica". Sitio al Margen. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
- ^ "Eisteddfod: Viviana Ayilef fue mejor poema en castellano". Radio 3 Cadena Patagónica. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014.
- ^ Maria Perez, Danae; Sippola, Eeva, eds. (2021). Postcolonial Language Varieties in the Americas (Ebook) (Ebook (8 June 2021) ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 4.11–5. ISBN 978-3-11-072403-5.
- ^ "Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?". BBC Cymru Fyw. 28 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Nombres indios y galeses de la toponimía patagónica" (PDF). repositorio.educacion.gov.ar.
- ^ a b Coombs, Martin. "Etymology of Patagonian station names". Ferrocarriles en el Cono Sur. Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ^ "Fotografía de la primera casa construida en Trevelin". Glaniad. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Proyecto Gorsedd y Cwmwl". Patagonia2015.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Dyffryn Camwy a'r Arfordir - Valle del Chubut & Costa". Andes Celtig / Google Maps. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Y Paith - Estepa Patagónica - Patagonian Steppe". Andes Celtig / Google Maps.
- ^ "Y Wladfa Patagonia". Andes Celtig. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2015.