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{{Italicized title}}
{{Italicized title}}
{{About|the Islamic call to prayer|the settlement in the [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah]]|Athan, Ras Al Khaimah}}
{{About|the Islamic call to prayer|the settlement in the [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah]]|Athan, Ras Al Khaimah}}

{{Arabicterm
{{Arabicterm
|arabic = {{large|{{Naskh|{{wikt-lang|ar|أذان}}}}}}
|arabic = أَذَان
|arabic_rom = ''athan''
|arabic_rom = {{langx|ar|أَذَان|ʔaḏān}}
|literal meaning = 'Call'
|literal meaning = "call"
}}
}}


The '''''athan'''''{{efn|Also variously transliterated as '''''adhaan''''', '''''athan'''''/'''''athaan''''', '''''adhane''''' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Adhane - Appel à la prière depuis la Mecque|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6okulgC3FWo|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> '''''ajan'''''/'''''ajaan''''', '''''azan'''''/'''''azaan''''' (in [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]] and [[South Asia]]), '''''adzan'''''/'''''adzaan''''' (in [[Southeast Asia]]), and '''''ezan'''''/'''''ezaan''''' (in [[Turkey]] and the [[Balkans]]), among other languages.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Dessing|first=Nathal M.|title=Rituals of Birth, Circumcision, Marriage, and Death Among Muslims in the Netherlands|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-9-042-91059-1|page=25}}</ref>}} ({{IPA-ar|ʔaˈðaːn|}}, {{lang-ar|أَذَان|adhān}}) is the first [[Islam|Islamic]] [[call to prayer]], usually recited by a [[muezzin]] at [[salah times|five times]] of the day in a [[mosque]], traditionally from a [[minaret]]. The adhan is also the first thing recited in the ear of a newborn baby. It’s often the first thing recited in a new home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Do When a Baby Is Born - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/7889/what-to-do-when-a-baby-is-born |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref>
The '''{{transliteration|ar|adhan}}'''{{efn|Also variously transliterated as '''{{transliteration|ar|adhaan}}''', '''{{transliteration|ar|athan}}''', '''{{transliteration|ar|athaan}}''', '''''adhane''''' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Adhane – Appel à la prière depuis la Mecque|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6okulgC3FWo|website=[[YouTube]]| date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> '''''ajan'''''/'''''ajaan''''', '''''azan'''''/'''''azaan''''' (in [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]] and [[South Asia]]), '''''adzan'''''/'''''adzaan''''' (in [[Southeast Asia]]), and '''''ezan'''''/'''''ezaan''''' (in [[Turkey]] and the [[Balkans]]), among other languages.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Dessing|first=Nathal M.|title=Rituals of Birth, Circumcision, Marriage, and Death Among Muslims in the Netherlands|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-9-042-91059-1|page=25}}</ref>}} ({{IPA|ar|ʔaˈðaːn|}}, {{langx|ar|أَذَان|ʔaḏān}}) is the [[Islam|Islamic]] [[call to prayer]], usually recited by a [[muezzin]], traditionally from the [[minaret]] of a [[mosque]], shortly before each of the [[Salah#The daily prayers|five obligatory daily prayers]]. The adhan is also the first phrase said in the ear of a newborn baby, and often the first thing recited in a new home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Do When a Baby Is Born – Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/7889/what-to-do-when-a-baby-is-born |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref>


It is the first call summoning [[Muslims]] to enter the mosque for obligatory (''[[fard]]'') prayers (''[[salah|salawat]]''); a second call, known as the ''[[iqama]]'', summons those already in the mosque to line up for prayer. Muslims are encouraged to stop their activities and respond to the adhan by performing the prescribed prayer, demonstrating reverence for the call to prayer and commitment to their faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Importance Of Praying Salah On-Time in Islam |url=https://www.getsajdah.com/blog/importance-of-praying-salah-on-time-in-islam |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.getsajdah.com |language=en}}</ref>
It is the first call summoning [[Muslims]] to enter the mosque for obligatory ({{transliteration|ar|[[fard]]}}) prayers ({{transliteration|ar|[[salah|salawat]]}}); a second call, known as the {{transliteration|ar|[[iqama]]}}, summons those already in the mosque to assemble for prayer. Muslims are encouraged to stop their activities and respond to the adhan by performing prescribed prayers, demonstrating reverence for the call to prayer and commitment to their faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Importance Of Praying Salah On-Time in Islam |url=https://www.getsajdah.com/blog/importance-of-praying-salah-on-time-in-islam |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.getsajdah.com |language=en}}</ref>


The five prayer times are known in Arabic as {{transliteration|ar|[[Fajr prayer|fajr]]}} ({{lang|ar|فجر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Zuhr prayer|dhuhr]]}} ({{lang|ar|ظهر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Asr prayer|asr]]}} ({{lang|ar|عصر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Maghrib prayer|maghrib]]}} ({{lang|ar|مغرب}}), and {{transliteration|ar|[[Isha prayer|isha]]}} ({{lang|ar|عشاء}}).
In [[Turkey]], it is voiced in five styles depending on the time of day: sabâ, uşşak, hicaz, rast, and segâh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anayurtgazetesi.com/yazar/EZAN-MAKAMLARI/28088|title=Orhan SELEN - EZAN MAKAMLARI}}</ref>
In [[Turkey]], they are called {{lang|tr|sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam}}, and {{lang|tr|yatsı}}; the five calls to prayer are sung in different [[Turkish makam|makam]]s, corresponding to the time of day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anayurtgazetesi.com/yazar/EZAN-MAKAMLARI/28088|title=Orhan Selen – Ezan Makkamları|date=23 May 2016 }}</ref>
In Arabic, it's [[Fajr prayer|Fajr]] (فجر), [[Zuhr prayer|Dhuhr]] (ظهر), [[Asr prayer|Asr]] (عصر), [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]] (مغرب), and [[Isha prayer|Isha]] (عشاء).


== Terminology ==
== Terminology ==
''Adhān'', [[Arabic]] for "announcement", from root ''adhina'', meaning "to listen, to hear, be informed about", is variously transliterated in different cultures.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
{{transliteration|ar|Adhān}}, [[Arabic]] for 'announcement', from the root {{transliteration|ar|adhina}}, meaning 'to listen, to hear, be informed about', is variously transliterated in different cultures.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />


It is commonly written as ''athan'', or ''adhane'' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3" /> ''azan'' in [[Iran]] and [[south Asia]] (in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Dari language|Dari]], [[Pashto]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), ''adzan'' in [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malaysian]]), and ''ezan'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Serbo-Croatian Latin]] (езан in [[Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ezani in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]).<ref name=":4" /> Muslims on the [[Malabar Coast]] in India use the [[Persian language|Persian]] term بانگ, ''banku'', for the call to public prayer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/M/Mappila-Muslim-Culture |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |publisher=State University of New York |year=2015 |pages=397}}</ref>
It is commonly written as ''athan'', or ''adhane'' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3" /> ''azan'' in [[Iran]] and [[south Asia]] (in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Dari language|Dari]], [[Pashto]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), ''adzan'' in [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malaysian]]), and ''ezan'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian Latin]] (езан in [[Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ezani in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]).<ref name=":4" /> Muslims in many parts of South Asia, including the [[Malabar Coast]] of India and the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of India and Pakistan, use the [[Persian language|Persian]] term {{lang|fa|بانگ}}, {{transliteration|fa|bāng}}, for the call to public prayer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/M/Mappila-Muslim-Culture |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |publisher=State University of New York |year=2015 |pages=397}}</ref>


Another derivative of the word ''adhān'' is ''ʾudhun'' ({{lang|ar|أُذُن}}), meaning "ear".
Another derivative of the word {{transliteration|ar|adhān}} is {{transliteration|ar|ʾudhun}} ({{lang|ar|أُذُن}}), meaning 'ear'.


==Announcer==
==Announcer==
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[[File:Bilal.jpg|thumb|upright|The announcer of the Adhan is called a "[[Muezzin]]" (miniature depicting [[Bilal ibn Rabah]] the first Muezzin).]]
[[File:Bilal.jpg|thumb|upright|The announcer of the Adhan is called a "[[Muezzin]]" (miniature depicting [[Bilal ibn Rabah]] the first Muezzin).]]


The muezzin ({{lang-ar|مُؤَذِّن|links=no}} '''''muʾaḏḏin''''') is the person who recites the adhan<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottheil |first=Richard J. H. |date=1910 |title=The Origination and History of the Minaret |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087601 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=132–154 |doi=10.2307/3087601|jstor=3087601 }}</ref><ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp| 470}} from the [[mosque]]. Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Tong Soon |date=1999 |title=Technology and the Production of Islamic Space: The Call to Prayer in Singapore |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/852695 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=86–100 |doi=10.2307/852695|jstor=852695 }}</ref> a recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. However, in many mosques, the message can also be recorded. This is due to the fact that the "call to prayer" has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is usually done by replaying previously recorded "call to prayer" without the presence of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the volume of the message while also not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the sound of the prayer call can be exactly identical between one mosque and another, as well as between one ''Salah'' hour and another, as is the case for the [[London Central Mosque]]. In the event of a religious holidays like ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'', for example in [[Indonesia]], where the ''Kalimah'' (speech) has to be recited out loud all day long, mosque operators uses this recording method to create a looping recital of the ''Kalimah''. {{Citation needed| date=March 2018}}
The muezzin ({{langx|ar|مُؤَذِّن|links=no}} '''''muʾaḏḏin''''') is the person who recites the adhan<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottheil |first=Richard J. H. |date=1910 |title=The Origination and History of the Minaret |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087601 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=132–154 |doi=10.2307/3087601|jstor=3087601 }}</ref><ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp| 470}} from the [[mosque]]. Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Tong Soon |date=1999 |title=Technology and the Production of Islamic Space: The Call to Prayer in Singapore |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/852695 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=86–100 |doi=10.2307/852695|jstor=852695 }}</ref> a recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. However, in many mosques, the message can also be recorded. This is due to the fact that the "call to prayer" has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is usually done by replaying previously recorded "call to prayer" without the presence of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the volume of the message while also not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the sound of the prayer call can be exactly identical between one mosque and another, as well as between one ''Salah'' hour and another, as is the case for the [[London Central Mosque]]. In the event of a religious holidays like ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'', for example in [[Indonesia]], where the ''Kalimah'' (speech) has to be recited out loud all day long, mosque operators use this recording method to create a looping recital of the ''Kalimah''. {{Citation needed| date=March 2018}}


The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the adhan clearly, melodically, and loudly enough for all people to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Özdemir |first1=Adil |title=The Call to Prayer |date=2000 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230286894_9 |work=Visible Islam in Modern Turkey |pages=106–114 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230286894_9 |isbn=978-1-349-41721-6 |access-date=2022-10-12 |last2=Frank |first2=Kenneth}}</ref> The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was [[Bilal ibn Rabah]], a freed slave of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] heritage.<ref>[[William Muir]], ''The Life of Mohammad from Original Sources'', reprinted by Adamant Media {{ISBN| 1-4021-8272-4}}</ref><ref>[[Ludwig W. Adamec]] (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.68. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0810861615}}. Quote: "Bilal, ..., was the first mu'azzin."</ref>
The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the adhan clearly, melodically, and loudly enough for all people to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Özdemir |first1=Adil |title=The Call to Prayer |date=2000 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230286894_9 |work=Visible Islam in Modern Turkey |pages=106–114 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230286894_9 |isbn=978-1-349-41721-6 |access-date=2022-10-12 |last2=Frank |first2=Kenneth}}</ref> The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was [[Bilal ibn Rabah]], a freed slave of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] heritage.<ref>[[William Muir]], ''The Life of Mohammad from Original Sources'', reprinted by Adamant Media {{ISBN| 1-4021-8272-4}}</ref><ref>[[Ludwig W. Adamec]] (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.68. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0810861615}}. Quote: "Bilal, ..., was the first mu'azzin."</ref>
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! rowspan="2" |[[Quranism|Quranist]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Quranism|Quranist]]
|-
|-
⚫
![[Maliki school|Maliki]]
![[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
![[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
⚫
![[Maliki school|Maliki]]
![[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]
![[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]
![[Hanbali school|Hanbali]]
![[Hanbali school|Hanbali]]
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![[Zaydism|Zaydi]]
![[Zaydism|Zaydi]]
|-
|-
!4x
!2x
!2x
! colspan="2" |4x
! colspan="3" |4x
!2x
!2x
!4x
!4x
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| [[God in Islam|God]] is greatest
| [[God in Islam|God]] is greatest
|-
|-
! colspan="1" |2x
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="6" |2x
! colspan="7" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| [[Shahada|ashhadu an lā ilāha illa llāh{{smallsup|u}}]]
| [[Shahada|ashhadu an lā ilāha illa llāh{{smallsup|u}}]]
| I testify there is nothing worthy of worship except God
| I testify there is nothing worthy of worship except God
|-
|-
! colspan="1" |2x
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="5" |2x
! colspan="6" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
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|}
|}


Repeating the two testimonies of faith is [[mustahabb|recommended]] according to the Shafi'i school. The first time should be said in low voice to oneself, and the second should be called out; this was the practice of the people of [[Mecca]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Shafi'i|author-link=Al-Shafi'i|title=Al-Umm|volume=2|pages=185–187}}</ref> The Maliki school uses the same adhan, except ''allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}'' should only be said twice in the beginning; this was the practice of the people of [[Medina]]. Both positions also use a [[hadith|narration]] in [[Sahih Muslim]] as evidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Mahdhurah's (Rady Allahu 'anhu) Adhan|url=http://www.shafiifiqh.com/abu-mahdhurah%e2%80%99s-rady-allahu-%e2%80%98anhu-adhan|archive-url=https://islamqa.org/shafii/shafiifiqh/29974/abu-mahdhurahs-rady-allahu-anhu-adhan|archive-date=Jan 24, 2024|website=shafiifiqh.com|access-date=Jan 24, 2024}}</ref>
Repeating the two testimonies of faith is [[mustahabb|recommended]] according to the Shafi'i school. The first time should be said in low voice to oneself, and the second should be called out; this was the practice of the people of [[Mecca]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Shafi'i|author-link=Al-Shafi'i|title=Al-Umm|volume=2|pages=185–187}}</ref> The Maliki school uses the same adhan, except ''allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}'' should only be said twice in the beginning; this was the practice of the people of [[Medina]]. Both positions also use a [[hadith|narration]] in [[Sahih Muslim]] as evidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Mahdhurah's (Rady Allahu 'anhu) Adhan|url=http://www.shafiifiqh.com/abu-mahdhurah%e2%80%99s-rady-allahu-%e2%80%98anhu-adhan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415100925/http://www.shafiifiqh.com/abu-mahdhurah%e2%80%99s-rady-allahu-%e2%80%98anhu-adhan/|archive-date=April 15, 2012|website=shafiifiqh.com|access-date=Jan 24, 2024|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>


On rare occasions, the muezzin may say "''ṣallu fī buyūtikum''" (pray in your homes) or "''ṣallu fī riḥālikum''" (pray in your dwellings) if it is heavily rainy, windy, or cold. Another case where this was said was during the [[COVID-19]] lockdown. It may either be said at the end of the adhan, or replacing "''ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh''" and "''ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ''"; other ways have also been narrated.{{citationneeded|date=January 2024}}
On rare occasions, the muezzin may say "''ṣallu fī buyūtikum''" (pray in your homes) or "''ṣallu fī riḥālikum''" (pray in your dwellings) if it is heavily rainy, windy, or cold. Another case where this was said was during the [[COVID-19]] lockdown. It may either be said at the end of the adhan, or replacing "''ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh''" and "''ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ''"; other ways have also been narrated.{{citationneeded|date=January 2024}}
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''{{transliteration|ar|wa-anā ashhadu an lā ilāha illā llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lah{{smallsup|u}}, wa-anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluh{{smallsup|u}}, raḍītu bi-llāhi rabbā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-l-islāmi dīnā{{smallsup|n}}}}''
''{{transliteration|ar|wa-anā ashhadu an lā ilāha illā llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lah{{smallsup|u}}, wa-anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluh{{smallsup|u}}, raḍītu bi-llāhi rabbā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-l-islāmi dīnā{{smallsup|n}}}}''
<br>
<br>
"And I testify that there is nothing worthy of worship except God, alone without a partner, and that Muhammad is his servant and messenger. I am pleased with God as lord, with Muhammad as messenger, and with Islam as religion."<ref>{{cite book|last=Muslim|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=Muslim 386|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:386}}</ref><ref name="muslimgoogle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|title=Archived copy|access-date=October 10, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174729/https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
"And I testify that there is nothing worthy of worship except God, alone without a partner, and that Muhammad is his servant and messenger. I am pleased with God as lord, with Muhammad as messenger, and with Islam as religion."<ref>{{cite book|last=Muslim|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=Muslim 386|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:386}}</ref><ref name="muslimgoogle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|title=Dua after adhan with adhan dua meaning in English - muslim google|access-date=October 10, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174729/https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
}}


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''{{transliteration|ar|allāhumma rabba hādhihi d-daʿwati t-tāmmati wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qāʾimah{{smallsup|ti}}, āti muhammadan il-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlah{{smallsup|ta}}, wa-bʿathhu maqāman maḥmūdan illadhī waʿadtah{{smallsup|u}}, innaka lā tukhlifu l-mīʿād{{smallsup|a}}}}''
''{{transliteration|ar|allāhumma rabba hādhihi d-daʿwati t-tāmmati wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qāʾimah{{smallsup|ti}}, āti muhammadan il-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlah{{smallsup|ta}}, wa-bʿathhu maqāman maḥmūdan illadhī waʿadtah{{smallsup|u}}, innaka lā tukhlifu l-mīʿād{{smallsup|a}}}}''
<br>
<br>
"O God, lord of this perfect call and established prayer! Give Muhammad the station and virtuousness, and raise him to the praiseworthy station that you promised him. Indeed, you do not neglect promises."<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|author-link=Al-Bukhari|title=Sahih Bukhari 614|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:614}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bayhaqi|author-link=Al-Bayhaqi|title=Al-Sunan al-Kubra 1933|url=https://shamela.ws/book/7861/2195}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamiceducationpk.com/2023/02/DuaafterAzanAdhan.html|title=Dua after azan (adhan) &#124; sunnah of Muhammad (SAW)}}</ref>
"O God, lord of this perfect call and established prayer! Give Muhammad the station and virtuousness, and raise him to the praiseworthy station that you promised him. Indeed, you do not neglect promises."<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|author-link=Al-Bukhari|title=Sahih Bukhari 614|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:614}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bayhaqi|author-link=Al-Bayhaqi|title=Al-Sunan al-Kubra 1933|url=https://shamela.ws/book/7861/2195}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamiceducationpk.com/2023/02/DuaafterAzanAdhan.html|title=Dua after azan (adhan) &#124; sunnah of Muhammad (SAW)|date=31 March 2023 }}</ref>
}}
}}


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==Form==
==Form==
The call to prayer is said after entering the time of prayer. The [[muezzin]] usually stands during the call to prayer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 8 August 2018}}</ref> It is common for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting the adhan. Each [[phrase (music)|phrase]] is followed by a longer [[rest (music)|pause]] and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first [[sentence (linguistics)|statement]] each phrase is limited in [[Range (music)|tonal range]], less [[melisma]]tic, and shorter. Upon [[Repetition (music)|repetition]] the phrase is longer, [[Ornament (music)|ornament]]ed with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an [[octave]]. The adhan's [[musical form|form]] is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another [[Tonic (music)|tonal center]] of one [[Arabic maqam|maqam]] a [[perfect fourth|fourth]] or [[perfect fifth|fifth]] apart. Various geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the adhan in particular maqamat: [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia uses Maqam [[Bayati (maqam)|Bayati]] while [[Mecca]] uses Maqam Hijaz. The [[tempo]] is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed [[antiphon]]ally as a [[duet]].<ref>[[Habib Hassan Touma|Touma, Habib Hassan]] (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', p.157-158, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.</ref> Duration can be 4 minutes, but also longer, and then continuing with the shorter iqama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reciting the Adhan {{!}} Guide to the Islamic call to prayer [History, Meaning and Soundscapes] |url=https://www.uncoveringsound.com/adhan-call-to-prayer-guide/ |date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
The call to prayer is said after entering the time of prayer. The [[muezzin]] usually stands during the call to prayer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 8 August 2018}}</ref> It is common for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting the adhan. Each [[phrase (music)|phrase]] is followed by a longer [[rest (music)|pause]] and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first [[sentence (linguistics)|statement]] each phrase is limited in [[Range (music)|tonal range]], less [[melisma]]tic, and shorter. Upon [[Repetition (music)|repetition]] the phrase is longer, [[Ornament (music)|ornament]]ed with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an [[octave]]. The adhan's [[musical form|form]] is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another [[Tonic (music)|tonal center]] of one [[Arabic maqam|maqam]] a [[perfect fourth|fourth]] or [[perfect fifth|fifth]] apart. Various geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the adhan in particular maqamat: [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia uses Maqam [[Bayati (maqam)|Bayati]] while [[Mecca]] uses Maqam Hijaz. The [[tempo]] is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed [[antiphon]]ally as a [[duet]].<ref>[[Habib Hassan Touma|Touma, Habib Hassan]] (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', p.157-158, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.</ref> Duration can be 1 minutes, but also longer, and then continuing with the shorter iqama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reciting the Adhan {{!}} Guide to the Islamic call to prayer [History, Meaning and Soundscapes] |url=https://www.uncoveringsound.com/adhan-call-to-prayer-guide/ |date=2 August 2022}}</ref>


== Modern legal status ==
== Modern legal status ==
=== Australia ===
=== Australia ===
There are controversies due to community-centric disagreements at mosques in Australia, such as ongoing parking disputes at Al Zahra in Arncliffe,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tripadvisor.co.nz/ShowUserReviews-g552081-d8727172-r450008981-Al_Zahra_Arncliffe_Mosque-Arncliffe_Rockdale_Greater_Sydney_New_South_Wales.html | title=Inconsiderate Parking Al-Zahra Arncliffe Mosque}}</ref> noise complaints at Gallipoli Mosque<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZXouPZAga8 | title=First Azan - Muslim call to prayer in Sydney - Australia | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> and [[Lakemba Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/arabic/en/article/sydneys-lakemba-mosque-to-broadcast-muslim-call-to-prayer-over-loudspeakers/pjxydqtlg | title=Sydney's Lakemba mosque to broadcast Muslim call to prayer over loudspeakers }}</ref> in [[Sydney]], and public filming at [[Albanian Australian Islamic Society]] and the Keysborough Turkish Islamic and Cultural Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ3nhwPfMew | title=Emotional Azan by Idris Aslami - Filmed at Mosque in Australia (2017) | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> in [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXJhxczxejs | title=First Adhan Called from Melbourne Mosque Minaret | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
There are controversies due to community-centric disagreements at mosques in Australia, such as ongoing parking disputes at Al Zahra in Arncliffe,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tripadvisor.co.nz/ShowUserReviews-g552081-d8727172-r450008981-Al_Zahra_Arncliffe_Mosque-Arncliffe_Rockdale_Greater_Sydney_New_South_Wales.html | title=Inconsiderate Parking Al-Zahra Arncliffe Mosque}}</ref> noise complaints at Gallipoli Mosque<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZXouPZAga8 | title=First Azan - Muslim call to prayer in Sydney - Australia | website=[[YouTube]] | date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> and [[Lakemba Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/arabic/en/article/sydneys-lakemba-mosque-to-broadcast-muslim-call-to-prayer-over-loudspeakers/pjxydqtlg | title=Sydney's Lakemba mosque to broadcast Muslim call to prayer over loudspeakers }}</ref> in [[Sydney]], and public filming at [[Albanian Australian Islamic Society]] and the Keysborough Turkish Islamic and Cultural Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ3nhwPfMew | title=Emotional Azan by Idris Aslami - Filmed at Mosque in Australia (2017) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=16 January 2017 }}</ref> in [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXJhxczxejs | title=First Adhan Called from Melbourne Mosque Minaret | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>


=== Bangladesh ===
=== Bangladesh ===
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=== Sweden ===
=== Sweden ===
The [[Fittja Mosque]] in [[Botkyrka]], south of [[Stockholm]], was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayer]], on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/sthlm/ljudkablar-dras-for-forsta-boneutropet|title=Ljudkablar dras för första böneutropet|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=24 April 2014|language=sv|trans-title=Cables laid out for the first call to prayer}}</ref> In [[Karlskrona]] (province of [[Blekinge]], southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a [[minaret]] in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/blekinge-har-fatt-sin-forsta-minaret|title=Blekinge har fått sin första minaret|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=13 Oct 2017|access-date=21 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=Blekinge has gotten its first minaret|last1=Nyheter|first1=S. V. T.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aa.com.tr/en/europe/swedish-town-allows-calls-to-prayer-from-minaret/968559|title=Swedish town allows calls to prayer from minaret|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=17 Nov 2017|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The temporary mosque in [[Växjö]] filed for a similar permission in February 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/vaxjos-muslimer-vill-ha-boneutrop|title=Moskén i Växjö vill ha böneutrop|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=12 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=The mosque in Växjö wants prayer calls|last1=Nyheter|first1=S. V. T.}}</ref> which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6907797|title=Christian Democrat leader opposes Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|publisher=[[Radio Sweden]]|date=15 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|title=Swedish church supports Muslims Adhan|author=Lawal Olatunde|publisher=[[Islamic Hotspot]]|date=14 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110727/http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/this-jewish-leader-is-defending-muslim-mosques-in-sweden|title=This Jewish leader is defending the Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|publisher=[[The New Arab]]|date=19 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> A yearlong permission was granted by the [[Swedish Police Authority]] in May the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/l10A2y/polisen-tillater-boneutrop-via-hogtalare |title=Polisen tillåter böneutrop via högtalare |last=Thorneus |first=Ebba |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Aftonbladet]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/polisen-ger-klartecken-boneutrop-i-vaxjo |title=Polisen ger klartecken till böneutrop i Växjö |trans-title=The Police gives clearance for prayer calls in Växjö |last=Broke |first=Cecilia |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref>
The [[Fittja Mosque]] in [[Botkyrka]], south of [[Stockholm]], was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayer]], on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/sthlm/ljudkablar-dras-for-forsta-boneutropet|title=Ljudkablar dras för första böneutropet|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=24 April 2014|language=sv|trans-title=Cables laid out for the first call to prayer}}</ref> In [[Karlskrona]] (province of [[Blekinge]], southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a [[minaret]] in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/blekinge-har-fatt-sin-forsta-minaret|title=Blekinge har fått sin första minaret|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=13 Oct 2017|access-date=21 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=Blekinge has gotten its first minaret|last1=Börje|first1=Anna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aa.com.tr/en/europe/swedish-town-allows-calls-to-prayer-from-minaret/968559|title=Swedish town allows calls to prayer from minaret|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=17 Nov 2017|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The temporary mosque in [[Växjö]] filed for a similar permission in February 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/vaxjos-muslimer-vill-ha-boneutrop|title=Moskén i Växjö vill ha böneutrop|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=12 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=The mosque in Växjö wants prayer calls}}</ref> which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6907797|title=Christian Democrat leader opposes Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|publisher=[[Radio Sweden]]|date=15 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|title=Swedish church supports Muslims Adhan|author=Lawal Olatunde|publisher=[[Islamic Hotspot]]|date=14 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110727/http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/this-jewish-leader-is-defending-muslim-mosques-in-sweden|title=This Jewish leader is defending the Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|publisher=[[The New Arab]]|date=19 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> A yearlong permission was granted by the [[Swedish Police Authority]] in May the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/l10A2y/polisen-tillater-boneutrop-via-hogtalare |title=Polisen tillåter böneutrop via högtalare |last=Thorneus |first=Ebba |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Aftonbladet]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/polisen-ger-klartecken-boneutrop-i-vaxjo |title=Polisen ger klartecken till böneutrop i Växjö |trans-title=The Police gives clearance for prayer calls in Växjö |last=Broke |first=Cecilia |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref>


=== Tajikistan ===
=== Tajikistan ===
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In some [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]], television stations usually broadcasts the adhan at prayer times, in a similar fashion to radio stations. In [[television in Indonesia|Indonesia]] and [[television in Malaysia|Malaysia]], it is mandatory for all television stations to broadcast the adhan at Fajr and Magrib prayers, with the exception of non-Muslim religious stations. Islamic religious stations often broadcast the adhan at all five prayer times. Since the 1970s the adhan has been broadcast from mosques in the U.S., such as the American Moslem Society, which was established in Dearborn, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Mornings in Michigan: Dearborn residents wake up to sacred chant |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/news/2018-02-02/mornings-in-michigan-dearborn-residents-wake-up-to-sacred-chant |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Michigan Public |language=en}}</ref>
In some [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]], television stations usually broadcasts the adhan at prayer times, in a similar fashion to radio stations. In [[television in Indonesia|Indonesia]] and [[television in Malaysia|Malaysia]], it is mandatory for all television stations to broadcast the adhan at Fajr and Magrib prayers, with the exception of non-Muslim religious stations. Islamic religious stations often broadcast the adhan at all five prayer times. Since the 1970s the adhan has been broadcast from mosques in the U.S., such as the American Moslem Society, which was established in Dearborn, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Mornings in Michigan: Dearborn residents wake up to sacred chant |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/news/2018-02-02/mornings-in-michigan-dearborn-residents-wake-up-to-sacred-chant |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Michigan Public |language=en}}</ref>


The adhan are commonly broadcast with a visual cinematic sequence depicting mosques and worshippers attending to the prayer. Some television stations in both Malaysia and Indonesia often utilize a more artistic or cultural approach to the cinematic involving multiple actors and religious-related plotlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F7yawnsPJH8|title=Adzan Maghrib RCTI 2015 (from YouTube)|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
The adhan are commonly broadcast with a visual cinematic sequence depicting mosques and worshippers attending to the prayer. Some television stations in both Malaysia and Indonesia often utilize a more artistic or cultural approach to the cinematic involving multiple actors and religious-related plotlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F7yawnsPJH8|title=Adzan Maghrib RCTI 2015 (from YouTube)|website=[[YouTube]] |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>


The 1991-1994 recording of [[Masjid al-Haram]] muezzin, ''[[Sheikh]]'' [[Ali Ahmed Mulla]] is best known for its use in various television and radio stations.
The 1991-1994 recording of [[Masjid al-Haram]] muezzin, ''[[Sheikh]]'' [[Ali Ahmed Mulla]] is best known for its use in various television and radio stations.

Latest revision as of 18:04, 8 November 2024

This article is about the Islamic call to prayer. For the settlement in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, see Athan, Ras Al Khaimah.
Adhan
Arabic‏أذان‎‎
RomanizationArabic: أَذَان, romanized: ʔaḏān
Literal meaning"call"

The adhan[a] ([ʔaˈðaːn], Arabic: أَذَان, romanized: ʔaḏān) is the Islamic call to prayer, usually recited by a muezzin, traditionally from the minaret of a mosque, shortly before each of the five obligatory daily prayers. The adhan is also the first phrase said in the ear of a newborn baby, and often the first thing recited in a new home.[3]

It is the first call summoning Muslims to enter the mosque for obligatory (fard) prayers (salawat); a second call, known as the iqama, summons those already in the mosque to assemble for prayer. Muslims are encouraged to stop their activities and respond to the adhan by performing prescribed prayers, demonstrating reverence for the call to prayer and commitment to their faith.[4]

The five prayer times are known in Arabic as fajr (فجر), dhuhr (ظهر), asr (عصر), maghrib (مغرب), and isha (عشاء). In Turkey, they are called sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam, and yatsı; the five calls to prayer are sung in different makams, corresponding to the time of day.[5]

Terminology

[edit]

Adhān, Arabic for 'announcement', from the root adhina, meaning 'to listen, to hear, be informed about', is variously transliterated in different cultures.[1][2]

It is commonly written as athan, or adhane (in French),[1] azan in Iran and south Asia (in Persian, Dari, Pashto, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, and Punjabi), adzan in Southeast Asia (Indonesian and Malaysian), and ezan in Turkish, Bosnian and Serbo-Croatian Latin (езан in Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic and Bulgarian, ezani in Albanian).[2] Muslims in many parts of South Asia, including the Malabar Coast of India and the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, use the Persian term بانگ, bāng, for the call to public prayer.[6]

Another derivative of the word adhān is ʾudhun (أُذُن), meaning 'ear'.

Announcer

[edit]
Main article: Muezzin
The announcer of the Adhan is called a "Muezzin" (miniature depicting Bilal ibn Rabah the first Muezzin).

The muezzin (Arabic: مُؤَذِّن muʾaḏḏin) is the person who recites the adhan[7][8]: 470  from the mosque. Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone:[9] a recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. However, in many mosques, the message can also be recorded. This is due to the fact that the "call to prayer" has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is usually done by replaying previously recorded "call to prayer" without the presence of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the volume of the message while also not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the sound of the prayer call can be exactly identical between one mosque and another, as well as between one Salah hour and another, as is the case for the London Central Mosque. In the event of a religious holidays like Eid al-Fitr, for example in Indonesia, where the Kalimah (speech) has to be recited out loud all day long, mosque operators use this recording method to create a looping recital of the Kalimah. [citation needed]

The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the adhan clearly, melodically, and loudly enough for all people to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation.[10] The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was Bilal ibn Rabah, a freed slave of Abyssinian heritage.[11][12]

Words

[edit]
Details of what is recited and how many times
Recital Arabic
Quranic Arabic 		Romanization Translation
Sunni Ibadi Shia Quranist
Maliki Hanafi Shafi'i Hanbali Imami Zaydi
2x 4x 2x 4x 2x ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ allāhu akbaru God is greatest
4x 2x أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ ashhadu an lā ilāha illa llāhu I testify there is nothing worthy of worship except God
4x 2x None أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ ashhadu anna muḥammadan rasūlu llāhi I testify Muhammad is the messenger of God
None 2x

(recommended)

None أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ ashhadu anna ʿaliyyan waliyyu llāhi I testify Ali is the vicegerent of God
2x حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلصَّلَاةِ ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāhti Come to prayer
2x حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلْفَلَاحِ ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥi Come to success
None 2x None حَيَّ عَلَىٰ خَيْرِ ٱلْعَمَلِ ḥayya ʿalā khayri l-ʿamali Come to the best of deeds
2x
(Dawn prayer only) 		None ٱلصَّلَاةُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ ٱلنَّوْمِ aṣ-ṣalātu khayrun mina n-nawmi Prayer is better than sleep
2x ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ allāhu akbaru God is greater
1x 2x 1x لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ lā ilāha illā llāhu There is nothing worthy of worship except God

Repeating the two testimonies of faith is recommended according to the Shafi'i school. The first time should be said in low voice to oneself, and the second should be called out; this was the practice of the people of Mecca.[13] The Maliki school uses the same adhan, except allāhu akbaru should only be said twice in the beginning; this was the practice of the people of Medina. Both positions also use a narration in Sahih Muslim as evidence.[14]

On rare occasions, the muezzin may say "ṣallu fī buyūtikum" (pray in your homes) or "ṣallu fī riḥālikum" (pray in your dwellings) if it is heavily rainy, windy, or cold. Another case where this was said was during the COVID-19 lockdown. It may either be said at the end of the adhan, or replacing "ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh" and "ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ"; other ways have also been narrated.[citation needed]

Religious views

[edit]

Shia

[edit]
External videos
video icon Recitation of the Shia adhan

Shia sources state Muhammad, according to God's command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shia Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composition of the adhan.[15][16][17]

Shia sources also narrate that Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi was, in fact, the first person to recite the adhan publicly out loud in front of the Muslim congregation.

The fundamental phrase lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh is the foundation stone of Islam along with the belief in it. It declares that "there is no god but Allah". This is the confession of Tawhid or the "doctrine of Oneness [of God]".

The phrase Muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh fulfills the requirement that there should be someone to guide in the name of God, which states Muhammad is God's Messenger. This is the acceptance of prophethood or Nabuwat of Muhammad.

photo of kalima at Bab al-Nasr of Shia Fatimid dynasty of Cairo with phrase ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh
The qiblah of Mustansir of Shia Fatimid dynasty of, in Mosque of Ibn Tulun of Cairo showing Kalimat ash-shahādah with the phrase ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh

Muhammad declared Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor, at Ghadir Khumm, which was required for the continuation of his guidance. According to the hadith of the pond of Khumm, Muhammad stated that "Of whomsoever I am the authority, Ali is his authority". Hence, it is recommended to recite the phrase ʿalīyun walī -llāh ("Ali is His [God's] Authority").

In one of the Qiblah of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah (1035–1094) of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira (Mosque of Ibn Tulun) engraved his name and kalimat ash-shahādah as lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh, ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh (لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ).

Adhan reminds Muslims of these three Islamic teaching Tawhid, Nabuwat and Imamate before each prayer. These three emphasise devotion to God, Muhammad and Imam, which are considered to be so linked together that they can not be viewed separately; one leads to other and finally to God.

The phrase is optional to some Shia as justified above. They feel that Ali's Walayah ("Divine Authority") is self-evident, a testification and need not be declared. However, the greatness of God is also taken to be self-evident, but Muslims still declare Allāhu ʾakbar to publicize their faith. This is the reason that the most Shia give for the recitation of the phrase regarding Ali.

Sunni

[edit]
The Sunni adhan
External videos
video icon Sunni adhan

Sunnis believe that the adhan was not written or said by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, but rather by one of his companions. Abdullah ibn Zayd, a companion of Muhammad, reportedly had a vision in his dream, in which the adhan was revealed to him by God. He related this to his companions; later, this news reached Muhammad, who confirmed it. Because of his stunning voice, Muhammad chose a freed Habeshan slave by the name of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi to make the call for prayers. Muhammad preferred the call over the use of bells, used by Christians, and horns, used by Jews.[15][16][18]

Sunni adhan in Matey Qoqanuly mosque, Kazakhstan

During the Friday prayer (Salat al-Jumu'ah), there is one adhan but some Sunni Muslims increase it to two adhans; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the khutbah (sermon). Just before the prayers start, someone amongst the praying people recites the iqama as in all prayers. The basis for this is that at the time of the Caliph Uthman he ordered two adhans to be made, the first of which was to be made in the marketplace to inform the people that the Friday prayer was soon to begin, and the second adhan would be the regular one held in the mosque. Not all Sunnis prefer two adhans as the need for warning the people of the impending time for prayer is no longer essential now that the times for prayers are well known.[citation needed]

Supplication

[edit]

Shia

[edit]

While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to repeat the same words silently, except when the adhan reciter (muezzin) says: "أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ" and "أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ" (ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu and ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi) they silently say:

وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) أَكْتَفِي بِهَا عَمَّنْ أَبَىٰ وَجَحَدَ وَأُعِينُ بِهَا مَنْ أَقَرَّ وَشَهِدَ

wa-ʾanā ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu wa-ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-ʾālihi wa-sallama) ʾaktafī bihā ʿamman ʾabā wa-jaḥada wa-ʾuʿīnu bihā man ʾaqarra wa-šahida

"And I [also] bear witness that there is no deity but God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and I suffice by it (the testimonies) against whoever refuses and fights against it (the testimonies), and I designate by it one who agrees and testifies."[19]

Whenever Muhammad's name is mentioned in the adhan or Iqama, it is recommended to recite salawat,[20] a form of the peace be upon him blessing specifically for Muhammad. This salawat is usually recited as either ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ), ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ), or ʾallāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʾāli muḥammadin (ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ).

Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to sit and recite the following dua (supplication):

ٱللَّٰهُمَّ ٱجْعَلْ قَلْبِي بَارًّا وَرِزْقِي دَارًّا وَٱجْعَلْ لِي عِنْدَ قَبْرِ نَبِيِّكَ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) قَرَارًا وَمُسْتَقَرًّا

ʾallāhumma -jʿal qalbī bārran wa-rizqī dārran wa-jʿal lī ʿinda qabri nabīyika (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi waʾ-ālihi wa-sallama) qarāran wa-mustaqarrān

"O God! Make my heart to be righteous, and my livelihood to be constant, and my sustenance to be continuous, and Make for me, in the presence of Your Prophet (God bless him and his progeny and grant him peace) a dwelling and a rest."[19]

Sunni

[edit]

While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to silently repeat after the caller, except when they say "come to prayer" (ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāhti) and "come to success" (ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥi), to which it is recommended to silently say "there is no ability and no power except by God, [the Most High, Most Great]" (lā ḥawla wa-lā quwwata illā bi-llāhi [l-ʿaliyyi l-ʿaẓīmi]).[21][22][23][24][25] Most scholars, including the Malikis, Shafi'is, and Hanbalis, view this as only recommended; however, others, including the Hanafis and Zahiris, view it as necessary.[26][27][28]

Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to recite the following supplications:

1. A testification of faith

وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ رَضِيتُ بِٱللَّٰهِ رَبًّا وَبِمُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولًا وَبِٱلْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا
wa-anā ashhadu an lā ilāha illā llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lahu, wa-anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluhu, raḍītu bi-llāhi rabbān, wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlān, wa-bi-l-islāmi dīnān
"And I testify that there is nothing worthy of worship except God, alone without a partner, and that Muhammad is his servant and messenger. I am pleased with God as lord, with Muhammad as messenger, and with Islam as religion."[29][30]

2. Prayers and blessings on Muhammad and his family

ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ وَبَارِكْ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ
allāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammadin, kamā ṣallayta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīma, innaka ḥamīdun majīdun, wa-bārik ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammadin, kamā bārakta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīma, innaka ḥamīdun majīdun
"O God! Send prayers on Muhammad and on Muhammad's family, like you sent prayers on Abraham and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious. And send blessings on Muhammad and on Muhammad's family, like you sent blessings on Abraham and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious."[22]

3. Praying for Muhammad's station and virtousness

اللَّٰهُمَّ رَبَّ هَٰذِهِ ٱلدَّعْوَةِ ٱلتَّامَّةِ وَٱلصَّلاَةِ ٱلْقَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا ٱلْوَسِيلَةَ وَٱلْفَضِيلَةَ وَٱبْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا ٱلَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ إِنَّكَ لَا تُخْلِفُ ٱلْمِيعَادَ
allāhumma rabba hādhihi d-daʿwati t-tāmmati wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qāʾimahti, āti muhammadan il-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlahta, wa-bʿathhu maqāman maḥmūdan illadhī waʿadtahu, innaka lā tukhlifu l-mīʿāda
"O God, lord of this perfect call and established prayer! Give Muhammad the station and virtuousness, and raise him to the praiseworthy station that you promised him. Indeed, you do not neglect promises."[31][32][33]

4. Any personal supplication made to God between the adhan and iqamah. It was narrated this is a time when supplications are especially answered and not rejected.[34][35][36]

Form

[edit]

The call to prayer is said after entering the time of prayer. The muezzin usually stands during the call to prayer.[37] It is common for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting the adhan. Each phrase is followed by a longer pause and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first statement each phrase is limited in tonal range, less melismatic, and shorter. Upon repetition the phrase is longer, ornamented with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an octave. The adhan's form is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another tonal center of one maqam a fourth or fifth apart. Various geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the adhan in particular maqamat: Medina, Saudi Arabia uses Maqam Bayati while Mecca uses Maqam Hijaz. The tempo is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed antiphonally as a duet.[38] Duration can be 1 minutes, but also longer, and then continuing with the shorter iqama.[39]

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

There are controversies due to community-centric disagreements at mosques in Australia, such as ongoing parking disputes at Al Zahra in Arncliffe,[40] noise complaints at Gallipoli Mosque[41] and Lakemba Mosque[42] in Sydney, and public filming at Albanian Australian Islamic Society and the Keysborough Turkish Islamic and Cultural Centre[43] in Melbourne.[44]

Bangladesh

[edit]

In 2016, opposition leader Khaleda Zia alleged the government was preventing the broadcasting of adhans through loudspeakers, with government officials citing security concerns for the prime minister Sheikh Hasina".[45][citation needed]

Israel

[edit]

In 2016, Israel's ministerial committee approved a draft bill that limits the volume of the use of public address systems for calls to prayer, particularly outdoor loudspeakers for the adhan, citing it as a factor of noise pollution, the draft bill was never enacted and has been in limbo ever since.[46][47][48] The bill was submitted by Knesset member Motti Yogev of the far right Zionist party Jewish Home and Robert Ilatov of the right wing Yisrael Beiteinu.[47] The ban is meant to affect three mosques in Abu Dis village of East Jerusalem, disbarring them from broadcasting the morning call (fajr) prayers.[49] The bill was backed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who said: "I cannot count the times — they are simply too numerous — that citizens have turned to me from all parts of Israeli society, from all religions, with complaints about the noise and suffering caused to them by the excessive noise coming to them from the public address systems of houses of prayer."[48] The Israel Democracy Institute, a non-partisan think tank, expressed concerns that it specifically stifles the rights of Muslims, and restricts their freedom of religion.[48][49]

Kuwait and the UAE

[edit]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait, some cities changed their adhan from the usual hayya 'ala as-salah, meaning "come to prayer", to as-salatu fi buyutikum meaning "pray in your homes" or ala sallu fi rihalikum meaning "pray where you are".[50]

Other Muslim countries (notably Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia) also made this change because Muslims are prohibited to pray in mosques during the pandemic as preventive measures to stop the chain of the outbreak. The basis for the authority to change a phrase in the adhan was justified by Muhammad's instructions while calling for adhan during adverse conditions.[51]

Sweden

[edit]

The Fittja Mosque in Botkyrka, south of Stockholm, was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to Friday prayer, on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60 dB.[52] In Karlskrona (province of Blekinge, southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a minaret in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then.[53][54] The temporary mosque in Växjö filed for a similar permission in February 2018,[55] which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice.[56][57][58] A yearlong permission was granted by the Swedish Police Authority in May the same year.[59][60]

Tajikistan

[edit]

The usage of loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan was banned in 2009 with Law No. 489 of 26 March 2009 on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions.[61]

Turkey

[edit]

As an extension of the reforms brought about by the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish government at the time, encouraged by Atatürk, introduced secularism to Turkey. The program involved implementing a Turkish adhan program as part of its goals, as opposed to the conventional Arabic call to prayer.[62] Following the conclusion of said debates, on the 1 February 1932, the adhan was chanted in Turkish and the practice was continued for a period of 18 years. There was some resistance against the adhan in the Turkish language and protests surged. In order to suppress these protests, in 1941, a new law was issued, under which people who chanted the adhan in Arabic could be imprisoned for up to 3 months and be fined up to 300 Turkish Lira.

On 17 June 1950, a new government led by Adnan Menderes, restored Arabic as the liturgical language.[63]

Uzbekistan

[edit]

In 2005, former Uzbek president Islam Karimov banned the Muslim call to prayer from being broadcast in the country; the ban was lifted in November 2017 by his successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev.[64]

In other countries, there is no written law forbidding the distribution of the call to prayer in mosques and prayer halls.[citation needed]

[edit]

In television

[edit]

In some Muslim-majority countries, television stations usually broadcasts the adhan at prayer times, in a similar fashion to radio stations. In Indonesia and Malaysia, it is mandatory for all television stations to broadcast the adhan at Fajr and Magrib prayers, with the exception of non-Muslim religious stations. Islamic religious stations often broadcast the adhan at all five prayer times. Since the 1970s the adhan has been broadcast from mosques in the U.S., such as the American Moslem Society, which was established in Dearborn, Michigan.[65]

The adhan are commonly broadcast with a visual cinematic sequence depicting mosques and worshippers attending to the prayer. Some television stations in both Malaysia and Indonesia often utilize a more artistic or cultural approach to the cinematic involving multiple actors and religious-related plotlines.[66]

The 1991-1994 recording of Masjid al-Haram muezzin, Sheikh Ali Ahmed Mulla is best known for its use in various television and radio stations.

Turkish National Anthem

[edit]

The adhan is referenced in the eighth verse of İstiklâl Marşı, the Turkish national anthem:

The sole wish of my soul, oh glorious God, from You is that,
No heathen would ever, on the bosom of my temple, lay hand!
These adhans, whose testimonies are the ground of religion,
Should resound far and wide over my eternal homeland.

"The Armed Man"

[edit]

The adhan appears in "The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace" composed by Karl Jenkins.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also variously transliterated as adhaan, athan, athaan, adhane (in French),[1] ajan/ajaan, azan/azaan (in Azerbaijan, Iran and South Asia), adzan/adzaan (in Southeast Asia), and ezan/ezaan (in Turkey and the Balkans), among other languages.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Adhane – Appel à la prière depuis la Mecque". YouTube. 11 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Dessing, Nathal M. (2001). Rituals of Birth, Circumcision, Marriage, and Death Among Muslims in the Netherlands. Peeters Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-9-042-91059-1.
  3. ^ "What to Do When a Baby Is Born – Islam Question & Answer". islamqa.info. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  4. ^ "Importance Of Praying Salah On-Time in Islam". www.getsajdah.com. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  5. ^ "Orhan Selen – Ezan Makkamları". 23 May 2016.
  6. ^ Miller, Roland E. (2015). Mappila Muslim Culture. State University of New York. p. 397.
  7. ^ Gottheil, Richard J. H. (1910). "The Origination and History of the Minaret". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 30 (2): 132–154. doi:10.2307/3087601. JSTOR 3087601.
  8. ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  9. ^ Lee, Tong Soon (1999). "Technology and the Production of Islamic Space: The Call to Prayer in Singapore". Ethnomusicology. 43 (1): 86–100. doi:10.2307/852695. JSTOR 852695.
  10. ^ Özdemir, Adil; Frank, Kenneth (2000), "The Call to Prayer", Visible Islam in Modern Turkey, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 106–114, doi:10.1057/9780230286894_9, ISBN 978-1-349-41721-6, retrieved 2022-10-12
  11. ^ William Muir, The Life of Mohammad from Original Sources, reprinted by Adamant Media ISBN 1-4021-8272-4
  12. ^ Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.68. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810861615. Quote: "Bilal, ..., was the first mu'azzin."
  13. ^ Al-Shafi'i. Al-Umm. Vol. 2. pp. 185–187.
  14. ^ "Abu Mahdhurah's (Rady Allahu 'anhu) Adhan". shafiifiqh.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved Jan 24, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. ^ a b "Sahih Muslim". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  16. ^ a b Sunan al-Tirmidhi (Arabic) Chapter of Fitan, 2:45 (India) and 4:501 Tradition # 2225 (Egypt); Hadith #2149 (numbering of al-'Alamiyyah)
  17. ^ Quran : Surah Sajda: Ayah 24-25
  18. ^ Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (May 1994). The Life of Muhammad. The Other Press. p. 200. ISBN 9789839154177.
  19. ^ a b Al-Kulayni, Ya'qub (940). الكافي [Al-Kafi] (PDF) (in Arabic and English). Hub-e-Ali.
  20. ^ Al-Kulayni, Ya'qub (940). الكافي [Al-Kafi] (PDF) (in Arabic and English). Hub-e-Ali.
  21. ^ Al-Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari 611.
  22. ^ a b Muslim. Sahih Muslim 384.
  23. ^ Muslim. Sahih Muslim 385.
  24. ^ Ibn Qudamah. Al-Muqni'. Vol. 1. p. 42. It is desirable for whoever hears the caller to say what he says, except 'come to prayer' and 'come to success', where he says 'there is no ability and no power except by God, the Most High, Most Great.'
  25. ^ Ibn al-Muflih, Ibrahim. Al-Mubdi' Sharh al-Muqni'. With regard to 'the Most High, Most Great', I investigated the matter and found it in al-Musnad [Ahmad ibn Hanbal] from the narration of Abu Rafi', that when the Prophet heard the caller, he would say the same thing, until he says, 'come to prayer, come to success,' where he would say, 'there is no ability and no power except with God, the Most High, Most Great.' (This addition was also narrated by Abd al-Razzaq in al-Musannaf and al-Tabarani in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir.)
  26. ^ Al-Nawawi. Al-Majmu'. Vol. 3. p. 119. Our view is that repeating is recommended and not obligatory, and most of the scholars said this. And al-Tahawi narrated a difference of opinion from some of the predecessors who said it is obligatory, and al-Qadi Iyad narrated it too.
  27. ^ Ibn Qudamah. Al-Mughni. Vol. 2. p. 89. And if he does not say what he says and opens prayer, there is no harm. Ahmad stipulated this.
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