GNGT2

GNGT2
Identifiers
Aliases	GNGT2, G-GAMMA-8, G-GAMMA-C, GNG8, GNG9, GNGT8, G protein subunit gamma transducin 2, HG3I
External IDs	OMIM: 139391; MGI: 893584; HomoloGene: 11325; GeneCards: GNGT2; OMA:GNGT2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (human)
End	49,210,574 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (mouse)
End	95,736,560 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	granulocyte; ; monocyte; ; spleen; ; lymph node; ; blood; ; appendix; ; mucosa of transverse colon; ; smooth muscle tissue; ; right lung; ; gallbladder;
	Top expressed in
	neural layer of retina; ; granulocyte; ; thymus; ; yolk sac; ; embryo; ; right kidney; ; spleen; ; muscle of thigh; ; interventricular septum; ; esophagus;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	signal transducer activity; GTPase activity; G-protein beta-subunit binding;
Cellular component	heterotrimeric G-protein complex; plasma membrane; membrane; G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex;
Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; signal transduction; phototransduction;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	2793
	14710
	ENSG00000167083
	ENSMUSG00000038811
	O14610
	Q61017
	NM_001198754; NM_001198755; NM_001198756; NM_031498
	NM_001038664; NM_001284393; NM_001284397; NM_023121
	NP_001185683; NP_001185684; NP_001185685; NP_113686
	NP_001033753; NP_001271322; NP_001271326; NP_075610
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 is a signalling protein protein that in humans and vertebrates is encoded by the GNGT2 gene.^[5]^[6]^[7] Either GNGT1 or GNGT2 is the gamma subunit of the G_βγ part of transducin (written G(T) or G_t), a heterotrimeric G-protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rod and cone cell of the eye, where it is thought to play a crucial role in phototransduction. GNGT2 only occurs in cone cells, and GNGT1 only occurs in rod cells.

As the gamma subunit (G_γ) of three different families of G proteins (G(I)/G_i, G(S)/G_s and G(O)G_o), GNGT2 is expressed in at least 23 tissues^[8] and other cell types, including monocytes of the vertebrate innate immune system, where at increased levels it has been shown to be a potential prognostic marker for some types of cancer, including esophageal cancer.^[9]

Several transcript variants encoding the GNGT2 protein have been found for the GNGT2 gene. There is evidence for use of multiple polyadenylation sites by this gene.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167083 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038811 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK (Nov 1997). "Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2)". Genomics. 44 (1): 101–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4814. PMID 9286705.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: GNGT2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2".
^ "GNGT2 Gene search NCBI". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2024-02-18. Retrieved 2024-02-18. vertebrates (410)
^ "GNGT2 G protein subunit gamma transducin 2 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".
^ Liu, GM; Ji X, X; Lu TC, TC; Duan, LW (2019-12-28). "Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified core molecular processes in esophageal cancer and revealed GNGT2 as a potential prognostic marker". World J. Gastroenterol. 25 (48): 6890–6901. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6890. PMC 6938725. PMID 31908393.

Cohen NA, Sha Q, Makhina EN, et al. (1997). "Inhibition of an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.3) by G-protein betagamma subunits". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (50): 32301–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32301. PMID 8943291.
Huang CL, Jan YN, Jan LY (1997). "Binding of the G protein betagamma subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels". FEBS Lett. 405 (3): 291–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00197-X. PMID 9108307. S2CID 44072628.
Cook LA, Schey KL, Cleator JH, et al. (2002). "Identification of a region in G protein γ subunits conserved across species but hypervariable among subunit isoforms". Protein Sci. 10 (12): 2548–55. doi:10.1110/ps.ps.26401. PMC 2374038. PMID 11714923.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, et al. (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
Ivanina T, Rishal I, Varon D, et al. (2003). "Mapping the Gbetagamma-binding sites in GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits of the G protein-activated K+ channel". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (31): 29174–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304518200. PMID 12743112.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
DePuy SD, Yao J, Hu C, et al. (2006). "The molecular basis for T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition by G protein β2γ2 subunits". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (39): 14590–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314590D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603945103. PMC 1600004. PMID 16973746.

This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167083 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038811 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9286705-5] Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK (Nov 1997). "Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2)". Genomics. 44 (1): 101–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4814. PMID 9286705.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: GNGT2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2".

[7] "GNGT2 Gene search NCBI". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2024-02-18. Retrieved 2024-02-18. vertebrates (410)

[8] "GNGT2 G protein subunit gamma transducin 2 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".

[9] Liu, GM; Ji X, X; Lu TC, TC; Duan, LW (2019-12-28). "Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified core molecular processes in esophageal cancer and revealed GNGT2 as a potential prognostic marker". World J. Gastroenterol. 25 (48): 6890–6901. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6890. PMC 6938725. PMID 31908393.

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References

Further reading