wealth of the city, as the material had to be brought from a very considerable distance); and remains of a brick wall, 3 m. in circumference, which formerly surrounded the town, enclose four large reservoirs of good water and three bazaars. To the south-east there are very extensive ruins of subterranean temples and other buildings half-buried in the sand by which the ancient town was overwhelmed. These temples belong to the Jains, and contain two massive statues of their deities, the one black, the other white. The principal one, as the inscription intimates, is Pariswanath, or Parswanath, carved in the reign of the emperor Akbar; the black one has the date of 1651 inscribed. In 1780 Cambay was taken by the army of General Goddard, was restored to the Mahrattas in 1783, and was afterwards ceded to the British by the peshwa under the treaty of 1803. It was provided with a railway in 1901 by the opening of the 11 m. required to connect with the gaekwar of Baroda’s line through Petlad.
CAMBAY, GULF OF, an inlet in the coast of India, in the
Gujarat division of Bombay. It is about 80 m. in length, but
is shallow and abounds in shoals and sandbanks. It is supposed
that the depth of water in this gulf has been decreasing for more
than two centuries past. The tides, which are very high, run
into it with amazing velocity, but at low water the bottom is
left nearly dry for some distance below the latitude of the town
of Cambay. It is, however, an important inlet, being the channel
by which the valuable produce of central Gujarat and the
British districts of Ahmedabad and Broach is exported; but the
railway from Bombay to Baroda and Ahmedabad, near Cambay,
has for some time past been attracting the trade to itself.
CAMBER (derived through the Fr. from Lat. camera, vault),
in architecture, the upward curvature given to a beam and
provided for the depression or sagging, which it is liable to,
before it has settled down to its bearings. A “camber arch” is
a slight rise given to the straight-arch to correct an apparent
sinking in the centre (see Arch).
CAMBERT, ROBERT (1628–1677), French operatic composer,
was born in Paris in 1628. He was a pupil of Chambonnières.
In 1655, after he had obtained the post of organist at the church
of St Honoré, he married Marie du Moustier. He was musical
superintendent to Queen Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV.,
and for a time held a post with the marquis de Sourdeac. His
earlier works, the words of which were furnished by Pierre
Perrin, continued to be performed before the court at Vincennes
till the death of his patron Cardinal Mazarin. In 1669 Perrin
received a patent for the founding of the Académie Nationale de musique, the germ of the Grand Opéra, and Cambert had a share
in the administration until both he and Perrin were discarded
in the interests of Lulli. Displeased at his subsequent neglect,
and jealous of the favour shown to Lulli, who was musical
superintendent to the king, he went in 1673 to London, where
soon after his arrival he was appointed master of the band to
Charles II. One at least of his operas, Pomone, was performed in
London under his direction, but it did not suit the popular taste,
and he is supposed to have killed himself in London in 1677.
His other principal operas were Ariadne ou les amours de Bacchus and Les Peines et les plaisirs de l‘amour.
CAMBERWELL, a southern metropolitan borough of London,
England, bounded N. by Southwark and Bermondsey, E. by
Deptford and Lewisham, W. by Lambeth, and extending S. to
the boundary of the county of London. Pop, (1901) 259,339.
Area, 4480 acres. It appears in Domesday, but the derivation
of the name is unknown. It includes the districts of Peckham
and Nunhead, and Dulwich (q.v.) with its park, picture-gallery
and schools. Camberwell is mainly residential, and there are
many good houses, pleasantly situated in Dulwich and southward
towards the high ground of Sydenham. Dulwich Park
(72 acres) and Peckham Rye Common and Park (113 acres) are
the largest of several public grounds, and Camberwell Green
was once celebrated for its fairs. Immediately outside the
southern boundary lies a well-known place of recreation,
the Crystal Palace. Among institutions may be mentioned the
Camberwell school of arts and crafts, Peckham Road. In
Camberwell Road is Cambridge House, a university settlement,
founded in 1897 and incorporating the earlier Trinity settlement.
The parliamentary borough of Camberwell has three divisions,
North, Peckham and Dulwich, each returning one member;
but is not wholly coincident with the municipal borough, the
Dulwich division extending to include Penge, outside the
county of London. The borough council consists of a mayor,
ten aldermen, and sixty councillors.
CAMBIASI, LUCA (1527–1585), Genoese painter, familiarly
known as Lucchetto da Genova (his surname is written also
Cambiaso or Cangiagio), was born at Moneglia in the Genoese
state, the son of a painter named Giovanni Cambiasi. He took to
drawing at a very early age, imitating his father, and developed
great aptitude for foreshortening. At the age of fifteen he painted,
along with his father, some subjects from Ovid’s Metamorphoses
on the front of a house in Genoa, and afterwards, in conjunction
with Marcantonio Calvi, a ceiling showing great daring of
execution in the Palazzo Doria. He also formed an early friendship
with Giambattista Castello; both artists painted together,
with so much similarity of style that their works could hardly
be told apart; from this friend Cambiasi learned much in the
way of perspective and architecture. Luchetto’s best artistic
period lasted for twelve years after his first successes; from that
time he declined in power, though not at once in reputation,
owing to the agitations and vexations brought upon him by a
passion which he conceived for his sister-in-law. His wife having
died, and the sister-in-law having taken charge of his house and
children, he endeavoured to procure a papal dispensation for
marrying her; but in this he was disappointed. In 1583 he
accepted an invitation from Philip II. to continue in the Escorial
a series of frescoes which had been begun by Castello, now
deceased; and it is said that one principal reason for his closing
with this offer was that he hoped to bring the royal influence to
bear upon the pope, but in this again he failed. Worn out with
his disquietudes, he died in the Escorial in the second year of his
sojourn. Cambiasi had an ardent fancy, and was a bold designer
in a Raphaelesque mode. His extreme facility astonished the
Spanish painters; and it is said that Philip II., watching one day
with pleasure the offhand zest with which Luchetto was painting
a head of a laughing child, was allowed the further surprise of
seeing the laugh changed, by a touch or two upon the lips, into a
weeping expression. The artist painted sometimes with a brush
in each hand, and with a certainty equalling or transcending that
even of Tintoret. He made a vast number of drawings, and was
also something of a sculptor, executing in this branch of art a
figure of Faith. Altogether he ranks as one of the ablest artists
of his day. In personal character, notwithstanding his executive
energy, he is reported to have been timid and diffident. His son
Orazio became likewise a painter, studying under Luchetto.
The best works of Cambiasi are to be seen in Genoa. In the church of S. Giorgio—the martyrdom of that saint; in the Palazzo Imperiali Terralba, a Genoese suburb—a fresco of the “Rape of the Sabines”; in S. Maria da Carignano—a “Pietà,” containing his own portrait and (according to tradition) that of his beloved sister-in-law. In the Escorial he executed several pictures; one is a Paradise on the vaulting of the church, with a multitude of figures. For this picture he received 12,000 ducats, probably the largest sum that had, up to that time, ever been given for a single work.
CAMBODIA[1] (called by the inhabitants Sroc Khmer and by the French Cambodge), a country of south-eastern Asia and a protectorate of France, forming part of French Indo-China.
Geography.—It is bounded N. by Siam and Laos, E. by Annam, S.E. and S. by Cochin-China, S.W. by the Gulf of Siam, and W. by Siam. Its area is estimated at approximately 65,000 sq. m.; its population at 1,500,000, of whom some three-quarters are Cambodians, the rest Chinese, Annamese, Chams, Malays, and aboriginal natives. The whole of Cambodia lies in the basin of the lower Mekong, which, entering this territory on the north, flows south for some distance, then inclines south-west as far as Pnom-penh, where it spreads into a delta and resumes a southerly course. The salient feature of Cambodian geography is the large lake Tonlé-Sap, in a depression 68 m. long from south-east to north-west and 15 m. wide. It is fed by several
- ↑ See also Indo-China, French.
