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Challenger 3

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Challenger 3
Challenger 3 Tech Demonstrator
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In serviceFrom 2025[1]
Used byBritish Army
Production history
DesignerRheinmetall BAE Systems Land
Designed2020s
ManufacturerRheinmetall BAE Systems Land
Produced2025–2030[1]
No. built148 (Planned)[2]
Specifications
Mass66 tonnes (65 long tons; 73 short tons)[3]
Crew4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Armour"new Modular Armour" consisting of External "EPSOM" and Internal "Farnham" Armour,[4][5] APS[6]
Main
armament
120 mm Rheinmetall L55A1 smoothbore gun
EnginePerkins CV12-9A 26.1 litre V12 diesel[7]
1,500 bhp (1118 kW)[8]
TransmissionDavid Brown Santasalo TN54E epicyclic transmission (six forward, two reverse) with new component improvements.[9][10]
SuspensionHorstman third generation Hydrogas[11][12][13]

Challenger 3 (CR3) is a British fourth-generation main battle tank in development for the British Army. It will be produced by the conversion of existing Challenger 2 tanks by the British/German Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land joint venture.

Improvements to Challenger 2 began in 2005 as the Capability And Sustainment Programme (CSP) to keep the Challenger 2 competitive until the 2030s. Lack of funding[14] meant that it was not until 2014 that the programme was formally reorganised into the "Challenger 2 Life Extension Programme" (LEP). In response to the LEP programme, two prototypes were submitted for evaluation; one from BAE Systems in 2018[15] and the other from Rheinmetall in 2019.[16] Later that year BAE and Rheinmetall merged their British operations into Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land (RBSL), effectively leaving Rheinmetall's proposal the only option available without replacing the Challenger 2 fleet with foreign models.[17]

The Challenger 3 has an all-new turret with an improved hull. The most significant change from Challenger 2 to Challenger 3 is the replacement of the Challenger's main armament from a 120 mm L30A1 rifled main gun to the 120 mm L55A1[18] smoothbore gun (which itself is an upgraded version of the L55 fitted to the Leopard 2A6/A7 family of main battle tanks) giving commonality with other NATO members. Ammunition is to be developed in conjunction with Rheinmetall AG, with a new kinetic energy round being developed for Challenger 3 and Leopard 2.[19]

The entry into service of the Challenger 3 has been brought forward to 2025, not 2027 as originally planned. The first units are to be delivered to the British Army in 2025. A total of 148 tanks are to be produced, with costs estimated at 906.89 million British pounds sterling (1.17 billion US dollars).[20] By the spring of 2024, eight pre-production tanks had been delivered and trials had commenced in Germany.

History

[edit]

The Challenger 3 will be the fourth tank of this name, the first being the World War II Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger, which was developed from the Cromwell tank chassis and armed with a Ordnance QF 17-pounder.[21] The second was the Gulf War-era Challenger 1, which was the British army's main battle tank (MBT) from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s when it was succeeded by the Challenger 2 which saw action during the Iraq War in 2003.[22]

In 2005, the MOD recognised a need for a Capability Sustainment Programme (CSP) to extend the service life of the Challenger 2 into the mid-2030s and upgrade its mobility, lethality and survivability.[23] The CSP was planned to be complete by 2020 and was to combine all the upgrades from CLIP (Challenger Lethality Improvement Programme), including the fitting of a 120 mm smoothbore gun.[24][25] By 2014, the CSP programme had been replaced by the Life Extension Programme (LEP) which shared a similar scope of replacing obsolete components and extending the tank's service life from 2025 to 2035, however the 120 mm smoothbore gun had seemingly been abandoned.[26][27][28]

In 2015, the British Army provided an insight into the scope of the LEP, dividing it into four key areas, namely:[29]

  • Surveillance and target acquisition: Upgrades to the commander's primary sight and gunner's primary sight, as well as the replacement of the thermal observation and gunnery sights with third-generation thermal imaging.
  • Weapon control system: Upgrades to the fire control computer, fire control panel and gun processing unit.
  • Mobility: Upgrades including third-generation hydrogas suspension, improved air filtration, CV-12 common rail fuel injection, transmission and cooling.
  • Electronic architecture: Upgrades to the gunner's control handles, video distribution architecture, generic vehicle architecture compliant interfaces, increased on-board processing and improved human machine interface.

The MOD also began assessing active protection systems (APS) on the Challenger 2, including MUSS and Rheinmetall's ROSY Rapid Obscurant System.[30][31][32]

In August 2016, the MOD awarded assessment phase contracts to several companies for the Life Extension Programme. These included Team Challenger 2 (a consortium led by BAE Systems and including General Dynamics UK),[33] CMI Defence and Ricardo plc, Rheinmetall and Lockheed Martin UK.[34][35] In November, the MOD shortlisted two teams led by BAE Systems and Rheinmetall to compete for the LEP which was then estimated to be worth £650 million ($802 million).[36][37][38]

In October 2018, BAE Systems unveiled its proposed Challenger 2 LEP technology demonstrator, the "Black Night".[39] The new improvements included a Safran PASEO commander’s sight, Leonardo thermal imager for the gunner and Leonardo DNVS 4 night sight.[citation needed] The turret also received modifications to improve the speed of traverse and to provide greater space as well as regenerative braking to generate and store power. Other enhancements included a laser warning system and an active protection system.[39]

In January 2019, Rheinmetall unveiled its proposal which included the development of a completely new turret with fully digital electronic architecture, day and night sights for the commander and gunner, and a Rheinmetall L55 120 mm smoothbore gun. Whilst a more substantial upgrade than Black Night, the turret was developed on Rheinmetall's initiative and was not funded by the UK MOD, nor was it part of the MOD's LEP requirements.[16]

In June 2019, BAE Systems and Rheinmetall formed a joint venture company, based in the UK, named Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land (RBSL).[40] Despite the merger, the company was still expected to present two separate proposals for the LEP contract.[citation needed][41] At DSEI 2019, RBSL first showed the 120mm proposal.[42]

In July 2020, Rheinmetall Defence showed a testbed vehicle on the Challenger 2 chassis, with a brand new turret, autoloading system and a powerful 130 mm smoothbore gun, the Rheinmetall Rh-130 L/51.[43] The 130 mm L/51 is 500 kilograms heavier than existing 120 mm L/44 or L/55 cannons and would require a larger turret to work on the Challenger 3.[44]

In October 2020, the MOD argued against buying a new main battle tank from overseas instead of pursuing the Challenger 2 LEP, stating that an upgraded Challenger 2 would "be comparable—and in certain areas superior—to Leopard 2 or M1 Abrams".[45]

The management of the C2 LEP was scathingly criticized by the Defence Select Committee on 15 March 2021.[46] They said in a report entitled "Obsolescent and outgunned: the British Army's armoured vehicle capability",[47] that "Despite having spent around 50% of the allocated budget (£800 million), the programme has yet to place a manufacturing contract. The programme has a current in-service date of 2024 (originally planned for 2017) and is some £227 million over budget. After a decade of effort, this abject failure to deliver against both cost, (with an overrun now totalling over a quarter of a billion pounds of public money) and timescale (ISD seven years late) is clearly totally unacceptable. Nevertheless, it is symptomatic of the extremely weak management of Army equipment programmes, by both Defence Equipment and Support and the Army Board itself, in recent years."[48]

On 22 March 2021, Ben Wallace presented the command paper, Defence in a Competitive Age to Parliament, which confirmed the British Army's plans to upgrade 148 Challenger 2 tanks for "around £1.3bn" and designate them Challenger 3.[49][50] The MOD confirmed the contract with RBSL had been signed, valued at £800 million (USD$1 billion), on 7 May 2021. Rheinmetall's more extensive upgrade proposal, including the new 120 mm smoothbore gun, had been accepted. The initial operating capability for the upgraded tanks is expected by 2027, with full operation capability expected to be declared by 2030.[51]

It was announced on 23 January 2024 that the first pre-production Challenger 3 had been delivered,[52] with trials commencing in Germany in February[53] and the first live-firing of the main armament in April.[54] On 18 April 2024, the Defence Secretary, Grant Shapps, attended the rollout of the last of eight pre-production models at the RBSL factory in Telford.[55] A Ministry of Defence statement claimed that nearly 300 jobs would be created at the RBSL plant, with a further 450 jobs around the UK in a supply chain of companies based in the West Midlands, Glasgow, Newcastle upon Tyne and the Isle of Wight.[56]

A drawback of the adoption of the L55A1 smoothbore gun is that it is incompatible with the depleted uranium ammunition currently used by Challenger 2; the NATO standard tungsten ammunition being less effective. On 27 April 2024, the Ministry of Defence announced that a statement of intent had been signed with Germany for the development of an Enhanced Kinetic Energy (EKE) armour-piercing round for both Challenger 3 and Leopard 2 tanks.[57]

See also

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References

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