The Plymouth Blitz was a series of bombing raids carried out by the Nazi German Luftwaffe on the English city of Plymouth in the Second World War. The bombings launched on numerous British cities were known as the Blitz.
| Plymouth Blitz | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Strategic bombing campaign of World War II | |||||
 Winston Churchill is cheered by workers during a visit to bomb-damaged Plymouth on 2 May 1941 | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 United Kingdom |
 Germany | ||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
|
1,174 civilians killed 4,448 injured 22,143 houses damaged or destroyed | Unknown | ||||
| [1] | |||||
The royal dockyards at HMNB Devonport were the main target in order to facilitate Nazi German efforts during the Battle of the Atlantic. Portsmouth, some 170 miles away in Hampshire, was also targeted by the Luftwaffe due to the presence of a royal dockyard there. Though civilian casualties were very high, the dockyards continued in operation.
History
editThe first bombs fell on the city on Saturday 6 July 1940 at North Prospect, killing three people. In early 1941, five raids reduced much of the city to rubble. Attacks continued as late as May 1944 with two minor air raids in that month.[2][a] During the 59 bombing attacks, 1,172 civilians were killed and 4,448 injured.[3]
The resident population fell from 220,000 at the outbreak of war to, at one point, only 127,000. In 1941 most of the children were evacuated and on any night that a raid was expected thousands of people were taken by lorry into the countryside, usually to the fringes of Dartmoor.[3]
"[...] in this town that was wasting away in reddish trails of smoke, only a few citizens wandered: the others were still in hiding; or lay, all distress ended, under the ruins."
— André Savignon on dawn, 21 March 1941.[3]
Damages to local structures
editIn March 1941, St Andrew's Parish Church was bombed and badly damaged. Amidst the smoking ruins a headmistress nailed over the door a wooden sign saying simply Resurgam (Latin for I shall rise again), indicating the wartime spirit, a gesture repeated at other devastated European churches. That entrance to St Andrew's is still referred to as the "Resurgam" door and a carved granite plaque is now permanently fixed there.[4]
Charles Church, Plymouth, destroyed by incendiaries on the nights of 20–21 March 1941, has been preserved in its ruined state as a memorial to civilian victims of the Blitz.
The Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association on the Hoe was also severely damaged on the evening of 20 March 1941. The bombardment is described in the obituary of Stanley Wells Kemp who was the director of the Association at the time.[5] The seminal work by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley on the ionic basis of nerve conduction resumed there in June 1947.
On the evening of 22 April 1941 during an attack on the central area, the communal air-raid shelter at Portland Square took a direct hit which killed 76 people. Almost 70 years later, this was commemorated by the University of Plymouth, which named a new building on the site after the incident, and also commissioned a local artist to create a commemorative piece.[6] Just three people in the shelter survived.[7]
During the Blitz the two main shopping centres and nearly every civic building were destroyed, along with 26 schools, eight cinemas and 41 churches. In total, 3,754 houses were destroyed with a further 18,398 seriously damaged.[3]
Reconstruction
editSo great was the devastation of the largely Victorian era streets of central Plymouth, that in the autumn of 1941, the City Council appointed Professor Patrick Abercrombie, an eminent town planner, to prepare a plan for the city's reconstruction.[8] The completed plan, which was co-authored by James Paton Watson, A Plan for Plymouth, was published in March 1944, and proposed a radical redevelopment. Main roads were diverted around the city, while the original street plan of city centre, with the exception of Union Street, was to be erased and replaced with a grand vista leading from Naval Memorial on Plymouth Hoe to Plymouth railway station, intersected by new roads and lined by modern buildings.[9] The Plymouth Athenaeum and the Pannier Market were among the buildings which were rebuilt during the reconstruction.[10] Plymouth was the only British city to retain its wartime plans; reconstruction of the city centre began in 1948 and was completed in 1962.[11]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Plymouth Blitz remembered". Plymouth City Council. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ a b USNAAB (1944), p. 3.
- ^ a b c d Gill (1993), pp. 259–262.
- ^ PCC (2007).
- ^ Hardy (1946).
- ^ UOP (n.d.).
- ^ Bayley (2017).
- ^ Gould (2010), p. 1.
- ^ Gould (2010), pp. 5–8.
- ^ Gould (2010), p. 32-33.
- ^ Gould (2010), p. 13.
Bibliography
edit- Bayley, Jon (14 November 2017). "Fascinating footage show bunker under Plymouth University". plymouthherald.co.uk. Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- Gill, Crispin (1993). Plymouth. A New History. Devon Books. pp. 259–262. ISBN 0-86114-882-7.
- Gould, Jeremy (2010). Plymouth: Vision of a modern city. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN 978-1848023222.
- Hardy, A.C. (1946). "Stanley Wells Kemp 1882-1945" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- Masters, Warren, Plymouth in the Blitz (The heavy raids March and April 1941)[full citation needed]
- "War Diary, 5/1-31/44". www.fold3.com. Plymouth USNAAB. 15 June 1944. Retrieved 4 April 2012 – via Fold3.
- "Places of Worship". www.plymouth.gov.uk. Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
- "75th Anniversary - Portland Square Air Raid Shelter Bombing". plymouth.ac.uk. University of Plymouth. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.