Andromède

Title page (1651, 2nd edition)

Andromède (Andromeda) is a French verse play in a prologue and five acts by Pierre Corneille, first performed on 1 February 1650 by the Troupe Royale de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne at the Théâtre Royal de Bourbon in Paris. The story is taken from Books IV and V of Ovid's Metamorphoses and concerns the transformation of Perseus and Andromeda. The play has rarely been revived and is mostly remembered today for the set of six engravings by François Chauveau depicting the elaborate Baroque set designs of Giacomo Torelli.

Background

The play was commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin in 1648 but wasn't finished until 1650. Corneille dedicated the piece to an unknown woman designated by four uppercase M's. According to Abel Lefranc, the M's represent Madame de Motteville, the confidante of Anne of Austria.

Plot

• Prologue: Respects to the King
• Act I: Venus predicts the marriage of Andromeda while a final victim will be chosen for the monster Cetus.
• Act II: Andromeda is designated as the victim.
• Act III: Perseus kills the monster; the Nereids promise to avenge it.
• Act IV: Phineus wants to kill Perseus and gets the aid of Juno.
• Act V: Perseus astounds Phineus; all the characters ascend to heaven to become gods.

Characters

The list of characters is from Corneille.

Gods in the Machines

• Jupiter, King of the Gods
• Junon, Goddess of Marriage, Jupiter's wife
• Neptune, God of the Sea
• Mercure, God of Messages
• Le Soleil (The Sun)
• Vénus, Goddess of Love and Beauty
• Melpomène, Muse of Tragedy
• Aeole, Keeper of the Winds
• Cymodoce, first Nereid
• Ephyre, second Nereid
• Cydippe, third Nereid
• Eight Vents (Winds)

Mortals

• Cephée, King of Ethiopia
• Cassiope, Queen of Ethiopia
• Andromède, their daughter
• Phinée, Prince of Ethiopia
• Persée, son of Jupiter and Danaë
• Timante, Captain of the Royal Guards
• Ammon, friend of Phinée
• Aglante, a nymph of Andromède
• Cephalie, a nymph of Andromède
• Liriope, a nymph of Andromède
• A page of Phinée
• Chorus of People
• Retinue of the King

Premiere

The premiere production incorporated spectacular scenery, set changes, and special effects, designed by Giacomo Torelli. Many of the sets were recycled from Torelli's production of Luigi Rossi's opera Orfeo, performed at the Palais-Royal in 1647. A series of six engravings created by François Chauveau, depicting scenes from the prologue and five acts of Andromède, were published in Rouen in 1651, both separately and with the second edition of the play. Charles d'Assoucy composed incidental music, which included airs, duets, and choruses, that primarily functioned to cover up the noise of the stage machinery during scene changes and special effects, such as the descent of Jupiter, Juno and Neptune in the final act. Corneille did not look too favorably on the music: "I have employed music only to satisfy the ear while the eyes are looking at the machines, but I have been careful to have nothing sung that is essential to the understanding of the play because the words are generally badly understood in music." Most of the music has been lost, except for two choruses published in Airs à quatre parties (Robert Ballard, Paris, 1653).

Engravings by Chauveau

• 
  Prologue: Melpomène, flying in the sky, and the Sun in his "luminously bright chariot"
• 
  Act 1: Vénus in her "glory"
• 
  Act 2: Aeole and eight Venti raise Andromède into the clouds amid thunder and lightning
• 
  Act 3: Persée rescues the rock-bound Andromède from the Sea Monster
• 
  Act 4: Juno in her chariot
  assures Phinée of her protection
• 
  Act 5: Juno with Cephée and Persée, Jupiter, and Neptune with Cassiope and Andromède,
  in the heavens

Later productions

• 1655: Andromède was revived at the Théâtre du Marais with machinery and sets designed by Denis Buffequin.
• 1682: A revival at the Théâtre Guénégaud by the Comédie-Française with music composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier included a live horse flying through the air. According to the Parfaict brothers, the horse was persuaded to portray a "warlike ardor" by a severe fast, and "when he appeared a theatre employee was in the wings sifting oats. The horse overcome by hunger, neighed, stamped his feet and thus acted exactly as it was wished he should. [...] This acting on the part of the horse greatly contributed to the success the tragedy enjoyed at that time."

Bibliography

• Coeyman, Barbara (1998). "Opera and Ballet in Seventeenth-Century French Theatres: Case Studies of the Salle des Machines and the Palais Royal Theater", pp. 37–71, in Opera in Context: Essays on Historical Staging from the Late Renaissance to the Time of Puccini, edited by Mark A. Radice. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 9781574670325.
• Corneille, Pierre (1651a). Andromède, 1st edition. Rouen: Laurens Maurry. Copy at Gallica.
• Corneille, Pierre (1651b). Andromède, 2nd edition with engravings. Rouen: Laurens Maurry. Copy at Gallica.
• Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Corneille, Pierre", vol. 1, pp. 545–554, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070791695.
• Howarth, William D., editor (1997). French Theatre in the Neo-classical Era, 1550–1789. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521100878.
• Isherwood, Robert M. (1973). Music in the Service of the King. France in the Seventeenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801407345.
• John, Richard (1996). "Torelli, Giacomo", vol. 31, pp. 165–166, in The Dictionary of Art (34 volumes), edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. ISBN 9781884446009. Also at Oxford Art Online (subscription required).
• Powell, John S. (2000). Music and Theatre in France 1600–1680. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198165996.