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{{short description|Pogroms against Jews in Turkey}}
{{short description|Pogroms against Jews in Turkey}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1934 Thrace pogroms
| title = 1934 Thrace pogroms
| image =
| partof =
| caption =
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Eastern Thrace]], Turkey; including [[Tekirdağ]], [[Edirne]], [[Kırklareli]], and [[Çanakkale]]
| location = [[Eastern Thrace]], Turkey; including [[Tekirdağ]], [[Edirne]], [[Kırklareli]], and [[Çanakkale]]
| target = Property of the Jewish population of the city.
| target = Property of the Jewish population of the city.
| date = June–July 1934
| date = June–July 1934
| type =
| type =
| fatalities = 1<ref name=Pekesen/>
| fatalities = 1<ref name=Pekesen/>
| perpetrators = [[Republican People's Party]]

Turkish mobs
}}
}}


The '''1934 Thrace pogroms''' ({{lang-tr|Trakya Olayları}}, "Thrace incidents" or "Thrace events", [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]: ''Furtuna/La Furtuna'', "Storm")<ref name=Pekesen>{{cite book |last1=Pekesen |first1=Birna |editor1-last=Krawietz |editor1-first=Birgit |editor2-last=Riedler |editor2-first=Florian |title=The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-063908-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EUnSDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=Edirne+Armenian+genocide&source=gbs_navlinks_s 430] |url= |language=en |chapter=The AntiJewish Pogrom in 1934 Problems of Historiography Terms and Methodology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bulut |first1=Eduard Alan |title=Minorities in constitution making in Turkey |date=2017 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |isbn=9781527507500 |page=29 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Minorities_in_Constitution_Making_in_Tur/Yn9IDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=furtuna++pogrom+turkiye&pg=PA29&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> refers to a series of violent attacks against [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Jewish citizens of Turkey]] in June and July 1934 in the [[Thrace]] region of Turkey. One of the main crucial factors behind the events was the [[1934 Turkish Resettlement Law|Resettlement Law]] passed by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Assembly]] on 14 June 1934.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/01/11/pogroms-to-the-jews-for-the-secular-democratic-of-turkey-part-i/|title=Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey - Part I|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust|last=Guttstadt|first=Corry|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521769914|pages=65–66|oclc=870196866}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lamprou |first=Alexandrous |date=2013 |title=Nationalist Mobilization and State—Society Relations: The People's Houses' Campaign for Turkish in Izmir, June—July 1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585944 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=824–839 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.811653 |jstor=24585944 |s2cid=143520978 |issn=0026-3206 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
The '''1934 Thrace pogroms''' ({{langx|tr|Trakya Olayları}}, "Thrace incidents" or "Thrace events", [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]: ''Furtuna/La Furtuna'', "Storm")<ref name=Pekesen>{{cite book |last1=Pekesen |first1=Birna |editor1-last=Krawietz |editor1-first=Birgit |editor2-last=Riedler |editor2-first=Florian |title=The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-063908-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EUnSDwAAQBAJ&q=Edirne+Armenian+genocide 430] |url= |chapter=The AntiJewish Pogrom in 1934 Problems of Historiography Terms and Methodology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bulut |first1=Eduard Alan |title=Minorities in constitution making in Turkey |date=2017 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |isbn=9781527507500 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9IDwAAQBAJ&dq=furtuna++pogrom+turkiye&pg=PA29 |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> were a series of violent attacks against [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Jewish citizens of Turkey]] in June and July 1934 in the [[East Thrace|Thrace]] region of Turkey. One of the main crucial factors behind the events was the [[1934 Turkish Resettlement Law|Resettlement Law]] passed by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Assembly]] on 14 June 1934.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/01/11/pogroms-to-the-jews-for-the-secular-democratic-of-turkey-part-i/|title=Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey – Part I|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust|last=Guttstadt|first=Corry|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521769914|pages=65–66|oclc=870196866}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lamprou |first=Alexandrous |date=2013 |title=Nationalist Mobilization and State—Society Relations: The People's Houses' Campaign for Turkish in Izmir, June—July 1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585944 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=824–839 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.811653 |jstor=24585944 |s2cid=143520978 |issn=0026-3206 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==


Some have argued that the acts were initiated by the articles which were written by [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkist]] ideologists like [[Cevat Rıfat Atilhan]] and [[Faik Kurdoğlu]] in ''Millî İnkılâp'' {{Dubious|date=September 2011}}<ref name="RBTO">Rifat Bali, ''1934 Trakya Olayları'', 2008</ref> (National Revolution) magazine and [[Nihal Atsız]]<ref name="RBTO"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nihalatsiz.org/ |title=Nihal Atsız profile (in Turkish) |access-date=2020-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002070510/http://www.nihalatsiz.org/ |archive-date=2015-10-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in ''Orhun'' magazine. One researcher accepted Atilhan's role, but he argued that Atsız did not participate in such an act, because ''Orhun'' only contained two articles about Jews, and both of them were published after Atsız resettled in İstanbul.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karabulak |first1=Ozan |title=Atsız ve Türkçülüğün Yarım Asrı - Süreli Yayınlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Seyri (1931-1975) |date=2018 |publisher=Ötüken Neşriyat |isbn=9786051556307 |pages=144–147|language=tr}}</ref> Then the Resettlement Law was meant to enable demographic engineering in favor of a potentially Turkish speaking majority and the campaign [[Citizen, speak Turkish!|Citizens speak Turkish!]], which meant to force the people to speak Turkish, was supported by the Turkish [[Halkevleri|Peoples Houses]].<ref name=":2">Lamprou, Alexandrous (2013).pp.829–830</ref> On the 5 July after having become aware of the potential repercussions, the chairman of the Peoples House in Izmir denied the campaign was directed at Jews and claimed it was only against foreign languages, including Greek, Spanish and Albanian.<ref name=":2" />
Some have argued that the acts were initiated by the articles written by [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkist]] ideologists like [[Cevat Rıfat Atilhan]] and [[Faik Kurdoğlu]] in ''Millî İnkılâp'' {{Dubious|date=September 2011}}<ref name="RBTO">Rifat Bali, ''1934 Trakya Olayları'', 2008</ref> (National Revolution) magazine and [[Nihal Atsız]]<ref name="RBTO"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nihalatsiz.org/ |title=Nihal Atsız profile (in Turkish) |access-date=2020-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002070510/http://www.nihalatsiz.org/ |archive-date=2015-10-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in ''Orhun'' magazine. One researcher accepted Atilhan's role, but he argued that Atsız did not participate in such an act, because ''Orhun'' only contained two articles about Jews, and both of them were published after Atsız resettled in İstanbul.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karabulak |first1=Ozan |title=Atsız ve Türkçülüğün Yarım Asrı - Süreli Yayınlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Seyri (1931-1975) |date=2018 |publisher=Ötüken Neşriyat |isbn=9786051556307 |pages=144–147|language=tr}}</ref> Then the Resettlement Law was meant to enable demographic engineering in favor of a potentially Turkish speaking majority and the campaign [[Citizen, speak Turkish!|Citizens speak Turkish!]], which meant to force the people to speak Turkish, was supported by the Turkish [[Halkevleri]].<ref name=":2">Lamprou, Alexandrous (2013).pp.829–830</ref> On the 5 July after having become aware of the potential repercussions, the chairman of the Halkevleri in Izmir denied the campaign was directed at Jews and claimed it was only against foreign languages, including Greek, Spanish and Albanian.<ref name=":2" />


== Pogrom ==
== Pogrom ==
⚫
The incidents that preceded the pogrom started in [[Çanakkale]] in the second half of June 1934.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benbassa |first1=Esther |title=Türkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri tarihi : (14.-20. yüzyıllar) = Juifs des Balkans espaces Judéo-Ibériques, XIVe-XXe-siècles |date=2001 |publisher=İletişim |location=İstanbul |isbn=9789754709230 |pages=242–244 |edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=ŞimŞek |first1=Halil |title=Çanakkale Bağlamında 1934 Trakya Yahudi Olayları |journal=Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=144 |url=https://arastirmax.com/tr/system/files/dergiler/69633/makaleler/9/arastirmax-canakkale-baglaminda-1934-trakya-yahudi-olaylari.pdf |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711084942/https://arastirmax.com/tr/system/files/dergiler/69633/makaleler/9/arastirmax-canakkale-baglaminda-1934-trakya-yahudi-olaylari.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pogroms occurred in [[Tekirdağ]], [[Edirne]], [[Kırklareli]], and [[Çanakkale]], and they were motivated by [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/02/16/pogroms-to-the-jews-at-the-time-of-secular-and-democratic-turkey-part-iii/|title=Pogroms to the Jews at the time of "Secular and Democratic" Turkey – Part III|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/02/11/pogroms-to-the-jews-for-the-secular-democratic-of-turkey-part-ii/|title=Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey – Part II|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey|last1=Özkimirli|first1=Umut|last2=Sofos|first2=Spyros A|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780231700528|pages=167|oclc=608489245}}</ref>


⚫
The government of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] failed to stop the pogrom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/10/world/age-of-terror-undermining-turkish-jews.html|title=Age of Terror Undermining Turkish Jews|author=Henry Kamm|work=The New York Times|date=Sep 10, 1986}}</ref> In the context of the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, foreign diplomats{{Who|date=November 2023}} who were then based in Turkey believed that the Turkish government implicitly supported the Thrace pogrom to facilitate the relocation of Turkey's Jewish population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bayraktar|first=Hatiice|date=May 2006|title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: new evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=40|issue=2|pages=95–111|doi=10.1080/00313220600634238|s2cid=144078355|issn=0031-322X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After the foreign press reported about the pogroms, Prime Minister [[İsmet İnönü]] acknowledged their existence, condemned them and blamed them on antisemitism.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Haaretz]]'' reports that according to the historian Corry Guttstadt, "the Turkish authorities had apparently opted for the strategy of putting the Jews under such pressure with boycott activities and anonymous threats 'from the population' that they would leave the area 'voluntarily.'"
⚫
The incidents which preceded the pogrom started in [[Çanakkale]] in the second half of June 1934.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benbassa |first1=Esther |title=Türkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri tarihi : (14.-20. yüzyıllar) = Juifs des Balkans espaces Judéo-Ibériques, XIVe-XXe-siècles |date=2001 |publisher=İletişim |location=İstanbul |isbn=9789754709230 |pages=242–244 |edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=ŞimŞek |first1=Halil |title=Çanakkale Bağlamında 1934 Trakya Yahudi Olayları |journal=Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=144 |url=https://arastirmax.com/tr/system/files/dergiler/69633/makaleler/9/arastirmax-canakkale-baglaminda-1934-trakya-yahudi-olaylari.pdf |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> The pogroms occurred in [[Tekirdağ]], [[Edirne]], [[Kırklareli]], and [[Çanakkale]], and they were motivated by [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/02/16/pogroms-to-the-jews-at-the-time-of-secular-and-democratic-turkey-part-iii/|title=Pogroms to the Jews at the time of "Secular and Democratic" Turkey - Part III|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yektauzunoglu.com/en/2018/02/11/pogroms-to-the-jews-for-the-secular-democratic-of-turkey-part-ii/|title=Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey – Part II|work=Yekta Uzunoglu|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey|last1=Özkimirli|first1=Umut|last2=Sofos|first2=Spyros A|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780231700528|pages=167|oclc=608489245}}</ref>


However, others disagree. Although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the outbreak of the incidents, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office.<ref>Toprak, Zafer. 1996 ‘1934 Trakya olaylarında hukumetin ve CHP’in sorumlulugu (Government responsibility and the CHP in the 1934 Thracian incidents), Toplumsal Tarih, vol. 34, pp. 19-25.</ref> Further, according to historian Rifat Bali, incitement of violence against Jews was then common in the press and contributed to the violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=David |title=1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey-1.5250809 |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=Haaretz |date=5 June 2014}}</ref>
They were followed by acts of vandalism against Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and they spread to a few other villages in the [[Eastern Thrace]] region and some small cities in the Western [[Aegean region]].{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} At the height of the violent events, it was rumored that a [[rabbi]] was stripped naked and shamefully dragged through the streets and his daughter was [[rape]]d.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

⚫
The government of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] failed to stop the pogrom.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/10/world/age-of-terror-undermining-turkish-jews.html AGE OF TERROR UNDERMINING TURKISH JEWS] By HENRY KAMM and SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES SEPT. 10, 1986</ref> In the context of the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, foreign diplomats who were based in Turkey at that time believed that the Turkish government implicitly supported the Thrace pogrom in order to facilitate the relocation of Turkey's Jewish population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bayraktar|first=Hatiice|date=May 2006|title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: new evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=40|issue=2|pages=95–111|doi=10.1080/00313220600634238|s2cid=144078355|issn=0031-322X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After the foreign press reported about the pogroms, Prime Minister [[İsmet İnönü|Ismet Inönü]] acknowledged their existence, condemned them and blamed them to Anti-semitism.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Haaretz]]'' reports that according to the historian Corry Guttstadt, "the Turkish authorities had apparently opted for the strategy of putting the Jews under such pressure with boycott activities and anonymous threats 'from the population' that they would leave the area 'voluntarily.'" Further, according to historian Rifat Bali that the incitement against Jews was common in the press at the time and this contributed to the violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=David |title=1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey-1.5250809 |access-date=29 September 2019 |publisher=Haaretz |date=5 June 2014}}</ref>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==

Over 15,000 Jewish citizens of Turkey had to flee from the region.<ref name=":0" />
Over 15,000 Jewish citizens of Turkey had to flee from the region.<ref name=":0" />


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Razgrad Incident (1933)|Razgrad Incident]]
*[[Antisemitism in Turkey]]
*[[Antisemitism in Turkey]]
*[[Racism in Turkey]]
*[[Racism in Turkey]]
Line 38: Line 39:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Baer |first1=Marc D.|author-link=Marc David Baer |title=Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide |date=2020 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-04542-3}}
⚫
* {{cite journal |last1=Bayraktar |first1=Hatiice |title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: new evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |date=2006 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=95–111 |doi=10.1080/00313220600634238|s2cid=144078355 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Koldas |first1=Umut |title=Playing in the Discursive Backyard of the State: Turkish National Press Discourse towards the Anti-Jewish Incidents of 1934 |journal=Kwartalnik Historii Żydów |date=2014 |volume=250 |issue=2 |pages=297–320 |language=English |issn=1899-3044}}
*{{cite journal |first=Rıfat | last=Bali |title=The 1934 Thrace events: continuity and change within Turkish state policies regarding non-Muslim minorities. An interview with Rıfat Bali |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies |year=2008 |issue=7 |doi=10.4000/ejts.2903 |doi-access=free}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Bali |first1=Rıfat N. |title=1934 Trakya olayları |date=2008 |publisher=Kitabevi |isbn=978-975-9173-64-7 |language=tr}}
⚫
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00313220600634238|title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: New evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government |year=2006 |last1=Bayraktar |first1=Hatiice |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=95–111 |s2cid=144078355 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=Jacob |title=Prelude to a Turkish Anomaly: Eastern Thrace Before the 1934 Attacks on Jews |journal=Antisemitism Studies |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=364 |doi=10.2979/antistud.1.2.06|s2cid=134187035 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=Jacob |title=Prelude to a Turkish Anomaly: Eastern Thrace Before the 1934 Attacks on Jews |journal=Antisemitism Studies |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=364 |doi=10.2979/antistud.1.2.06|s2cid=134187035 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Eligür |first1=Banu |title=The 1934 anti-Jewish Thrace riots: the Jewish exodus of Thrace through the lens of nationalism and collective violence |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2017 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=88–109 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2016.1182422|s2cid=147807971 }}
* {{Citation | vauthors=((Green, D. B.)) | date=5 June 2014 | title=1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey | website=Haaretz | url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-05/ty-article/.premium/1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey/0000017f-e60b-dea7-adff-f7fbbe590000 | access-date=17 January 2023 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Güven |first1=Erdem |last2=Yılmazata |first2=Mehmet |title=MİLLİ İNKILAP AND THE THRACE INCIDENTS OF 1934 |journal=Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |date=2014 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=190–211 |doi=10.1080/14725886.2014.918738|s2cid=144955905 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Güven |first1=Erdem |last2=Yılmazata |first2=Mehmet |title=MİLLİ İNKILAP AND THE THRACE INCIDENTS OF 1934 |journal=Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |date=2014 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=190–211 |doi=10.1080/14725886.2014.918738|s2cid=144955905 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Eligür |first1=Banu |title=The 1934 anti-Jewish Thrace riots: the Jewish exodus of Thrace through the lens of nationalism and collective violence |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2017 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=88–109 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2016.1182422|s2cid=147807971 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Koldas |first1=Umut |title=Playing in the Discursive Backyard of the State: Turkish National Press Discourse towards the Anti-Jewish Incidents of 1934 |journal=Kwartalnik Historii Żydów |date=2014 |volume=250 |issue=2 |pages=297–320 |issn=1899-3044}}
* {{cite book | vauthors=((Pekesen, B.)) | title=The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times | date=2019 | chapter=The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology | publisher=De Gruyter | pages=412–432 | url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110639087-013/pdf | doi=10.1515/9783110639087-013 | isbn=978-3-11-063908-7| s2cid=212934694 }}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Bali |first1=Rıfat N. |title=1934 Trakya olayları |date=2008 |publisher=Kitabevi |isbn=978-975-9173-64-7 |language=tr}}
**{{cite journal |author=Rıfat Bali |title=The 1934 Thrace events: continuity and change within Turkish state policies regarding non-Muslim minorities. An interview with Rıfat Bali |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies |year=2008 |issue=7 |doi=10.4000/ejts.2903 |doi-access=free}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Baer |first1=Marc D.|author-link=Marc David Baer |title=Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide |date=2020 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-04542-3}}


{{Massacres of Jews}}
{{Massacres of Jews}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrace pogroms}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrace pogroms}}
[[Category:1934 in Europe]]
[[Category:1934 in Europe]]
[[Category:1934 in Turkey]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Turkey]]
[[Category:1934 riots]]
[[Category:1934 riots]]
[[Category:June 1934 events]]
[[Category:June 1934 events]]
[[Category:July 1934 events]]
[[Category:July 1934 events]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Turkey]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Turkey]]
[[Category:History of Çanakkale]]
[[Category:History of Çanakkale]]
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[[Category:Eastern Thrace]]
[[Category:Eastern Thrace]]
[[Category:1934 crimes in Turkey]]
[[Category:1934 crimes in Turkey]]
[[Category:Republican People's Party (Turkey)]]

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{{Turkey-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 17:26, 31 October 2024

1934 Thrace pogroms
LocationEastern Thrace, Turkey; including Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, and Çanakkale
DateJune–July 1934
TargetProperty of the Jewish population of the city.
Deaths1[1]
PerpetratorsRepublican People's Party Turkish mobs

The 1934 Thrace pogroms (Turkish: Trakya Olayları, "Thrace incidents" or "Thrace events", Ladino: Furtuna/La Furtuna, "Storm")[1][2] were a series of violent attacks against Jewish citizens of Turkey in June and July 1934 in the Thrace region of Turkey. One of the main crucial factors behind the events was the Resettlement Law passed by the Turkish Assembly on 14 June 1934.[3][4][5]

Background

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Some have argued that the acts were initiated by the articles written by Pan-Turkist ideologists like Cevat Rıfat Atilhan and Faik Kurdoğlu in Millî İnkılâp [dubious – discuss][6] (National Revolution) magazine and Nihal Atsız[6][7] in Orhun magazine. One researcher accepted Atilhan's role, but he argued that Atsız did not participate in such an act, because Orhun only contained two articles about Jews, and both of them were published after Atsız resettled in İstanbul.[8] Then the Resettlement Law was meant to enable demographic engineering in favor of a potentially Turkish speaking majority and the campaign Citizens speak Turkish!, which meant to force the people to speak Turkish, was supported by the Turkish Halkevleri.[9] On the 5 July after having become aware of the potential repercussions, the chairman of the Halkevleri in Izmir denied the campaign was directed at Jews and claimed it was only against foreign languages, including Greek, Spanish and Albanian.[9]

Pogrom

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The incidents that preceded the pogrom started in Çanakkale in the second half of June 1934.[10][11] The pogroms occurred in Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, and Çanakkale, and they were motivated by antisemitism.[12][13][14]

The government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk failed to stop the pogrom.[15] In the context of the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, foreign diplomats[who?] who were then based in Turkey believed that the Turkish government implicitly supported the Thrace pogrom to facilitate the relocation of Turkey's Jewish population.[16][4] After the foreign press reported about the pogroms, Prime Minister İsmet İnönü acknowledged their existence, condemned them and blamed them on antisemitism.[5] Haaretz reports that according to the historian Corry Guttstadt, "the Turkish authorities had apparently opted for the strategy of putting the Jews under such pressure with boycott activities and anonymous threats 'from the population' that they would leave the area 'voluntarily.'"

However, others disagree. Although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the outbreak of the incidents, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office.[17] Further, according to historian Rifat Bali, incitement of violence against Jews was then common in the press and contributed to the violence.[18]

Aftermath

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Over 15,000 Jewish citizens of Turkey had to flee from the region.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pekesen, Birna (2019). "The AntiJewish Pogrom in 1934 Problems of Historiography Terms and Methodology". In Krawietz, Birgit; Riedler, Florian (eds.). The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 430. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7.
  2. ^ Bulut, Eduard Alan (2017). Minorities in constitution making in Turkey. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. p. 29. ISBN 9781527507500. Retrieved 8 July 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey – Part I". Yekta Uzunoglu. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
  4. ^ a b c Guttstadt, Corry (2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780521769914. OCLC 870196866.
  5. ^ a b Lamprou, Alexandrous (2013). "Nationalist Mobilization and State—Society Relations: The People's Houses' Campaign for Turkish in Izmir, June—July 1934". Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (5): 824–839. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.811653. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 24585944. S2CID 143520978 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ a b Rifat Bali, 1934 Trakya Olayları, 2008
  7. ^ "Nihal Atsız profile (in Turkish)". Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
  8. ^ Karabulak, Ozan (2018). Atsız ve Türkçülüğün Yarım Asrı - Süreli Yayınlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Seyri (1931-1975) (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat. pp. 144–147. ISBN 9786051556307.
  9. ^ a b Lamprou, Alexandrous (2013).pp.829–830
  10. ^ Benbassa, Esther (2001). Türkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri tarihi : (14.-20. yüzyıllar) = Juifs des Balkans espaces Judéo-Ibériques, XIVe-XXe-siècles (1 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 242–244. ISBN 9789754709230.
  11. ^ ŞimŞek, Halil. "Çanakkale Bağlamında 1934 Trakya Yahudi Olayları" (PDF). Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 5 (9): 144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  12. ^ "Pogroms to the Jews at the time of "Secular and Democratic" Turkey – Part III". Yekta Uzunoglu. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
  13. ^ "Pogroms to the Jews for the "Secular Democratic" of Turkey – Part II". Yekta Uzunoglu. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
  14. ^ Özkimirli, Umut; Sofos, Spyros A (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780231700528. OCLC 608489245.
  15. ^ Henry Kamm (Sep 10, 1986). "Age of Terror Undermining Turkish Jews". The New York Times.
  16. ^ Bayraktar, Hatiice (May 2006). "The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: new evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government". Patterns of Prejudice. 40 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1080/00313220600634238. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 144078355.
  17. ^ Toprak, Zafer. 1996 ‘1934 Trakya olaylarında hukumetin ve CHP’in sorumlulugu (Government responsibility and the CHP in the 1934 Thracian incidents), Toplumsal Tarih, vol. 34, pp. 19-25.
  18. ^ Green, David (5 June 2014). "1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 September 2019.

Further reading

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