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A Beautiful Mind (film)

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A Beautiful Mind
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRon Howard
Screenplay byAkiva Goldsman
Based onA Beautiful Mind
by Sylvia Nasar
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRoger Deakins
Edited by
Music byJames Horner
Production
companies
Distributed by
  • Universal Pictures[1]
    (United States and Canada)
  • DreamWorks Pictures[1]
    (International)
Release dates
  • December 13, 2001 (2001-12-13) (Beverly Hills premiere)
  • December 21, 2001 (2001-12-21) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$58 million[2]
Box office$316.8 million[2]

A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 American biographical drama film about the mathematician John Nash, a Nobel Laureate in Economics, played by Russell Crowe. The film is directed by Ron Howard based on a screenplay by Akiva Goldsman, who adapted the 1998 biography by Sylvia Nasar. In addition to Crowe, the film's cast features Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Paul Bettany, Adam Goldberg, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas, Anthony Rapp, and Christopher Plummer in supporting roles. The story begins in Nash's days as a brilliant but asocial mathematics graduate student at Princeton University. After Nash accepts secretive work in cryptography, he becomes liable to a larger conspiracy, through which he begins to question his reality.

A Beautiful Mind was released theatrically in the United States on December 21, 2001 by Universal Pictures and internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. It went on to gross over $313 million worldwide and won four Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress for Connelly. It was also nominated for Best Actor, Best Film Editing, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score.

Plot

[edit]

In 1947, John Nash arrives at Princeton University as a co-recipient, with Martin Hansen, of the Carnegie Scholarship for Mathematics. He meets fellow math and science graduate students Sol, Ainsley, and Bender, as well as his roommate Charles Herman, a literature student.

Determined to publish his original idea, Nash is inspired when he and his classmates discuss how to approach a group of women at a bar. Nash argues that a cooperative approach would lead to better chances of success, which leads him to develop a new concept of governing dynamics. His theory earns him an appointment at MIT where he chooses Sol and Bender over Hansen to join him.

In 1953, Nash is invited to the Pentagon to decipher encrypted enemy telecommunications. Bored with his work at MIT, he is recruited by the mysterious William Parcher of the United States Department of Defense with a classified assignment: to identify hidden patterns in magazines and newspapers to thwart a Soviet plot. He is given an implanted diode that gives him a passcode to access a drop spot at a mansion. Nash becomes increasingly obsessive with his work and grows paranoid.

Nash falls in love with a student, Alicia Larde, and they eventually marry. After a shootout between Parcher and Soviet agents, Nash tries to quit his assignment but is forced to continue. While delivering a guest lecture at Harvard University, Nash believes he's being pursued by Soviet agents and is forcibly sedated. He awakens to a psychiatric facility under the care of Dr. Rosen.

Dr. Rosen tells Alicia that Nash has schizophrenia and that Charles, Marcee, and Parcher exist only in his imagination. Alicia, Sol and Bender investigate her husband's study, which shows various news and magazine clippings. Alicia uncovers the stack of unopened "classified documents" from the drop point and brings them to Nash, revealing the truth of his assignment. Overcome with shock, Nash slices his arm open to uncover the diode, which doesn't exist. Nash is given a course of insulin shock therapy and eventually released. Frustrated with the side effects of his antipsychotic medication, he secretly stops taking it and starts encountering Parcher, who urges him to continue his assignment in a shed near his home.

In 1956, Alicia discovers Nash has relapsed and rushes home. She finds that Nash had left their infant son in the running bathtub, convinced "Charles" was watching the baby. Alicia calls Dr. Rosen, but Nash accidentally hits her and the baby, believing he's saving them from Parcher. As Alicia flees with the baby, Nash realizes that all of them have looked the same ever since he first encountered them, and concludes they must be hallucinations. Against Dr. Rosen's advice, Nash chooses not to be hospitalized again, believing he can deal with his symptoms himself with Alicia's support.

Nash returns to Princeton, approaching his old rival Hansen, now head of the mathematics department, who allows him to work out of the library and audit classes. Over the next two decades, Nash learns to ignore his hallucinations and, by the late 1970s, is allowed to teach again. In 1994, Nash is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on game theory and is honored by his fellow professors. At the ceremony in Stockholm, he dedicates the prize to his wife. Nash reencounters Charles, Marcee, and Parcher after the ceremony, but ignores them as he, Alicia, and their son leave.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

A Beautiful Mind was the second schizophrenia-themed film that Ron Howard had planned to direct. The first, Laws of Madness, would have been based on the true story of schizophrenic Michael Laudor, who overcame difficult odds to successfully graduate from Yale Law School. Howard purchased the rights to Laudor's life story for $1.5 million in 1995 and had Brad Pitt slated to play the lead role. However, after Laudor killed his fiancée in 1998 in the midst of a psychotic episode, plans for the movie were cancelled.[3][4]

After producer Brian Grazer first read an excerpt of Sylvia Nasar's 1998 book A Beautiful Mind in Vanity Fair magazine, he immediately purchased the rights to the film. Grazer later said that many A-list directors were calling with their point of view on the project. He eventually brought the project to Ron Howard, his long-time professional partner.[5]

Grazer met with a number of screenwriters, mostly consisting of "serious dramatists", but he chose Akiva Goldsman because of his strong passion and desire for the project. Goldsman's creative take on the project was to avoid having viewers understand they are viewing an alternative reality until a specific point in the film. This was done to rob the viewers of their understanding, to mimic how Nash comprehended his experiences. Howard agreed to direct the film based on the first draft. He asked Goldsman to emphasize the love story of Nash and his wife; she was critical to his being able to continue living at home.[6]

Dave Bayer, a professor of mathematics at Barnard College, Columbia University,[7] was consulted on the mathematical equations that appear in the film. For the scene where Nash has to teach a calculus class and gives them a complicated problem to keep them busy, Bayer chose a problem physically unrealistic but mathematically very rich, in keeping with Nash as "someone who really doesn't want to teach the mundane details, who will home in on what's really interesting". Bayer received a cameo role in the film as a professor who lays his pen down for Nash in the pen ceremony near the end of the film.[8]

Greg Cannom was chosen to create the makeup effects for A Beautiful Mind, specifically the age progression of the characters. Crowe had previously worked with Cannom on The Insider. Howard had also worked with Cannom on Cocoon. Each character's stages of makeup were broken down by the number of years that would pass between levels. Cannom stressed subtlety between the stages, but worked toward the ultimate stage of "Older Nash". The production team originally decided that the makeup department would age Russell Crowe throughout the film; however, at Crowe's request, the makeup was used to push his look to resemble the facial features of John Nash. Cannom developed a new silicone-type makeup that could simulate skin and be used for overlapping applications; this shortened make-up application time from eight to four hours. Crowe was also fitted with a number of dentures to give him a slight overbite in the film.[9]

Howard and Grazer chose frequent collaborator James Horner to score the film because they knew of his ability to communicate. Howard said, regarding Horner, "it's like having a conversation with a writer or an actor or another director". A running discussion between the director and the composer was the concept of high-level mathematics being less about numbers and solutions, and more akin to a kaleidoscope, in that the ideas evolve and change. After the first screening of the film, Horner told Howard: "I see changes occurring like fast-moving weather systems". He chose it as another theme to connect to Nash's ever-changing character. Horner chose Welsh singer Charlotte Church to sing the soprano vocals after deciding that he needed a balance between a child and adult singing voice. He wanted a "purity, clarity and brightness of an instrument" but also a vibrato to maintain the humanity of the voice.[10]

The film was shot 90% chronologically. Three separate trips were made to the Princeton University campus. During filming, Howard decided that Nash's hallucinations should always be introduced first audibly and then visually. This provides a clue for the audience and establishes the hallucinations from Nash's point of view. The historic John Nash had only auditory hallucinations. The filmmakers developed a technique to represent Nash's mental epiphanies. Mathematicians described to them such moments as a sense of "the smoke clearing", "flashes of light" and "everything coming together", so the filmmakers used a flash of light appearing over an object or person to signify Nash's creativity at work.[11] Two night shots were done at Fairleigh Dickinson University's campus in Florham Park, New Jersey, in the Vanderbilt Mansion ballroom.[12] Portions of the film set at Harvard were filmed at Manhattan University.[13] (Harvard has turned down most requests for on-location filming ever since the filming of Love Story (1970), which caused significant physical damage to trees on campus.)[14]

Tom Cruise was considered for the lead role.[15][16] Howard ultimately cast Russell Crowe. For the role of Alicia Nash, Rachel Weisz was offered the role but turned it down. Charlize Theron and Julia Ormond auditioned for the role. According to Ron Howard, the four finalists for the role of Alicia were Ashley Judd, Claire Forlani, Mary McCormack and Jennifer Connelly, with Connelly winning the role. Before the casting of Connelly, Hilary Swank and Salma Hayek were also candidates for the part.

Writing

[edit]

The narrative of the film differs considerably from the events of Nash's life in many respects, as filmmakers used artistic license to create a compelling film. Most prominently, few of the characters in the film, besides John and Alicia Nash, correspond directly to actual people.[17] A Beautiful Mind has been criticized for neglecting factual events, but the filmmakers said they never intended a literal representation of his life.[18] The PBS documentary A Brilliant Madness tried to portray his life more accurately.[19]

One difficulty was finding a method to visually depict Nash's mental illness.[20] In reality, Nash never had visual hallucinations: Charles Herman (the "roommate"), Marcee Herman and William Parcher (the Defense agent) are a scriptwriter's invention. Sylvia Nasar said that the filmmakers "invented a narrative that, while far from a literal telling, is true to the spirit of Nash's story".[21] Nash spent his years between Princeton and MIT as a consultant for the RAND Corporation in California, but in the film he is portrayed as having worked for the Department of Defense at the Pentagon instead. His handlers, both from faculty and administration, had to introduce him to assistants and strangers.[11]

The discussion of the Nash equilibrium was criticized as over-simplified. In the film, Nash has schizophrenic hallucinations while he is in graduate school, but in his life he did not have this experience until some years later. No mention is made of Nash's alleged homosexual experiences at RAND.[21] Nash's biographer notes he was arrested in a 1954 police sting operation targeting gay men in Santa Monica and subsequently lost his security clearance, but charges were dropped and furthermore there is no evidence Nash was ever sexually active with men.[22] Furthermore, both Nash and his wife denied these encounters occurred.[23] Nash fathered a son, John David Stier (born June 19, 1953), by Eleanor Agnes Stier (1921–2005), a nurse whom he abandoned when she told him of her pregnancy.[24] The film did not include Alicia's divorce of John in 1963. It was not until after Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1994 that they renewed their relationship. Beginning in 1970, Alicia allowed him to live with her as a boarder. They remarried in 2001.[25]

Nash is shown to join Wheeler Laboratory at MIT, but there is no such lab. Instead, he was appointed as C. L. E. Moore instructor at MIT, and later as a professor.[26] The film furthermore does not touch on the revolutionary work of John Nash in differential geometry and partial differential equations, such as the Nash embedding theorem or his proof of Hilbert's nineteenth problem, work which he did in his time at MIT and for which he was given the Abel Prize in 2015. The so-called pen ceremony tradition at Princeton shown in the film is completely fictitious.[11][27] The film has Nash saying in 1994: "I take the newer medications". In fact, he did not take any medication from 1970 onward, something highlighted in Nasar's biography. Howard later stated that they added the line of dialogue because they worried that the film would be criticized for suggesting that all people with schizophrenia can overcome their illness without medication.[11] In addition, Nash never gave an acceptance speech for his Nobel prize.

Soundtrack

[edit]
Main article: A Beautiful Mind (soundtrack)

Release

[edit]

A Beautiful Mind received a limited release on December 13, 2001, receiving positive reviews, with Crowe receiving wide acclaim for his performance. It was later released in the United States on December 21, 2001.

A Beautiful Mind was released on VHS and DVD, in wide- and full-screen editions, in North America on June 25, 2002.[28] The DVD set includes audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and documentaries.[29] The film was also released on Blu-ray in North America on January 25, 2011.[30]

Reception

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

During the five-day weekend of the limited release, A Beautiful Mind opened at the #12 spot at the box office,[31] peaking at the #2 spot following the wide release.[32] The film went on to gross $170,742,341 in the United States and Canada and $313,542,341 worldwide.[2]

Critical response

[edit]

On Rotten Tomatoes, A Beautiful Mind holds an approval rating of 74% based on 214 reviews and an average score of 7.20/10. The website's critical consensus states: "The well-acted A Beautiful Mind is both a moving love story and a revealing look at mental illness."[33] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[34] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[35]

Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars.[36] Mike Clark of USA Today gave three-and-a-half out of four stars and also praised Crowe's performance, calling it a welcome follow-up to Howard's previous film, 2000’s How the Grinch Stole Christmas.[37] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post found the film to be "one of those formulaically rendered Important Subject movies".[38] The portrayal of mathematics in the film was praised by the mathematics community, including John Nash himself.[8]

John Sutherland of The Guardian noted the film's biopic distortions, but said:

Howard pulls off an extraordinary trick in A Beautiful Mind by seducing the audience into Nash's paranoid world. We may not leave the cinema with A-level competence in game theory, but we do get a glimpse into what it feels like to be mad - and not know it.[39]

Some writers such as Shailee Koranne argue that the film presents an unrealistic or inappropriate depiction of the disorder schizophrenia, which the protagonist John Nash suffers from, stating that it places too much emphasis on “fixing” the disorder.[40]

Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Lisa Navarrette criticized the casting of Jennifer Connelly as Alicia Nash as an example of whitewashing. Alicia Nash was born in El Salvador and had an accent not portrayed in the film.[41]

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Award Category Recipient Result
Academy Awards[42] Best Picture Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Won
Best Director Ron Howard Won
Best Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Akiva Goldsman Won
Best Film Editing Mike Hill and Daniel P. Hanley Nominated
Best Makeup Greg Cannom and Colleen Callaghan Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film Ron Howard Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Mike Hill and Daniel P. Hanley Nominated
American Film Institute Awards[43] Movie of the Year Nominated
Actor of the Year – Male – Movies Russell Crowe Nominated
Featured Actor of the Year – Female – Movies Jennifer Connelly Won
Screenwriter of the Year Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Artios Awards[44] Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film Casting – Drama Jane Jenkins and Janet Hirshenson Nominated
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films James Horner Won
Australian Film Institute Awards[45] Best Foreign Film Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Nominated
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Russell Crowe Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Best Cast Ensemble Paul Bettany, Jennifer Connelly, Russell Crowe, Adam Goldberg,
Jason Gray-Stanford, Ed Harris, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas,
Austin Pendleton, Christopher Plummer, and Anthony Rapp 		Nominated
British Academy Film Awards[46] Best Film Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Nominated
Best Direction Ron Howard Nominated
Best Actor in a Leading Role Russell Crowe Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[47] Best Film Nominated
Best Director Ron Howard Nominated
Best Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Nominated
Best Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Christopher Awards Feature Film Won
Critics' Choice Awards[48] Best Picture Won
Best Director Ron Howard Won[a]
Best Actor Russell Crowe Won
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Czech Lion Awards Best Foreign Film Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Picture Won
Best Director Ron Howard Won
Best Actor Russell Crowe Won
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Nominated
Best Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Won
Directors Guild of America Awards[49] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ron Howard Won
DVD Exclusive Awards Best Audio Commentary – New Release Nominated
Original Retrospective Documentary – New Release Colleen A. Benn and Marian Mansi Nominated
Empire Awards Best Actress Jennifer Connelly Nominated
Golden Eagle Awards[50] Best Foreign Language Film Ron Howard Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[51] Best Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Russell Crowe Won
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Ron Howard Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Akiva Goldsman Won
Best Original Score – Motion Picture James Horner Nominated
Golden Reel Awards[52] Best Sound Editing – Dialogue & ADR, Domestic Feature Film Anthony J. Ciccolini III, Deborah Wallach,
Stan Bochner, Louis Cerborino, and Marc Laub 		Nominated
Best Sound Editing – Music (Foreign & Domestic) Jim Henrikson Nominated
Golden Schmoes Awards Best Actor of the Year Russell Crowe Nominated
Best Supporting Actress of the Year Jennifer Connelly Won
GoldSpirit Awards Best Soundtrack James Horner Nominated
Best Drama Soundtrack Nominated
Grammy Awards[53] Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media A Beautiful Mind: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – James Horner Nominated
Humanitas Prize[54] Feature Film Category Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[55] Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won[b]
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards[56] Best Supporting Actress Nominated
London Film Critics Circle Awards British Supporting Actor of the Year Paul Bettany Nominated
MTV Movie Awards[57] Best Male Performance Russell Crowe Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards[58] Best Picture Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Nominated
Best Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Online Film Critics Society Awards[59] Best Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won
Producers Guild of America Awards[60] Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Nominated
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Nominated
Best Director Ron Howard Nominated
Best Actor in a Leading Role Russell Crowe Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Screenplay – Adaptation Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Russian Guild of Film Critics Awards Best Foreign Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Actor Nominated
Satellite Awards[61] Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Ed Harris Nominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Jennifer Connelly Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Akiva Goldsman Nominated
Best Editing Mike Hill and Daniel P. Hanley Nominated
Best Original Score James Horner Nominated
Best Original Song "All Love Can Be"
Music by James Horner;
Lyrics by Will Jennings 		Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards[62] Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Paul Bettany, Jennifer Connelly, Russell Crowe, Adam Goldberg,
Jason Gray-Stanford, Ed Harris, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas,
Austin Pendleton, Christopher Plummer, and Anthony Rapp 		Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Russell Crowe Won
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Jennifer Connelly Nominated
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards[63] Best Picture 7th Place[c]
Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Connelly Won[d]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie – Drama/Action Adventure Nominated
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film 12th Place
USC Scripter Awards[64] Akiva Goldsman (screenwriter); Sylvia Nasar (author) Won
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards[65] Best Actor Russell Crowe Nominated
Voices in the Shadow Dubbing Festival Best Male Voice Fabrizio Pucci (for the dubbing of Russell Crowe) Nominated
World Soundtrack Awards[66] Soundtrack Composer of the Year James Horner Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards[67] Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Akiva Goldsman Won
Yoga Awards Worst Foreign Director Ron Howard Won

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Tied with Baz Luhrmann for Moulin Rouge!.
  2. ^ Tied with Maggie Smith for Gosford Park.
  3. ^ Tied with Mulholland Drive.
  4. ^ Tied with Maggie Smith for Gosford Park and Marisa Tomei for In the Bedroom.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "A Beautiful Mind (2002)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c "A Beautiful Mind (2001)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  3. ^ Abramowitz, Rachel (March 25, 2002). "In a Crisis, It Was a 'Beautiful' Job". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  4. ^ Friedman, Roger (February 15, 2002). "Exclusive: Ron Howard Changed His Mind; and Screenwriter Admits to 'Semi-Fictional Movie'". Fox News. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  5. ^ "A Beautiful Partnership: Ron Howard and Brian Grazer", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  6. ^ "Development of the Screenplay", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  7. ^ "Dave Bayer: Professor of Mathematics". Barnard College, Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Beautiful Math" (PDF). June 2, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  9. ^ "The Process of Age Progression", from A Beautiful Mind DVD. 2002.
  10. ^ "Scoring the Film", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  11. ^ a b c d A Beautiful Mind DVD commentary featuring Ron Howard, 2002.
  12. ^ "The Vanderbilt-Twombly Florham Estate / Fairleigh Dickinson University". Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  13. ^ "10 Movies Filmed in Manhattan College's Backyard". Archived from the original on October 25, 2015.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). "University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
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  16. ^ Lyndall Bell (May 23, 2013). "Tales from A Beautiful Mind". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. it was potentially going to be a Robert Redford/Tom Cruise film.
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  21. ^ a b "A Real Number". Slate Magazine. December 21, 2001. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  22. ^ Nasar, Sylvia (March 25, 2002). "The sum of a man". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2012. Contrary to widespread references to Nash's "numerous homosexual liaisons", he was not gay. While he had several emotionally intense relationships with other men when he was in his early 20s, I never interviewed anyone who claimed, much less provided evidence, that Nash ever had sex with another man. Nash was arrested in a police trap in a public lavatory in Santa Monica in 1954, at the height of the McCarthy hysteria. The military think-tank where he was a consultant, stripped him of his top-secret security clearance and fired him ... The charge – indecent exposure – was dropped.
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  65. ^ "2nd Annual VFCC Award Winners". Vancouver Film Critics Circle. January 31, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2002.
  66. ^ "World Soundtrack Awards". World Soundtrack Awards. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  67. ^ "Awards Winners". wga.org. Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.

Further reading

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