Saint Croix Falls Dam, also known as St. Croix Falls Dam, is a hydroelectric dam on the St. Croix River between St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin and Taylors Falls, Minnesota.[4][5][6] The only hydroelectric dam on the St. Croix River, it is operated by Xcel Energy.[3]
| Saint Croix Falls Dam | |
|---|---|
_(42236376485).jpg) Dam, as seen from a hiking trail viewpoint at Wisconsin Interstate Park. | |
  Location of Saint Croix Falls Dam in Wisconsin  Saint Croix Falls Dam (Minnesota) | |
| Location | St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 45°24′43.4″N 92°38′49.6″W / 45.412056°N 92.647111°W |
| Purpose | Power |
| Construction began | 1905 |
| Opening date | 1907 |
| Operator(s) | Xcel Energy |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Arch-gravity dam |
| Impounds | St. Croix River |
| Height | 60 ft (18 m) |
| Length | Total: 1,760 ft (540 m)[1] Arch segment: 675 ft (206 m)[2] |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Indianhead Flowage |
| Total capacity | 27,500 acre⋅ft (0.0339 km3)[1] |
| Power Station | |
| Installed capacity | 25.9 MW[3] |
History
editThe natural Saint Croix Falls was a series of rapids with a drop of about 55 feet (17 m) over six miles (9.7 km).[7] The water power served the lumber industry in the nineteenth century before the construction of the current hydroelectric dam from 1905 to 1907.[2]
Lumber industry
editIn 1837 Franklin Steele organized a company to build a small dam and sawmill at the falls.[8] Caleb Cushing purchased the sawmill in 1846, but the property became entangled in legal disputes and had little commercial success.[9] The early mill fell into disrepair, and in 1869 the local Polk County Press wrote that while "industrious relic hunters might find there a dam by a mill site, they would not find a mill by a dam site."[10] A variation of this quote now appears on a historical marker near the dam.[11]
Development for the lumber industry resumed in 1889, when William Sauntry built the wood-pile Nevers Dam eleven miles (18 km) upstream to help Friedrich Weyerhäuser control the flow of timber rafts after the 1886 St. Croix River log jam.[12][13] Clear cutting and forest fires began to exhaust the area's lumber supply in the first decade of the twentieth century.[14]
Hydroelectricity
editIn 1903, the Minneapolis General Electric Company, managed by Boston-based Stone & Webster, purchased control of both the falls and the Nevers Dam upstream in order to generate hydroelectricity for the growing city of Minneapolis. The company constructed the present concrete dam and power station from 1905 to 1907.[15] The power station originally utilized four Westinghouse generators with a combined output of 10,000 kilowatts. Electricity was delivered to Minneapolis via a 40-mile (64 km), 50,000 volt copper transmission line. The dam originally included a wooden fish ladder on the east end and a steel "bear trap" sluice gate on the west end that could be raised or lowered to permit the passage of timber rafts downriver.[16]
The H. M. Byllesby Company, precursor to the Northern States Power Company, purchased the dam in 1913.[17] In addition to the Saint Croix Falls dam, the company continued to operate the older Nevers Dam upstream to regulate the flow of water into the power station. The Nevers Dam was badly damaged by flooding in 1954 and demolished the following year.[18]
The dam became the property of Xcel Energy in 1998 when Northern States Power merged with other utilities. The power station has been upgraded several times and now has a capacity of 25.9 MW.[3]
Structure
editThe Saint Croix Falls Dam is a concrete hybrid arch-gravity dam with an S-shaped spillway and an integral hydroelectric power station. The main arch is 675 feet (206 m) long and the power station is 291 feet (89 m), located on the east side of the river in Wisconsin. The dam also includes a 785-foot (239 m) concrete dike on the west side of the river in Minnesota.[19]
See also
edit- Dalles of the St. Croix River, a park
Notes
edit- ^ a b "National Inventory of Dams". nid.sec.usace.army.mil. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Saint Croix Falls Dam, Saint Croix Falls, WI". www.johnweeks.com.
- ^ a b c "St. Croix Falls Hydro Generating Station". Xcel Energy. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21.
- ^ "Xcel Energy to Change Operation of St. Croix Falls Dam to Benefit Native Mussels". fws.gov. United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ "St. Croix, Minnesota, US/Wisconsin, US, B) Riverside Landing to St. Croix Falls". americanwhitewater.org. American Whitewater.
- ^ "St Croix Falls Dam to Stillwater". nps.gov. US Federal Government, NPS.
- ^ Smith, Leonard Sewall (1906). The Water Powers of Wisconsin. Madison: State of Wisconsin. pp. 237–238. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ McMahon & Karamanski 2009, p. 77.
- ^ Smith, Alice E. (1944). "Caleb Cushing's Investments in the St. Croix Valley". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 28 (1): 7–19. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4631654.
- ^ Dunn 1965, p. 94.
- ^ "Where Are The Falls of the St. Croix? Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Braatz 2003, pp. 14–15.
- ^ McMahon & Karamanski 2009, pp. 116–117.
- ^ McMahon & Karamanski 2009, pp. 127–123.
- ^ Hess 1989, p. E-8.
- ^ Williams 1907, p. 70-72.
- ^ Hess 1989, p. E-13.
- ^ Braatz 2003, p. 1,3.
- ^ "Saint Croix Falls Hydroelectric Project Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
References
edit- Braatz, Rosemarie Vezina (2003). "Nevers Dam . . . The Lumberman's Dam" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
- Dunn, James Taylor (1965). The St. Croix: Midwest border river. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- Hess, Jeffrey A. (1989). "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: Minnesota Hydroelectric Generating Facilities, 1881-1928". National Park Service. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- McMahon, Eileen M.; Karamanski, Theodore J. (2009). North woods river: the St. Croix River in Upper Midwest history. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-23424-9.
- Williams, Wadsworth A. (1907). "The St. Croix Falls Power Plant". Year Book of the Engineers' Society, University of Minnesota. 15: 69–72. Retrieved 2022-07-27.