1903 – In New York City on 21 February 1903, New York police conducted the first United States recorded raid on a gay bathhouse, the Ariston Hotel Baths. 34 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges; 7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison.[2]
1906 – Potentially the first openly gay American novel with a happy ending, Imre, was published.[3]Karl M. Baer, in December 1906, became the first transgender person to undergo sex reassignment surgery.[4]
1907 – Adolf Brand, the activist leader of the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen, working to overturn Paragraph 175, published a piece "outing" the imperial chancellor of Germany, Prince Bernhard von Bülow. The Prince sued Brand for libel and cleared his name; Brand was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[5]
1910 – Emma Goldman first begins speaking publicly in favor of homosexual rights. Magnus Hirschfeld later wrote "she was the first and only woman, indeed the first and only American, to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public."[7]14 May 1928 issue of German lesbian periodical Die Freundin (Friedrich Radszuweit)[8]
1912 – The first explicit reference to lesbianism in a Mormon magazine occurred when the "Young Woman's Journal" paid tribute to "Sappho of Lesbos";[9] the Scientific Humanitarian Committee of the Netherlands (NWHK), the first Dutch organization to campaign against anti-homosexual discrimination, is established by Dr. Jacob Schorer.
1912 –Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist is published by Alexander Berkman. Terence Kissack describes Prison Memoirs as "one of the most important political texts dealing with homosexuality to have been written by an American before the 1950s".[10]
1913 – The word faggot is first used in print in reference to gays in a vocabulary of criminal slang published in Portland, Oregon: "All the faggots [sic] (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight".
1917 – The October Revolution in Russia repeals the previous criminal code in its entirety—including Article 995.[11][12] Bolshevik leaders reportedly say that "homosexual relationships and heterosexual relationships are treated exactly the same by the law."
1921 – In England, an attempt to make lesbianism illegal for the first time in Britain's history fails.[16]
1922 – A new criminal code comes into force in the USSR officially decriminalizing homosexual acts.[17]
1923 – The word fag is first used in print in reference to gays in Nels Anderson's The Hobo: "Fairies or Fags are men or boys who exploit sex for profit."
1923 – Lesbian Elsa Gidlow, born in England, published the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry in the United States, titled "On a Grey Thread."[18]
1924 – The first homosexual rights organization in America is founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago— the Society for Human Rights.[19] The group exists for a few months before disbanding under police pressure.[20]Paraguay and Peru legalize homosexuality.
1928 – The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall is published in the UK and later in the United States. This sparks great legal controversy and brings the topic of homosexuality to public conversation.
1931 – A group of transvestites from Barcelona, known as "Las Carolinas", carries out the first documented LGBT demonstration in history. They do so after the destruction of a centric public bath of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) which was a common LGBT meeting place at the time.[21]
1932 – Poland codifies the homosexual and heterosexual age of consent equally at 15. Polish law never had criminalized homosexuality, although occupying powers had outlawed it in 1835.[24]
1933 Homosexual acts are recriminalized in the USSR.
1934 – Uruguay decriminalizes homosexuality. The USSR once again criminalizes muzhelozhstvo (specific Russian definition of "male sexual intercourse with male", literally "man lying with man"), punishable by up to 5 years in prison – more for the coercion or involvement of minors.[25]
1936 – Mona's 440 Club, the first lesbian bar in America, opened in San Francisco in 1936.[26][27] Mona's waitresses and female performers wore tuxedos and patrons dressed their roles.[27]
1938 – The word gay is used for the first time on film in reference to homosexuality in the film Bringing Up Baby.[28]
1939 – Frances V. Rummell, an educator and a teacher of French at Stephens College, published an autobiography under the title Diana: A Strange Autobiography; it was the first explicitly lesbian autobiography in which two women end up happily together.[29] This autobiography was published with a note stating "The publishers wish it expressly understood that this is a true story, the first of its kind ever offered to the general reading public".[29]
1940 – Iceland decriminalizes homosexuality; the NWHK is disbanded in the Netherlands in May due to the German invasion, and most of its archive is voluntarily destroyed, while the rest is confiscated by Nazi soldiers.
1941 – Transsexuality was first used in reference to homosexuality and bisexuality.
1942 – Switzerland decriminalizes homosexuality, with the age of consent set at 20.
1944 – Sweden decriminalizes homosexuality, with the age of consent set at 18 and Suriname legalizes homosexuality.
1944 – The first prominent American to reveal his homosexuality was the poet Robert Duncan. This occurred when in 1944, using his own name in the anarchist magazine Politics, he wrote that homosexuals were an oppressed minority.[31]
1945 – The Holocaust ends and it is estimated that between about 3,000 to about 9,000 homosexuals died in Nazi concentration and death camps, while it is estimated that between about 2,000 to about 6,000 homosexual survivors in Nazi concentration and death camps were required to serve out the full term of their sentences under Paragraph 175 in prison. The first gay bar in post-World War II Berlin opened in the summer of 1945, and the first drag ball took place in American sector of West Berlin in the fall of 1945.[32] Four honourably discharged gay veterans form the Veterans Benevolent Association, the first LGBT veterans' group.[33] Gay bar Yanagi opened in Japan.[34]
1946 – "COC" (Dutch acronym for "Center for Culture and Recreation"), one of the earliest homophile organizations, is founded in the Netherlands. It is the oldest surviving LGBT organization.
1950s – Rina Natan becomes the first transsexual woman in Israel – undergoing sex reassignment surgery out of her own will.
1950 – The Organization for Sexual Equality, now Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights (RFSL), is formed in Sweden; East Germany partially abrogates the Nazis' emendations to Paragraph 175; The Mattachine Society, the first sustained American homosexual group, is founded in Los Angeles (11 November); 190 individuals in the United States are dismissed from government employment for their sexual orientation, commencing the Lavender scare.
1951 – Jordan In 1951, a revision of the Jordanian Criminal Code legalized private, adult, non-commercial, and consensual sodomy, with the age of consent set at 16.
1952 – Spring Fire, the first lesbian paperback novel, and the beginning of the lesbian pulp fiction genre, was published in 1952 and sold 1.5 million copies.[35][36] It was written by lesbian Marijane Meaker under the false name Vin Packer.[35]
1952 – In the spring of 1952, Dale Jennings was arrested in Los Angeles for allegedly soliciting a police officer in a bathroom in Westlake Park, now known as MacArthur Park. His trial drew national attention to the Mattachine Society, and membership increased drastically after Jennings contested the charges, resulting in a hung jury.[37]
1952 – In Japan the male homosexual magazine "Adonis" is launched with the writer Yukio Mishima as a contributor.
1953 – The Diana Foundation was founded on 19 March 1953 in Houston, TX by a small group of friends. The Diana Foundation is a nonprofit organization that is recognized as the oldest continuously active gay organization in the U.S., and hosts two annual fundraising events, including its Diana Awards.[38]
1953 – During World War II and the post-war era, Senator McCarthy pointed to the "Lavender Scare" amid the Red Scare that simultaneously exposed communists and suspected homosexuals. McCarthy's tactics gained wide-spread support, and later that year President Eisenhower would issue an executive order to ban homosexuals from working for the federal government. Many lost their jobs due to their actual or perceived sexual orientation.[39]
1954 – 7 June–Mathematical and computer geniusAlan Turing commits suicide by cyanide poisoning, 18 months after being given a choice between two years in prison or libido-reducing hormone treatment for a year as a punishment for homosexuality.[40] A succession of well-known men, including Lord Montagu, Michael Pitt-Rivers and Peter Wildeblood, were convicted of homosexual offences as British police pursued a McCarthy-like purge of Society homosexuals.[41] Arcadie, the first homosexual group in France, is formed.
1955 – The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco by four lesbian couples (including Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.[42] The group's name came from "Songs of Bilitis," a lesbian-themed song cycle by French poet Pierre Louÿs, which described the fictional Bilitis as a resident of the Isle of Lesbos alongside Sappho.[42] DOB's activities included hosting public forums on homosexuality, offering support to isolated, married, and mothering lesbians, and participating in research activities.[42] Mattachine Society New York City chapter founded.
1956 – The Ladder, the first nationally distributed lesbian publication in the United States, began publication.
1956 – Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (commonly known as the Johns Committee) established. Failing to find communist ties to civil rights organizations, it investigates homosexuals as a threat to national security.
1957 – The word "transsexual" is coined by U.S. physician Harry Benjamin; The Wolfenden Committee's report recommends decriminalizing consensual homosexual behaviour between adults in the UK; Psychologist Evelyn Hooker publishes a study showing that homosexual men are as well-adjusted as non-homosexual men, which becomes a major factor in the American Psychiatric Association removing homosexuality from its handbook of disorders in 1973. Homoerotic artist Tom of Finland first published on the cover of Physique Pictorial magazine from Los Angeles.[43]
1958 – One, Inc. v. Olesen, 355 U.S. 371 (1958), was the first U.S. Supreme Court ruling to deal with homosexuality and the first to address free speech rights with respect to homosexuality. The Supreme Court reversed a lower court ruling that the gay magazine ONE magazine violated obscenity laws, thus upholding constitutional protection for pro-homosexual writing.[44]
1959 – ITV, at the time the UK's only national commercial broadcaster, broadcasts the UK's first gay TV drama, South, starring Peter Wyngarde.[45] The first homosexual uprising in the U.S. occurs at Cooper Do-nuts in Los Angeles; rioters were arrested by LAPD.[46]
1960 – Cpls. Fannie Mae Clackum and Grace Garner, U.S. Air Force reservists in the late 1940s and early 1950s, became the first people to successfully challenge their discharges from the U.S. military for being gay, although the ruling turned on the fact that there wasn't enough evidence to show the women were lesbians.[47] According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military.[48]
1961 – Hungary decriminalizes sodomy; Victim is the first English-language film to use the word "homosexual", and premieres in the UK on 31 August 1961; the Vatican declares that anyone who is "affected by the perverse inclination" towards homosexuality should not be allowed to take religious vows or be ordained within the Roman Catholic Church; The Rejected, the first documentary on homosexuality broadcast on American television, is first broadcast on KQED TV in San Francisco on 11 September 1961; José Sarria becomes the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States when he runs for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.[49]
1962 – Illinois becomes the first U.S. state to remove sodomy law from its criminal code through passage of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code. While the adopted code did not penalize private sexual relations, it criminalized acts of "Open Lewdness;"[50][51]Czechoslovakia decriminalizes sodomy. The Tavern Guild, the first gay business association in the United States, was created by gay bar owners in 1962 as a response to continued police harassment and closing of gay bars (including the Tay-Bush Inn raid), and continued until 1995.[52] The Dorian Society (1962–1988) was founded; it was the first New Zealand organization for gay men.[53]
1963 – Israel de facto decriminalizes sodomy and sexual acts between men by judicial decision against the enforcement of the relevant section in the old British-mandate law from 1936 (which in fact was never enforced).[citation needed]
1964 – Canada sees its first gay-positive organization, ASK, and first gay magazines: ASK Newsletter (in Vancouver), and Gay (by Gay Publishing Company of Toronto). Gay was the first periodical to use the term 'Gay' in the title and expanded quickly, including outstripping the distribution of American publications under the name Gay International. These were quickly followed by Two (by Gayboy (later Kamp) Publishing Company of Toronto).[54][55]
1964 – Canada: In March 1964, Ted Northe founds the 'Imperial Court of Canada' a monarchist society compromised primarily of drag personalities and becomes a driving force in the effort to achieve equality in Canada. The Courts of Canada now have over 14 chapters across the country and is the oldest, continuously running, LGBT Organization in Canada.
1964 – The first photograph of lesbians on the cover of lesbian magazine The Ladder was done in September 1964, showing two women from the back, on a beach looking out to sea.
1964 – The June 1964 Paul Welch Life article entitled "Homosexuality In America" was the first time a national publication reported on gay issues.
1965 – The Council on Religion and the Homosexual held an event where local politicians could be questioned about issues concerning gay and lesbian people, including police intimidation. The event marks the first known instance of "the gay vote" being sought.
1965 – Everett George Klippert, the last person imprisoned in Canada for homosexuality, is arrested for private, consensual sex with men. After being assessed "incurably homosexual", he is sentenced to an indefinite "preventive detention" as a dangerous sexual offender. This was considered by many Canadians to be extremely homophobic, and prompted sympathetic articles in Maclean's and The Toronto Star, eventually leading to increased calls for legal reform in Canada which passed in 1969.[56]
1965 – Conservatively dressed gays and lesbians demonstrate outside Independence Hall in Philadelphia on 4 July 1965. This was the first in a series of Annual Reminders that took place through 1969.
1965 – Vanguard, an organization of LGBT youth in the low-income Tenderloin district, was created in 1965. It is considered the first Gay Liberation organization in the U.S.[57][58]
1966 – The Mattachine Society stages a "Sip-In" at Julius Bar in New York City challenging a New York State Liquor Authority prohibiting serving alcohol to gays; the National Planning Conference of Homophile Organizations is established (to become NACHO—North American Conference of Homophile Organizations later that year); the Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in August 1966 by transgender women and Vanguard members in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded transgender riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City by three years. Vanguard was founded to demonstrate for equal rights. The first lesbian to appear on the cover of the lesbian magazine The Ladder with her face showing was Lilli Vincenz in January 1966. A coalition of Homosexual organizations organized demonstrations for Armed Forces Day to protest the exclusion of LGBT from the U.S. armed services. The Los Angeles group held a 15-car motorcade, which has been identified as the nation's first gay pride parade.[59] The National Transsexual Counseling Unit is created, becoming the first transgender organization ever and first American transgender organization ever.[60] The Society for Individual Rights opened America's first gay and lesbian community center. The Phoenix Society for Individual Freedom, in Kansas City, Missouri, published The Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice, the first LGBT magazine in the Midwest.[61]
LGBT Organisations founded: Grupo Nuestro Mundo (English: "Our World Group") is formed in Greater Buenos Aires, the first gay rights organization in Argentina and Latin America.[63][64]
Other: The Black Cat Tavern in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles was raided on New Year's Day by 12 plainclothes police officers who beat and arrested employees and patrons. The raid prompted a series of protests that began on 5 January, organized by P.R.I.D.E. (Personal Rights in Defense and Education). It's the first use of the term "Pride" that came to be associated with LGBT rights. The raid ended up promoting homosexual rights activity.
The Advocate was first published in September as "The Los Angeles Advocate," a local newsletter alerting gay men to police raids in Los Angeles gay bars.
The book Homosexual Behavior Among Males by Wainwright Churchill broke ground as a scientific study approaching homosexuality as a fact of life and introduced the term "homoerotophobia", a possible precursor to "homophobia".
The Student Homophile League at Columbia University became the first institutionally recognized gay student group in the United States.
The Homosexuals, a 1967 episode of the documentary television series CBS Reports, was the first network documentary dealing with the topic of homosexuality.
LGBT Organisations founded: The National Transsexual Counseling Unit (NTCU), the culmination of a network of transgender social, psychological and medical support services being established in the aftermath of the Compton's riot, the first such peer-run support and advocacy organisation in the world.[65]
Other: In Los Angeles, following the arrest of two patrons in a raid, The Patch owner Lee Glaze organized the other patrons to move on the police station. After buying out a nearby flower shop, the demonstrators caravanned to the station, festooned it with the flowers and bailed out the arrested men.[59]
LGBT Organisations founded: An Australian arm of the Daughters of Bilitis in Melbourne, now considered Australia's first homosexual rights organisation, and the Gay Liberation Front in America, and the first gay organization to use "gay" in its name.
LGBT Organisations founded: CAMP (Campaign Against Moral Persecution), in Australia,[66][67] and The Task Force on Gay Lberation (now known as the GLBT Round Table), the oldest LGBTQ professional organisation in the United States.[68]
Other: The first Gay Liberation Day March is held in New York City.
In November, the first gay rights march occurred in the UK at Highbury Fields following the arrest of an activist from the Young Liberals for importuning.[71]
The University of Michigan established the first collegiate LGBT programs office, then known as the "Gay Advocate's Office."
The UK Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was recognized as a political movement in the national press and was holding weekly meetings of 200 to 300 people.;[81]
George Klippert, the last man jailed for homosexuality in Canada, is released from prison.
During a UCLA conference called "The Homosexual in America," Betty Berzon became the first psychotherapist in the country to come out as gay to the public.[82]
Boys in the Sand was the first gay porn film to include credits, to achieve crossover success, to be reviewed by Variety,[83] and one of the earliest porn films, after 1969's Blue Movie[84][85][86][87] by Andy Warhol, to gain mainstream credibility, preceding 1972's Deep Throat by nearly a year. It was promoted with an advertising campaign unprecedented for a pornographic feature, premiered in New York City and was an immediate critical and commercial success.[88]
Faygele Ben-Miriam and Paul Barwick applied for a marriage license in Seattle Washington in September 1971, leading to a later suit Singer v. Hara 1974.
Anti-discrimination legislation: In South Australia, a consenting adults in private-type legal defence was introduced, and East Lansing, Michigan and Ann Arbor, Michigan and San Francisco, California become the first cities in United States to pass a homosexual rights ordinance.
Other: Sweden becomes the first country in the world to allow transgender people to legally change their sex, and provides free hormone therapy;[89]
Jim Foster, of San Francisco and Madeline Davis, of Buffalo, New York, the first openly gay and lesbian delegates to the Democratic Convention, gave the first speeches advocating a gay rights plank in the Democratic Party Platform. "Stonewall Nation", the first gay anthem was written and recorded by Davis and is produced on 45 rpm record by the Mattachine Society of the Niagara Frontier. Lesbianism 101, the first lesbianism course in the U.S., was taught at the University of Buffalo by Davis and Margaret Small.
Queens, NY schoolteacher Jeanne Manford marched with her gay son, gay rights activist Morty Manford, in New York's Christopher Street Liberation Day march. This was the origin of the straight ally movement and of PFLAG – (originally Parents of Gays, then Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, now simply PFLAG.)[90]
Nancy Wechsler became the first openly gay or lesbian person in political office in America; she was elected to the Ann Arbor City Council in 1972 as a member of the Human Rights Party and came out as a lesbian during her first and only term there.[91]
Camille Mitchell became the first open lesbian to be awarded custody of her children in a divorce case, although the judge restricted the arrangement by precluding Ms. Mitchell's lover from moving in with her and the children.[92]
Freda Smith became the first openly lesbian minister in the Metropolitan Community Church (she was also their first female minister).[93][94]
A Quaker group, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality, issued the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality" supporting bisexuals.[96] The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in the Quaker Friends Journal and The Advocate.[97][98][99] Today Quakers have varying opinions on LGBT people and rights, with some Quaker groups more accepting than others.[100]
Homosexuality no longer an illness: Australia and New Zealand (on 15 October, the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatry Federal Council declared homosexuality not an illness – the first such body in the world to do so), and the United States (the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II), based largely on the research and advocacy of Evelyn Hooker.)
LGBT Organisations founded: The first formal meeting of PFLAG took place on 26 March at the Metropolitan-Duane Methodist Church in Greenwich Village (now the Church of the Village). Approximately 20 people attended, including founder Jeanne Manford, her husband Jules, son Morty, Dick and Amy Ashworth, Metropolitan Community Church founder Reverend Troy Perry, and more.[90]
Other: Sally Miller Gearhart became the first open lesbian to obtain a tenure-track faculty position when she was hired by San Francisco State University, where she helped establish one of the first women and gender study programs in the country.[102]
Lavender Country, an American country music band, released a self-titled album which is the first known gay-themed album in country music history.[103]
Other: Chile allowed a trans person to legally change her name and gender on the birth certificate after undergoing sex reassignment surgery, becoming the second country in the world to do so.[104]
Kathy Kozachenko became the first openly gay American elected to any political office when she won a seat on the Ann Arbor, Michigan city council.
The Lesbian Herstory Archives opened to the public in the New York apartment of lesbian couple Joan Nestle and Deborah Edel; it has the world's largest collection of materials by and about lesbians and their communities.[106]
Angela Morley became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for an Academy Award, when she was nominated for one in the category of Best Music, Original Song Score/Adaptation for The Little Prince (1974), a nomination shared with Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe, and Douglas Gamley.
The world's first gay softball league was formed in San Francisco in 1974 as the Community Softball League, which eventually included both women's and men's teams. The teams, usually sponsored by gay bars, competed against each other and against the San Francisco Police softball team.[107]
1975
Legalisation of homosexuality: California (due to the Consenting Adult Sex Bill, authored by and successfully lobbied for in the state legislature by Willie Brown) and South Australia, the first Australian state to make homosexuality legal between consenting adults in private.
Anti-discrimination legislation : Minneapolis became the first city in the United States to pass trans-inclusive civil rights protection legislation.[108]
LGBT Organisations founded: Gay American Indians, the first gay American Indian liberation organization.[109]
Other: Twelve women became the first group of women in Japan to publicly identify as lesbians, publishing one issue of a magazine called Subarashi Onna (Wonderful Women).[110]
Leonard Matlovich, a Technical Sergeant in the United States Air Force, became the first U.S. gay service member to purposely out himself to fight their ban.
Clela Rorex, a clerk in Boulder County, Colorado, issues the first same-sex marriage licenses in the United States, issuing the very first of them to Dave McCord and Dave Zamora, on 26 March.[112] Six same-sex marriages were performed as a result of her giving out licenses, but all of the marriages were overturned later that year.[112]
Maureen Colquhoun becomes the UK's first out lesbian MP after coming out in 1975. She is the UK's first openly gay MP.
Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Australian Capital Territory (between consenting adults in private), in addition to equalising the age of consent.
LGBT Organisations founded: The Homosexual Law Reform Coalition and the Gay Teachers Group, both founded in Australia, and the Association of Homosexual Liberation in Japan.[113]
Other: Robert Grant founded the Christian Voice to take his anti-homosexual-rights crusade national in the United States.
Out Minnesota state legislator Allan Spear is re-elected.
The American Episcopal Church passes a resolution affirming homosexuals as children of God "who have a full and equal claim upon the love, acceptance, and pastoral concern and care of the Church."[117]
Anti-gay discrimination: Dade County, Florida enacted a Human Rights Ordinance; it was repealed the same year after a militant anti-homosexual-rights campaign led by Anita Bryant, and Quebec became the first jurisdiction larger than a city or county in the world to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in the public and private sectors.
LGBT Organisations founded: The Boston-Boise Committee, formed in response to Boston police raiding a house outside of Boston, outraging the gay community.,[118] the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and Platonica Club and Front Runners, both in Japan.[113]
Other: Harvey Milk was elected city-county supervisor in San Francisco, becoming the first openly gay or lesbian candidate elected to political office in California, the seventh openly gay/lesbian elected official nationally, and the third man to be openly gay at time of his election.
On 26 March, Frank Kameny and a dozen other members of the gay and lesbian community, under the leadership of the then-National Gay Task Force, briefed then-Public Liaison Midge Costanza on much-needed changes in federal laws and policies. This was the first time that gay rights were officially discussed at the White House.[130][131]
Other: The first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras was held, with 2000 people attending and 53 subsequently arrested and some seriously beaten by police.
The rainbow flag was first used as a symbol of gay pride.
Robin Tyler became the first out lesbian on U.S. national television, appearing on a Showtime comedy special hosted by Phyllis Diller. The same year she released her comedy album, Always a Bridesmaid, Never a Groom, the first comedy album by an out lesbian.[134]
The San Francisco Lesbian/Gay Freedom Band was founded by Jon Reed Sims as the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band and Twirling Corp. Upon its founding, it became the first openly gay musical group in the world.
San Francisco became the first city in America to have a recruitment drive for gay police officers, bringing in over 350 applications.[135]
Allen Bennett became the first openly gay rabbi in the United States.[136]
1979
Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Cuba and Spain.
Homosexuality no longer considered an illness: Sweden, the first country in the world to declare so. This came about due to a number of people in the country calling into work sick with a case of 'being homosexual', in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare, before Sweden removed homosexuality as an illness a few months later.[89]
Esta Noche, a gay bar located at 3079 16th & Mission Street in San Francisco, was the first gay Latino bar in San Francisco, and first opened this year.
Grady Quinn and Randy Rohl became the first known gay couple to attend a high school prom when they attended the Lincoln High School prom in Sioux Falls, South Dakota on 23 May 1979.[138]
Stephen Lachs became the first openly gay judge appointed in the United States[139][140] and as such is thought to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.[140][141]
When Megan Went Away (1979), a picture book written by Jane Severance and illustrated by Tea Schook, is regarded as the first picture book to include LGBT characters, and specifically the first to feature lesbian characters, although that distinction is sometimes erroneously bestowed upon Lesléa Newman's Heather Has Two Mommies (1989).
LGBT Organisations founded: The Human Rights Campaign Fund, by Steve Endean. America's largest civil rights organization working to achieve LGBT equality.[142]
Other: The United States Democratic Party became the first major political party in the U.S. to endorse a homosexual rights platform plank.
Lionel Blue became the first British rabbi to come out as gay;[143]
Tennis player Billie Jean King became the first prominent professional athlete to come out as a lesbian, when her relationship with her secretary Marilyn Barnett became public in a May 1981 "palimony" lawsuit filed by Barnett.[147] Due to this she lost all of her endorsements.[148]
Mary C. Morgan became the first openly gay or lesbian judge in America when she was appointed by California Governor Jerry Brown to the San Francisco Municipal Court.[149]
Randy Shilts was hired as a national correspondent by the San Francisco Chronicle, becoming "the first openly gay reporter with a gay 'beat' in the American mainstream press."[150]
A Sergeant of the New York City Police Department (Charles H. Cochrane Jr.) came out as gay during a city council hearing. This made him the first New York City Police Department member to publicly announce his homosexuality.[151]
The first bisexual group in the United Kingdom, London Bisexual Group, was founded.[152]
Anti-discrimination legislation: Wisconsin became the first US state to ban discrimination against homosexuals; New South Wales became the first Australian state to outlaw discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived homosexuality.
LGBT Organisations founded: The Deracine Party in Japan (founded by Ken Togo) and the Gay Officers Action League (GOAL, founded by New York City Police Sergeant Charles H. Cochrane Jr. and former Fairview, New Jersey sergeant Sam Ciccone), the first group targeted specifically towards the needs of gay members of law enforcement.[153]
The condition to be known as AIDS had acquired a number of names – GRID5 (gay-related immune deficiency), 'gay cancer', 'community-acquired immune dysfunction' and 'gay compromise syndrome'[155] The CDC used the term AIDS for the first time in September 1982, when it reported that an average of one to two cases of AIDS were being diagnosed in America every day.[156]
LGBT Organizations founded: BiPOL, founded in San Francisco by Autumn Courtney, Lani Ka'ahumanu, Arlene Krantz, David Lourea, Bill Mack, Alan Rockway, and Maggi Rubenstein. It is America's first and oldest bisexual political organization.
Other: Massachusetts Representative Gerry Studds revealed he is gay on the floor of the House, becoming the first openly gay member of Congress.
AIDS was described as a "gay plague" by Reverend Jerry Falwell.
LGBT Organizations founded: The "Ten Percent Club" in Hong Kong, the Argentine Homosexual Community (Comunidad Homosexual Argentina, CHA), uniting several different and pre-existing groups, and ILGA Japan.
Other: Massachusetts voters re-elected representative Gerry Studds, with full knowledge of his homosexuality, him having come out the year before.
Chris Smith, newly elected to the UK parliament declared: "My name is Chris Smith. I'm the Labour MP for Islington South and Finsbury, and I'm gay", making him the first openly out homosexual male politician in the UK parliament (Maureen Colquhoun being the first openly out homosexual politician in the UK in 1975).
Berkeley, California became the first city in the U.S. to adopt a program of domestic partnership health benefits for city employees.
West Hollywood is founded and became the first known city to elect a city council where a majority of the members are openly gay or lesbian.
On Our Backs, the first women-run erotica magazine and the first magazine to feature lesbian erotica for a lesbian audience in the United States, was first published by Debi Sundahl and Myrna Elana, with the contributions of Susie Bright, Nan Kinney, Honey Lee Cottrell, Dawn Lewis, Happy Hyder, Tee Corinne, Jewelle Gomez, Judith Stein, Joan Nestle, and Patrick Califia.[163]
BiPOL sponsored the first bisexual rights rally, outside the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. The rally featured nine speakers from civil rights groups allied with the bisexual movement.
1985
Anti-discrimination legislation: France prohibits discrimination based on lifestyle in employment and services.
Other: On June 30, the U.S. Supreme Court heard the Bowers v. Hardwick case, in which it upheld Georgia law forbidding oral or anal sex, ruling that the constitutional right to privacy did not extend to homosexual relations, but it did not state whether the law could be enforced against heterosexuals.
Becky Smith and Annie Afleck became the first openly lesbian couple in America granted legal, joint adoption of a child.[167]
The ILGA Asia Conference took place in Tokyo from 1 to 3 May.[168]
Hill Street Blues featured the first lesbian recurring character on a major network; the character was a police officer called Kate McBride, played by Lindsay Crouse.[170]
Anti-discrimination legislation: Boulder, Colorado citizens passed the first referendum to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation.;[172][173] and the Canadian province of Manitoba and the territory of Yukon.
Other: ACT UP staged its first major demonstration, seventeen protesters were arrested.
U.S. Congressman Barney Frank comes out, becoming the first US congressman to voluntarily come out.
A group of 75 bisexuals marched in the March On Washington For Gay and Lesbian Rights, which was the first nationwide bisexual gathering. The article "The Bisexual Movement: Are We Visible Yet?", by Lani Ka'ahumanu, appeared in the official Civil Disobedience Handbook for the March. It was the first article about bisexuals and the emerging bisexual movement to be published in a national lesbian or gay publication.[174]
Decriminalisation of sodomy and sexual acts between men: Belize and Israel (although the relevant section in the old British mandate law from 1936 was never enforced in the country).
Other: The anti-gay Section 28 law was passed in England and Wales (before being repealed in 2003); Scotland enacts almost identical legislation (before being repealed in 2000).
After losing an Irish High Court case (1980) and an Irish Supreme Court case (1983), David Norris took his case (Norris v. Ireland) to the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court struck down the Irish law criminalising male-to-male sex on the grounds of privacy, although homosexuality would remain illegal in Ireland until 1993.
Stacy Offner became the first openly lesbian rabbi hired by a mainstream Jewish congregation, Shir Tikvah Congregation of Minneapolis (a Reform Jewish congregation).[175][176]
Passed and came into effect: Denmark was the first country in the world to enact registered partnership laws (like a civil union) for same-sex couples, with most of the same rights as marriage (excluding the right to adoption (until June 2010) and the right to marry in a church.)
Other: Braschi v Stahl Associates Co was a landmark case in which the New York court ruled that a gay couple that had lived together for a decade could be considered a family under New York City's Rent Control regulations. The decision in favor of litigant Miguel Braschi said that protection against eviction "should not rest on fictitious legal distinctions or genetic history, but instead should find its foundation in the reality of family life."[178][179][180]
Other: Justin Fashanu is the first professional footballer to come out in the press.
Reform Judaism decided to allow openly lesbian and gay rabbis and cantors.[181]
Dale McCormick became the first open lesbian elected to a state Senate (she was elected to the Maine Senate).[182]
In 1990, the Union for Reform Judaism announced a national policy declaring lesbian and gay Jews to be full and equal members of the religious community. Its principal body, the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), officially endorsed a report of their committee on homosexuality and rabbis. They concluded that "all rabbis, regardless of sexual orientation, be accorded the opportunity to fulfill the sacred vocation that they have chosen" and that "all Jews are religiously equal regardless of their sexual orientation."
The oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States, BiNet USA, was founded in 1990. It was originally called the North American Multicultural Bisexual Network (NAMBN), and had its first meeting at the first National Bisexual Conference in America.[183][184] This first conference was held in San Francisco in 1990, and sponsored by BiPOL. Over 450 people attended from 20 states and 5 countries, and the mayor of San Francisco sent a proclamation "commending the bisexual rights community for its leadership in the cause of social justice," and declaring 23 June 1990 Bisexual Pride Day.
The first Eagle Creek Saloon, that opened on the 1800 block of Market Street in San Francisco in 1990 and closed in 1993, was the first black-owned gay bar in the city.[185]
AIDS Related: The red ribbon is first used as a symbol of the campaign against HIV/AIDS.
Anti-discrimination legislation: Canadian province Nova Scotia (sexual orientation)
Sherry Harris was elected to the City Council in Seattle, Washington, making her the first openly lesbian African-American elected official.[186]
The first lesbian kiss on television occurred; it was on L.A. Law between the fictional characters of C.J. Lamb (played by Amanda Donohoe) and Abby (Michele Greene).[187]
The Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame was created in June 1991.[188] The hall of fame is the first "municipal institution of its kind in the United States, and possibly in the world."[188]
The AB101 Veto Riot occurs in California in response to then-Governor of California Pete Wilson vetoing the Assembly Bill 101, a bill to prohibit employers from discriminating against employees because of their sexual orientation.[189]
Connie Norman became the first gay rights activist to host a daily talk show about gay issues on a commercial Los Angeles-area station.[190]
Althea Garrison was elected as the first transgender state legislator in America, and served one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives; however, it was not publicly known she was transgender when she was elected.[191]
Then-Governor of California Pete Wilson signs the Assembly Bill 101, prohibiting employers in California from discriminating against employees based on their sexual orientation.[192]
Deb Price's debut column in The Detroit News in 1992 was the first syndicated national column in American mainstream media that spoke about gay life.[193][194]
1993
Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws:
Passed and Came into effect: Norway (without adoption until 2009, replaced with same-sex marriage in 2008/09)
Repeal of Sodomy laws: Australian Territory of Norfolk Island
The Triangle Ball was held; it was the first inaugural ball in America to ever be held in honor of gays and lesbians.
The first Dyke March (a march for lesbians and their straight female allies, planned by the Lesbian Avengers) was held, with 20,000 women marching.[195][196]
Roberta Achtenberg became the first openly gay or lesbian person to be nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate when she was appointed to the position of Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity by President Bill Clinton.[197]
Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women and gay men and bisexual men were banned from serving in the military.[199] In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask servicemembers about their sexual orientation.[200][201] However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[202]
1994
Unregistered Cohabitation recognition:
Passed and Came into effect: Israel (without adoption, without step-adoption until 2005)
Anti-discrimination legislation: South Africa (sexual orientation, interim constitution)
Decriminalisation of homosexuality: Bermuda, UK Crown Dependency of Isle of Man and Serbia, Commonwealth of Australia
Equalization of age of consent:
Partial: UK reduces the age of consent for homosexual men to 18;
Other: Canada grants refugee status to homosexuals fearing for their well-being in their native country; Toonen v. Australia decided by UN Human Rights Committee; fear of persecution due to sexual orientation becomes grounds for asylum in the United States.[203]
Deborah Batts became the first openly gay or lesbian federal judge; she was appointed to the U.S. District Court in New York.[204][205]
The Gay Asian Pacific Alliance and Asian Pacific Sister joined the Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco, which was the first time that queer Asian American communities had attended in a publicly ethnic activity.[206]
Gay Parade was held in Japan. (8.1994)
Wilson Cruz became the first gay actor to play an openly gay character in a leading role in a television series (My So-Called Life).
Steve Gunderson was outed as gay on the House floor by representative Bob Dornan (R-CA) during a debate over federal funding for gay-friendly curricula,[207] making him one of the first openly gay members of the U.S. Congress and the first openly gay U.S. Republican representative.[208]
Liverpool-based soap opera, Brookside, broadcast the UK's first pre-watershed lesbian kiss.[209]
The broadcast of Pedro Zamora and Sean Sasser's commitment ceremony in 1994, in which they exchanged vows, was the first such same-sex ceremony in television history, and is considered a landmark in the history of the medium.[210][211]
1995
Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws:
Passed and Came into effect: Sweden (with adoption, replaced with same-sex marriage in April 2009)
AIDS Related: Triple combination therapy of drugs such as 3TC, AZT and ddC shown to be effective in treating HIV, the virus responsible for AIDS[212]
LGBT Organizations founded: Gay Advice Darlington/Durham was founded by local gay and bisexual men, and has developed into a Charity that works with and for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community of County Durham and Darlington.
Other: The Human Rights Campaign drops the word "Fund" from their title and broadens their mission to promote "an America where gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people are ensured equality and embraced as full members of the American family at home, at work and in every community;"
Kings Cross Steelers, the world's first gay rugby club, was founded.[213]
Rabbi Margaret Wenig's essay "Truly Welcoming Lesbian and Gay Jews" was published in The Jewish Condition: Essays on Contemporary Judaism Honoring Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler; it was the first published argument to the Jewish community on behalf of civil marriage for gay couples.[214]
Ed Flanagan served as Vermont's State Auditor from 1993 through 2001, becoming the first openly gay, statewide-elected official in the United States when he came out in 1995, before his 1996 reelection.[215]
1996
Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws:
Passed and Came into effect: Iceland (with step-adoption, without joint adoption until 2006, replaced with same-sex marriage in 2010)
Unregistered Cohabitation recognition:
Passed and Came into effect: Hungary (replaced with registered partnerships in 2009)
Restriction of LGBT partnership rights: USA, (federal, see DOMA)
Anti-discrimination legislation:Canada (federal, sexual orientation)
The first lesbian wedding on television occurred, held for fictional characters Carol (played by Jane Sibbett) and Susan (played by Jessica Hecht) on the TV show "Friends".[216]
Other: Israeli President Ezer Weizman compares homosexuality to alcoholism in front of high school students.[219]
The UK extends immigration rights to same-sex couples akin to marriage.
Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian, one of the first celebrities to do so.[220] Furthermore, later that year her character Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian on the TV show Ellen, making Ellen DeGeneres the first openly lesbian actress to play an openly lesbian character on television.[221]
The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association launched the Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, the world's first peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary journal dedicated to LGBT health.
The first open-mouth kiss between two women on prime time television occurred, on ABC's Relativity.[223]
Passed and Came into effect: Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia
Anti-discrimination legislation: Ecuador (sexual orientation, constitution), Ireland (sexual orientation) and the Canadian provinces of Prince Edward Island (sexual orientation) and Alberta (court ruling only; legislation amended in 2009)
Tammy Baldwin became the first openly gay or lesbian non-incumbent ever elected to Congress, and the first open lesbian ever elected to Congress, winning Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district seat over Josephine Musser.[226][227]
BiNet USA hosted the First National Institute on Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS.[232]
1999
Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws:
Passed and Came into effect: US State of California (without adoption, without step adoption until 2001, same-sex marriage in June 2008 – November 2008)
Other: Israel's supreme court recognizes a lesbian partner as another legal mother of her partner's biological son; South Africa grants spousal immigration benefits to same-sex partners.
Steven Greenberg publicly came out as gay in an article in the Israeli newspaper Maariv. As he has a rabbinic ordination from the Orthodox rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University (RIETS), he is generally described as the first openly gay Orthodox Jewish rabbi.[233] However, some Orthodox Jews, including many rabbis, dispute his being an Orthodox rabbi.[234]
Other: In Germany the Bundestag officially apologizes to gays and lesbians persecuted under the Nazi regime, and for "harm done to homosexual citizens up to 1969"; Israel recognizes same-sex relations for immigration purposes for a foreign partner of an Israeli resident.
^Marc Vargo. Scandal: infamous gay controversies of the twentieth century Routledge, 2003. pp 165–7.
^Steakley, James D. (revised 1989). "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair in Wilhelmin Germany", Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past (1990), Duberman, et al., eds. New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books. ISBN0-452-01067-5.
^Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant.
^Kissack, Terence (2008). Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States, 1895–1917. Oakland, Calif.: AK Press. p. 102. ISBN978-1904859116.
^middlebury.edu Russian Gay History "It was not until 1832 that the criminal code included Article 995, which made muzhelozhstvo (men lying with men, which the courts interpreted as anal intercourse) a criminal act punishable by exile to Siberia.... The October Revolution of 1917 did away with the entire Criminal Code .... The new Russian Criminal Codes of 1922 and 1926 eliminated the offence of muzhelozhstvo from the law."
^Wayne R. Dynes, Stephen Donaldson. History of homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis, 1992, pp. 174+
^Weston, Fred. "Bolshevik decriminalisation of homosexuality – intentional or oversight?". In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 21 February 2021. Eventually, the new Penal Code became law on 1 June 1922. When, in 1926 the code was redrafted, homosexuality continued to be legal, which indicates that there was no oversight or forgetfulness involved.
^Holt, Patricia (22 June 1986). "Search for the Independent Mind". San Francisco Chronicle.
^Faderman, Lillian and Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. p. 1-2. ISBN0-465-02288-X.
^McLeod, Donald W. A Brief History of Gay: Canada's First Gay Tabloid, 1964–1966.
^"Our Silver Anniversary: Canadians have been organizing for twenty five years!". Newsletter of the Canadian Gay Archives. 7. National Archives for Lesbians and Gay Men. June 1989.
^ abFaderman, Lillian and Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN0-465-02288-X.
^Jennings, Rebecca (21 October 2008). "Lesbians". Dictionary of Sydney. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^Willett, Graham (2000). Living out loud: a history of gay and lesbian activism in Australia. Allen & Unwin. p. 33.
^Keilty, Patrick (2009). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Information Needs". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition. pp. 3275–3280. doi:10.1081/E-ELIS3-120044121. ISBN978-0-8493-9712-7.
^William N. Eskridg Jr. and Christopher R. Riano, "Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-Laws", Yale University Press (2020), Chapter 24
^Eskridge, William N. Jr.; Riano, Christopher R. (2020). Marriage Equality From Outlaws to In-Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-22181-7.
^Brittain, Victoria (28 August 1971). "An Alternative to Sexual Shame: Impact of the new militancy among homosexual groups". The Times. p. 12.
^Jeffrey Escoffier, "Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution," in Sex Scene. Media and the Sexual Revolution, ed. Eric Schaefer, Duke University Press, 2014, ISBN978-0-8223-5642-4, pp. 319–347, at p. 319.
^Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present, Quartet Books 1977; 2nd revised edition, with new chapter and bibliography, 1990
^"LGBT Advocate White House Aide Costanza Dies". Advocate.com. March 24, 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. Costanza met with gay activists including Frank Kameny, Troy Perry, Elaine Noble, and Task Force co–executive directors Bruce Voeller and Jean O'Leary.
^Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart (3 August 2009). Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians. University of California Press. p. 197. ISBN978-0-520-26061-0.
^"HRC – About Us". Human Rights Campaign. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2009. –. A coalition of Homosexual organizations organized demonstrations for Armed Forces Day to protest the exclusion of LGBT from the U.S. armed services. The Los Angeles group held a 15-car motorcade, which has been identified as the nation's first gay pride parade.
^Summers, Claude J. (20 October 2009). "BiNet USA". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
^Lavilla, Stacy (9 July 1998). "A Growing Show of Pride: Record Asian American presence at parade reflects a growing acceptance". Asianweek. p. 15. ProQuest367563813.
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