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{{short description|Legal provision for transference of legal parentage of an adult}}
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'''Adult adoption''' is a form of [[adoption]] between 2 or more adults in order to transfer [[inheritance]] rights and/or [[filiation]]. Adult adoption may be done for various reasons including: to establish [[intestacy|intestate inheritance rights]];<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratliff |first=S. |year=2011 |title=Adult Adoption: Intestate Succession and Class Gifts under the Uniform Probate Code, |journal=Northwestern University Law Review |volume=105 |number=4 |url=http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v105/n4/1777/LR105n4Ratliff.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> to formalize a [[Stepfamily|step-parent/step-child]] relationship or a [[foster care|foster parent/foster child]] relationship; or to restore the original legal relationship between adult adoptees and their natural families.<ref>[http://adoptingback.com/ Healing Families Dismembered By Adoption].</ref>
{{For|the Canadian independent film|Adult Adoption (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
⚫
'''Adult adoption''' is a form of [[adoption]] between two or more adults in order to transfer [[inheritance]] rights and/or [[filiation]]. Adult adoption may be done for various reasons including: to establish [[intestacy|intestate inheritance rights]];<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratliff |first=S. |year=2011 |title=Adult Adoption: Intestate Succession and Class Gifts under the Uniform Probate Code |journal=Northwestern University Law Review |volume=105 |number=4 |url=http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v105/n4/1777/LR105n4Ratliff.pdf }}</ref> to formalize a [[Stepfamily|step-parent/step-child]] relationship or a [[foster care|foster parent/foster child]] relationship; or to restore the original legal relationship between adult adoptees and their biological families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adoptingback.com/ |title=Healing Families Dismembered By Adoption}}</ref>


In Japan, adult adoption may be used in order to facilitate the continuance of a family business.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Financial Economics |volume=108|issue=3|pages=840–854|issn=0304-405X|doi=10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.011 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Vikas |last2=Morck |first2=Randall |last3=Shim |first3=Jungwook |last4=Wiwattanakantangd |first4=Yupana |year=2013 |title=Adoptive Expectations: Rising Sons in Japanese Family Firms |url=http://professor.business.ualberta.ca/randallmorck/~/media/business/FacultyAndStaff/FSA/RandallMorck/Documents/Research/WorkingPapers/AdoptiveexpectationsNBERw168742.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> This form of adoption is known as ''[[mukoyōshi]]'' (“son-in-law adoption”).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21567419-family-firms-adopt-unusual-approach-remain-competitive-keeping-it-family |work=The Economist |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Keeping it in the family: Family firms adopt an unusual approach to remain competitive |accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Adult adoption may also be used in some jurisdictions by [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]] in order to establish inheritance rights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/your-money/estate-planning/21ADOPT.html |last=Jacobs |first=Deborah L. |date=May 20, 2009 |title=Adult Adoption a High-Stakes Means to an Inheritance |work=New York Times |page=Your Money, Estate Planning}}</ref>
[[Japanese adult adoption|In Japan, adult adoption]] may be used in order to facilitate the continuance of a family business.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Financial Economics |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=840–854 |issn=0304-405X |doi=10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.011 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Vikas |last2=Morck |first2=Randall |last3=Shim |first3=Jungwook |last4=Wiwattanakantangd |first4=Yupana |year=2013 |title=Adoptive Expectations: Rising Sons in Japanese Family Firms |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w16874}}</ref> This form of adoption is known as ''[[mukoyōshi]]'' ("son-in-law adoption").<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21567419-family-firms-adopt-unusual-approach-remain-competitive-keeping-it-family |newspaper=The Economist |date=1 December 2012 |title=Keeping it in the family: Family firms adopt an unusual approach to remain competitive |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>


Depending on the laws of the jurisdiction, adult adoption may not be available as a legal option. In the United Kingdom, only children may be adopted. The ''Adoption and Children Act (2002)'' states, "An application for an adoption order may only be made if the person to be adopted has not attained the age of 18 years on the date of the application."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/38/section/49 |title=Adoption and Children Act 2002 |nopp=Y |page=Section 49 (4) |work=[[legislation.gov.uk]] }}</ref>
Depending on the laws of the jurisdiction, adult adoption may not be available as a legal option. In the United Kingdom, only children may be adopted. The ''Adoption and Children Act (2002)'' states, "An application for an adoption order may only be made if the person to be adopted has not attained the age of 18 years on the date of the application."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/38/section/49 |title=Adoption and Children Act 2002 |no-pp=y|page=Section 49 (4) |work=[[legislation.gov.uk]] }}</ref>


In places where adult adoptions exist, it may or may not transfer [[filiation]] in addition to inheritance rights. For example, in Colorado, one can adopt an adult of age 21 or older for inheritance purposes, but filiation will remain unaffected.<ref>{{cite book |series=Colorado Revised Statutes |chapterurl=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2014%20%282014%29.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309082210/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2014%20(2014).pdf|archivedate=March 9, 2016 |volume=Title 14 |title=Domestic Matters |page=1 |chapter=Article 1 Adoption - Adults, Section 14-1-101 "Adoption of Adults"}}</ref> However, adoption of a person between the ages of 18 and 20 (inclusive) transfers both inheritance rights and filiation.<ref>{{cite book |series=Colorado Revised Statutes |volume=Title 19 |title=Children’s Code |chapterurl=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2019%20%282014%29.pdf#page=301 |page=301 |chapter=Article 5 Relinquishment and Adoption, Part 2 Adoption, Section 19-5-201 "Who May be Adopted"}}</ref> {{cns|date=December 2016|In most other American states, both filiation and inheritance rights are transferred.}}
In places where adult adoptions exist, it may or may not transfer [[filiation]] in addition to inheritance rights. For example, in Colorado, one can adopt an adult of age 21 or older for inheritance purposes, but filiation will remain unaffected.<ref>{{cite book |series=Colorado Revised Statutes |chapter-url=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2014%20%282014%29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309082210/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2014%20(2014).pdf|archive-date=9 March 2016 |volume=Title 14 |title=Domestic Matters |page=1 |chapter=Article 1 Adoption - Adults, Section 14-1-101 "Adoption of Adults"}}</ref> However, adoption of a person between the ages of 18 and 20 (inclusive) transfers both inheritance rights and filiation.<ref>{{cite book |series=Colorado Revised Statutes |volume=Title 19 |title=Children's Code |chapter-url=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2019%20%282014%29.pdf#page=301 |page=301 |chapter=Article 5 Relinquishment and Adoption, Part 2 Adoption, Section 19-5-201 "Who May be Adopted" |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034309/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2019%20%282014%29.pdf#page=301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{cns|date=December 2016|In most other American states, both filiation and inheritance rights are transferred.}} In countries where same-sex couples have not received the same legal protections as heterosexual couples, adult adoption of a partner has been used to ensure the property transfer to the surviving partner upon death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adoption gave gay Fox Chapel couple legal stature; now it disallows them marriage |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/local/north/2015/10/09/Fox-Chapel-gay-couple-had-to-legalize-their-status-through-adoption-now-it-keeps-them-from-getting-married/stories/201510110112 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Green">{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Elon |title=The Lost History of Gay Adult Adoption |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/magazine/the-lost-history-of-gay-adult-adoption.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Maree">{{cite book |last1=Maree |first1=Claire |chapter=Sexual citizenship at the intersections of patriarchy and heteronormativity: Same-sex partnerships and the koseki |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |page=194 |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=David |editor-last2=Krogness |editor-first2=Karl Jakob |title=Japan's Household Registration System and Citizenship |isbn=9781134512911}}</ref>

==Among same-sex couples==
{{Main|Same-sex adult adoption}}
During the 1980s and 1990s, in absence of recognition of same-sex marriage, adult adoption was a way used by some persons having same-sex preference to let their partner inherit their estates.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Green|first=Elon|date=2015-10-19|title=The Lost History of Gay Adult Adoption|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/magazine/the-lost-history-of-gay-adult-adoption.html|access-date=2021-10-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The process however involved the convoluted process of first getting rid of the formal parent child relationship of the adoptee from his/her biological parents and then applying for an adult adoption where his/her partner would be the adopter. In the 2010 book ''Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States,'' author Yuval Merin called adult adoption among same-sex couples "problematic" and noted that it had not gained popularity as a means to "circumvent the impossibility of same-sex marriage" at that time in the U.S.<ref name="Merin">{{cite book |last1=Merin |first1=Yuval |title=Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States |date=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-52033-9 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10rBoQPazt0C&dq=%22adult+adoption%22&pg=PA196 |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Japanese adult adoption]]
*[[Adoption in Ancient Rome]]
*''[[Adult Adoption]]'', a 2022 Canadian film


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Adoption forms and related practices]]
[[Category:Adult adoption| ]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent]]
[[Category:Family law]]
[[Category:Adoption law]]
[[Category:Adoption law]]
[[Category:Adult adoptees| ]]




Latest revision as of 05:52, 25 July 2024

For the Canadian independent film, see Adult Adoption (film).

Adult adoption is a form of adoption between two or more adults in order to transfer inheritance rights and/or filiation. Adult adoption may be done for various reasons including: to establish intestate inheritance rights;[1] to formalize a step-parent/step-child relationship or a foster parent/foster child relationship; or to restore the original legal relationship between adult adoptees and their biological families.[2]

In Japan, adult adoption may be used in order to facilitate the continuance of a family business.[3] This form of adoption is known as mukoyōshi ("son-in-law adoption").[4]

Depending on the laws of the jurisdiction, adult adoption may not be available as a legal option. In the United Kingdom, only children may be adopted. The Adoption and Children Act (2002) states, "An application for an adoption order may only be made if the person to be adopted has not attained the age of 18 years on the date of the application."[5]

In places where adult adoptions exist, it may or may not transfer filiation in addition to inheritance rights. For example, in Colorado, one can adopt an adult of age 21 or older for inheritance purposes, but filiation will remain unaffected.[6] However, adoption of a person between the ages of 18 and 20 (inclusive) transfers both inheritance rights and filiation.[7] In most other American states, both filiation and inheritance rights are transferred.[citation needed] In countries where same-sex couples have not received the same legal protections as heterosexual couples, adult adoption of a partner has been used to ensure the property transfer to the surviving partner upon death.[8][9][10]

Among same-sex couples

[edit]
Main article: Same-sex adult adoption

During the 1980s and 1990s, in absence of recognition of same-sex marriage, adult adoption was a way used by some persons having same-sex preference to let their partner inherit their estates.[11] The process however involved the convoluted process of first getting rid of the formal parent child relationship of the adoptee from his/her biological parents and then applying for an adult adoption where his/her partner would be the adopter. In the 2010 book Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States, author Yuval Merin called adult adoption among same-sex couples "problematic" and noted that it had not gained popularity as a means to "circumvent the impossibility of same-sex marriage" at that time in the U.S.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ratliff, S. (2011). "Adult Adoption: Intestate Succession and Class Gifts under the Uniform Probate Code" (PDF). Northwestern University Law Review. 105 (4).
  2. ^ "Healing Families Dismembered By Adoption".
  3. ^ Mehrotra, Vikas; Morck, Randall; Shim, Jungwook; Wiwattanakantangd, Yupana (2013). "Adoptive Expectations: Rising Sons in Japanese Family Firms". Journal of Financial Economics. 108 (3): 840–854. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.011. ISSN 0304-405X.
  4. ^ "Keeping it in the family: Family firms adopt an unusual approach to remain competitive". The Economist. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  5. ^ "Adoption and Children Act 2002". legislation.gov.uk. Section 49 (4).
  6. ^ "Article 1 Adoption - Adults, Section 14-1-101 "Adoption of Adults"" (PDF). Domestic Matters. Colorado Revised Statutes. Vol. Title 14. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016.
  7. ^ "Article 5 Relinquishment and Adoption, Part 2 Adoption, Section 19-5-201 "Who May be Adopted"" (PDF). Children's Code. Colorado Revised Statutes. Vol. Title 19. p. 301. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  8. ^ "Adoption gave gay Fox Chapel couple legal stature; now it disallows them marriage". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  9. ^ Green, Elon (19 October 2015). "The Lost History of Gay Adult Adoption". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  10. ^ Maree, Claire (2014). "Sexual citizenship at the intersections of patriarchy and heteronormativity: Same-sex partnerships and the koseki". In Chapman, David; Krogness, Karl Jakob (eds.). Japan's Household Registration System and Citizenship. Routledge. p. 194. ISBN 9781134512911.
  11. ^ Green, Elon (19 October 2015). "The Lost History of Gay Adult Adoption". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  12. ^ Merin, Yuval (2010). Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States. University of Chicago Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-226-52033-9. Retrieved 8 May 2020.


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