Tidore is a language of North Maluku, Indonesia, spoken by the Tidore people.[4] The language is centered on the island of Tidore, but it is also spoken in some areas of the neighbouring Halmahera.[4] Historically, it was the primary language of the Sultanate of Tidore, a major Moluccan Muslim state.[2]
| Tidore | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Maluku, islands of Tidore, Maitara, Mare, northern half of Moti, and some areas of west coast of Halmahera |
Native speakers | (26,000 cited 1981)[1] 20,000 L2 speakers (1981)[1] |
West Papuan?
| |
| Latin script, Arabic script (historically)[2][3] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tvo |
| Glottolog | tido1248 |
| ELP | Tidore |
  Tidore Location in Southeast Asia | |
| Coordinates: 0°1′N 127°44′E / 0.017°N 127.733°E | |
A North Halmahera language, it is unlike most languages in Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family. Tidore and other North Halmahera languages are perhaps related to languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua.[1][5]: 20
Tidore is a regional lingua franca, used for interethnic communication in the Central Halmahera area.[6] Since the 17th century, it had some influence as a trade language in the Moluccan-New Guinean region.[2] It is closely related to Ternate,[1] of which it is sometimes considered a dialect.[7] Both Ternate and Tidore have been recorded in writing at least since the late 15th century,[3]: 430 being the only non-Austronesian (or "Papuan") languages of the region with indigenous (pre-European) literary traditions.[2]: 112, fn. 2
All Tidore speakers are also conversant in North Moluccan Malay, the language of wider communication, and the contact between Malay and Tidore has left a great mark on the local language. There are many North Moluccan Malay and Indonesian loans in Tidore, and the language exhibits strong Austronesian influence in general.[8]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
A flap consonant can be heard as alveolar or post-alveolar [ɾ̠].[9]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
References
edit- ^ a b c d Tidore at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c d Warnk, Holger (2010). "The coming of Islam and Moluccan-Malay culture to New Guinea c.1500–1920". Indonesia and the Malay World. 38 (110): 109–134. doi:10.1080/13639811003665454. S2CID 162188648.
- ^ a b Taylor, Paul Michael (1988). "From mantra to mataráa: Opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia)". Social Science & Medicine. 27 (5): 425–436. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90365-6. PMID 3067356.
- ^ a b Voorhoeve, C.L. (1988), "The languages of the North Halmaheran stock", Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26, Pacific Linguistics A-76, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 181–209, doi:10.15144/PL-A76.181, ISBN 0-85883-370-0, OCLC 220535054
- ^ van Staden, Miriam; Reesink, Ger (2008). "Serial verb constructions in a linguistic area". In Senft, Gunter (ed.). Serial verb constructions in Austronesian and Papuan languages. Pacific Linguistics 594. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School Of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 17–54. ISBN 978-0-85883-591-7. OCLC 271765117.
- ^ Masinambow, E.K.M (1999). "Pengantar Ketua Panitia Pengarah Program Pemetaan Bahasa Nusantara". In Rosidi, Ajip (ed.). Bahasa Nusantara: Suatu Pemetaan Awal: Gambaran tentang Bahasa-bahasa Daerah di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya. pp. 9–11. OCLC 44620949.
- ^ "Bahasa Ternate". Peta Bahasa (in Indonesian). Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- ^ van Staden, Miriam (2006). "The body and its parts in Tidore, a Papuan language of Eastern Indonesia". Language Sciences. 28 (2–3): 323–343. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2005.11.013. ISSN 0388-0001.
- ^ Pikkert, Joost J. J. and Cheryl M. (1995). A first look at Tidore phonology. Wyn D. Laidig (ed.), Descriptive studies in languages of Maluku, part II. pp. 43–70.
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