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Battle of Castalla (1812)

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This article is about the battle in 1812. For the better-known battle in 1813, see Battle of Castalla.

Battle of Castalla (1812)
Part of Peninsular War

Battle of Castalla, 21 July 1812, by Jean-Charles Langlois
Date21 July 1812[1]
Location
Castalla, Spain
38°36′N 0°40′W / 38.600°N 0.667°W / 38.600; -0.667
Result French victory[1]
Belligerents
First French Empire First French Empire Kingdom of Spain
Commanders and leaders
First French Empire Jean Harispe Joseph O'Donnell
Units involved
First French Empire Army of Aragon Army of Murcia
Strength
4,000[1] 10,000[1]
Casualties and losses
200[1] 3,000[1]
2 guns[1]
Peninsular war: Aragón Catalonia
Map
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200km
125miles
21
Battle of Ordal at Ordal, on 13 September 1813
Castalla
20
19
Battle of Altafulla at Altafulla, on 29 January 1812
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18
Siege of Valencia (1812) at Valencia, from 26 December 1811 – 9 January 1812
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14
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10
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9
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8
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  current battle

In the Battle of Castalla (21 July 1812) a small Spanish army commanded by Joseph O'Donnell advanced to attack an Imperial French division under the leadership of Jean Isidore Harispe. O'Donnell's battle plan was poorly conceived and the outnumbered French smashed his center column before his right and left wings could intervene.[2] The engagement occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle was fought near Castalla, 32 kilometres (20 mi) north-west of Alicante, Spain.

Background

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In the successful Siege of Valencia and subsidiary operations, Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet's French army conquered much of the province of Valencia. To the south, the Spanish Army of Murcia regrouped in an attempt to halt further French advances. On 16 January 1812, the Spanish defeated an attempt by General of Division Louis-Pierre Montbrun and 5,500 French soldiers to seize their base at Alicante.[3] An Anglo-Sicilian expedition under General Thomas Maitland was due to arrive at Alicante and General Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington asked Captain General Joseph O'Donnell to conduct a holding operation.[4]

Battle

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Ignoring Wellington's advice, O'Donnell formed his 11,000-strong army into three attack columns designed to envelop one of General of Division Jean Isidore Harispe's brigades. Abandoning the town of Castalla, Colonel Jacques-Antoine-Adrien Delort drew up his soldiers on a nearby ridge. As O'Donnell's three center brigades probed the position, the French 24th Dragoon regiment unexpectedly arrived on the battlefield and delivered a series of crushing blows. The French cavalry and infantry killed or wounded 1,000 Spanish soldiers and rounded up 2,135 prisoners. The Spanish right and left columns made such wide circuits of the battlefield that the fighting was over before they could influence the result. When Maitland landed he found the Army of Murcia in no shape to conduct operations for several months.[5] The day after Castalla, Wellington won a decisive victory over the French at Salamanca and threatened to break Napoleon's grip on Spain.[6]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bodart 1908, p. 432.
  2. ^ Esdaile 2003, p. 391.
  3. ^ Smith 1998, pp. 363–364.
  4. ^ Oman 1914, p. 567.
  5. ^ Oman 1914, pp. 567–570.
  6. ^ Smith 1998, pp. 380–381.

References

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  • Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). The Peninsular War. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9781403962317. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Oman, Charles (1914). A History of the Peninsular War Volume V. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
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