Grakliani Hill
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Grakliani Hill (Georgian: გრაკლიანი გორა, Grakliani Gora) is an archaeological excavation site in eastern Georgia near Kaspi,[1] showing evidence of human presence possibly going back 300,000 years.[2]
The site was discovered in 2007, during work to widen the Tbilisi-Senaki-Leselidze highway.[3] Research is being done by students and faculty from Tbilisi State University.[4] In 2015, a supposed script was discovered on the altar of a fertility goddess's temple, predating those previously known in the area by at least a thousand years.[5][6]
Layout
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The site contains a temple to a fertility goddess from the seventh century BCE,[1] a pit-type burial[7] cemetery from the early Bronze Age, and the remains of a building from around 450-350 BCE; the building consists of three rooms with three storage rooms.[1]
The site had been occupied between the Chalcolithic and the Late Hellenistic periods.[1]
Discoveries
[edit]The excavation of layers yielded artifacts including children's toys,[8] weapons, icons, and pharmacological devices.[1] Within the first two months of digging, archaeologists had excavated over 35,000 pieces from hundreds of graves and ruins of settlements that date back to the eighth century BCE.[9]
Several golden and bronze discs from the sixth century were discovered. These findings attest that this society possessed the technology of gilding and engraving.[9]
Among the most significant artifacts may be a fourth century BCE printing device.[2] These were extremely rare seals used to stamp judicial documents; supposedly they originated from Uruk in Mesopotamia. Another notable find is that of a large and decorated ritual oven, an unprecedented find in archaeology.[9]
Script
[edit]The discovery is very likely to change Georgian history and will seriously attract international interest.
— Mikheil Giorgadze, Culture Minister of Georgia[2]
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A previously unknown script was discovered just below a temple's collapsed altar to a fertility goddess from the seventh century BCE. These inscriptions differ from those at other temples at Grakliani, which show animals, people, or decorative elements.[8] The script bears no resemblance to any alphabet currently known, although its letters are conjectured to be related to ancient Greek and Aramaic.[8] The inscription appears to be the oldest native alphabet to be discovered in the whole Caucasus region,[1] a thousand years older than any indigenous writing previously discovered in the region.[8] In comparison, the earliest Armenian and Georgian scripts date from the fifth century AD, just after the respective cultures converted to Christianity. By September 2015, an area of 31 by 3 inches of the inscription had been excavated.[8]
According to Vakhtang Licheli, head of the Institute of Archaeology of the State University, "The writings on the two altars of the temple are really well preserved. On the one altar several letters are carved in clay while the second altar’s pedestal is wholly covered with writings."[2] The finding was made by unpaid students.[citation needed] After the revelation stipends became available and the government doubled the site's research budget.[8]
Significance to Georgia
[edit]According to Licheli, who headed the archaeological expedition, the collective findings affirm the 3000-year-old existence of a Georgian statehood.[9] The Ministry of Culture plans to turn the site into an open-air museum by the end of 2015.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f "Archaeologists Thrilled by Historic Script Discovery in Georgia". Georgia Today. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Georgia uncovers unique writings that may change world history". Agenda. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Ancient Georgian site granted cultural heritage status". Agenda. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Svanidze, Tamar (20 August 2015). "Archaeologists Thrilled by Historic Script Discovery in Georgia". Georgia Today on the Web. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (16 September 2015). "Ancient Script Spurs Rethinking of Historic 'Backwater'". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Rewriting history: 3000-yr-old script uncovered in Georgia". agenda.ge. 25 July 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Ancient Georgian site granted cultural heritage status". Agenda. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Burton, Tara Isabella (16 September 2015). "Ancient Script Spurs Rethinking of Historic 'Backwater'". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Lomidze, Eka (22 March 2015). "Discoveries at Grakliani Hill Will Change History". Georgian Journal. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2015.