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40th Division (United Kingdom)

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40th Division
First World War division insignia showing a bantam referencing the division's original bantam nature.
Used on sign boards and worn on the uniform.
Active1915–1918
1943–1944
1949–?
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
EngagementsWestern Front (World War I)
Battle of the Somme
Battle of Cambrai (1917)
First Battle of the Somme (1918)
Battle of the Lys (1918)
Hundred Days Offensive
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Major-General H.G. Ruggles-Brise

The 40th Division was an infantry division of the British Army active during the First World War, where it served on the Western Front. It was a division of Lord Kitchener's New Army volunteers, mostly "bantam" recruits of below regulation height. It was later briefly reformed as a deception formation in the Second World War, and during the early years of the Cold War was recreated a third time to garrison Hong Kong.

History

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First World War

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The 40th Division was originally formed as a Kitchener's Army 'Bantam' division between September and December 1915 for service in the First World War. 'Bantam' personnel were those who were under the Army regulation height but otherwise fit for service. It comprised the 119th, 120th, and 121st Brigades. The 40th Division moved to the Western Front in June 1916 and served there throughout the First World War.[1]

The most notable action of the division may be its participation in the Battle of Cambrai in late 1917. By 22 November the British were left exposed in a salient on the battlefield. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, wanted Bourlon Ridge and the exhausted 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division was replaced by the 40th Division, commanded by Major-General John Ponsonby, on 23 November. Supported by almost a hundred tanks and 430 guns, the 40th attacked into the woods of Bourlon Ridge on the morning of the 23rd. They made little progress. The Germans had put two divisions of Gruppe Arras on the ridge with another two in reserve and Gruppe Caudry was reinforced. The 40th Division reached the crest of the ridge but were held there and suffered over 4,000 casualties for their efforts in three days. The division was subsequently driven back in the German counterattacks, suffering many more losses.[2]

From July 1918 until March 1919, the division was led by General Sir William Peyton and took part in the Hundred Days advance through Flanders.[3]

Order of Battle

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The following units served with the division:[1]

119th Brigade

(This brigade was often known as the Welsh Bantam Brigade, until February 1918.)

120th Brigade

121st Brigade

  • 12th (Service) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (East Anglian) (left May 1918)
  • 13th (Service) Battalion, Green Howards (left June 1918)
  • 18th (Service) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters (merged with 13th Yorkshire Regiment in April 1916)
  • 22nd (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (disbanded April 1916)
  • 20th (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (Shoreditch) (joined 23 February 1916, left as cadre May 1918)
  • 21st (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (Islington) (joined 23 February 1916, left February 1918)
  • 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (converted from 8th Garrison Battalion and joined June 1918)
  • 23rd (Service) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers (converted from 23rd Garrison Battalion and joined June 1918)
  • 23rd Battalion, Cheshire Regiment (joined June 1918)
  • 9th (Service) Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment (joined as cadre June 1918, absorbed July 1918)
  • 121st Machine Gun Company (joined 19 June 1916, moved to 40th Battalion M.G.C. March 1918)
  • 121st Trench Mortar Battery (joined 25 June 1916)

Divisional Troops

  • 12th (Service) Battalion, Green Howards (divisional pioneers, left June 1918)
  • 17th (Service) Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment (divisional pioneers, joined June 1918)
  • 244th Machine Gun Company (joined July 1917, moved to 40th Battalion M.G.C. March 1918)
  • 40th Battalion M.G.C. (formed March 1918, disbanded May 1918)
  • 104th Battalion M.G.C. (formed 24 August 1918, left 16 September 1918)
  • 39th Battalion M.G.C. (joined 11 September 1918)
  • Divisional Mounted Troops
  • 40th Divisional Train Army Service Corps
    • 225th, 226th, 227th, 228th Companies (joined November 1915, left by April 1916)
    • 292nd, 293rd, 294th and 295th Companies (joined by April 1916)
  • 51st Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
  • 237th Divisional Employment Company (joined April 1917)

Royal Artillery

  • CLXXVIII (East Ham) (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (R.F.A.)
  • CLXXXI (Ashton) Brigade, R.F.A.
  • CLXXXV (Tottenham) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 31 August 1916)
  • CLXXXVIII (Nottingham) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 1 September 1916)
  • 40th (Hammersmith) Divisional Ammunition Column R.F.A.
  • V.40 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery, R.F.A. (formed 4 July 1916; broken up 7 March 1918)
  • X.40, Y.40 and Z.40 Medium Mortar Batteries, R.F.A. (formed 25 June 1916, Z broken up on 7 March 1918 and distributed among X and Y batteries)

Royal Engineers

  • 224th (Doncaster) Field Company
  • 229th (Doncaster) Field Company
  • 231st (Doncaster) Field Company
  • 40th Divisional Signals Company

Royal Army Medical Corps

  • 135th Field Ambulance
  • 136th Field Ambulance
  • 137th Field Ambulance
  • 83rd Sanitary Section (left April 1917)

Second World War

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40th Infantry Division sign, Second World War (deception)

The 40th Infantry Division was notionally created on 9 November 1943 as part of Operation Foynes.[4][5] Operation Foynes was a deception plan to "conceal from the Germans the weakening of the allied position in the Mediterranean". To aid in the build-up for Operation Overlord, eight veteran British and American divisions were withdrawn to the United Kingdom. They were replaced by three genuine divisions. To cover the shortfall, four phantom divisions were created in the theatre and a further two were "held in readiness to be "sent" but were never used".[6]

To recreate the 40th Division, the 43rd Infantry Brigade, formed for internal security duties in the Lines of Communication of AFHQ, was renamed as a division, for deception purposes, with the battalions playing the role of brigades.[7]

Order of Battle

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To keep up appearances, the battalion commanding officers flew brigadier pennants, and a divisional insignia adapted from the First World War's 40th Division was adopted and worn (these were manufactured locally).[4][5] The deception was played out until June 1944, when the formation was disbanded.[4]

Post war

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Post World War II 40th Division formation sign[8]

Following the increasing success of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the 40th Division was reformed to bolster the defences of Hong Kong in 1949 under the command of Major-General G.C. Evans.[9] In Hong Kong the Division comprised the 26th Gurkha, 27th and 28th Infantry Brigades, and 3rd Royal Tank Regiment. However the 27th Brigade was soon dispatched to Korea in August 1950, and followed by other units of the division. The Division was later disbanded.[10][11]

General Officer Commanding

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Baker, Chris. "40th Division". The Long, Long, Trail: The British Army in the First World War. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  2. ^ Whitton 1926, p.86-153
  3. ^ Bourne, John. "William Eliot Peyton (1866-1931)". Centre For First World War Studies, University of Birmingham. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Chappell, p.23
  5. ^ a b Holt, p. 921
  6. ^ Holt, pp. 498-499
  7. ^ "40th Infantry Division". Unit Histories. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  8. ^ Boulanger p. 186
  9. ^ "Evans, Geoffrey Charles". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  10. ^ "40th Division on Parade, Hong Kong". National Archives. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  11. ^ Grey 1988, p.99

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Blaxland, Gregory (1971). The Regiments Depart: A History of the British Army 1945–1970. London: William Kimber. ISBN 978-0-71830-012-8.
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