Jump to content

Lebanese diaspora

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lebanese diaspora
World map of the Lebanese diaspora
Total population
1.2 million Lebanese citizens residing abroad,[1] from a total of 4[2][3][4] to possibly 14 million of Lebanese origin[5][6]
Languages
Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Arabic, Armenian
Religion
Christianity (mainly Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Roman Catholic, Protestant), Islam (mainly Shia, Sunni, Sufi in addition to Alawite), Druze, and Judaism
Part of a series of articles on
Lebanese people
Emblem of Lebanon
(Lebanese cedar)
Lebanese people
Communities
Native communities outside of Lebanon:

Lebanese diaspora:

Europe

Overseas

Middle East

Culture
History
Language
Foreign
French
French language in Lebanon
English
Politics
flag Lebanon portal

Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more people of Lebanese origin living outside Lebanon than within the country (4.6 million citizens). The diaspora population consists of Christians, Muslims, Druze, and Jews. The Christians trace their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman empire.

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, the Lebanese diaspora do not have an automatic right to return to Lebanon. Varying degrees of assimilation and a high degree of inter-ethnic marriages in the Lebanese diaspora communities, regardless of religious affiliation, have caused many of the Lebanese diaspora not to have passed fluency in Arabic to their children, although most still maintain a Lebanese national identity. Several factors have caused Lebanese emigration, including civil wars, attacks on Lebanese sovereignty and land by Israel and Syria, and political and economic crises.

The largest diaspora by far resides in Brazil, with between 5 and 7 million, followed by Colombia and Argentina, with about 1 to 3 million each.

Demographics

[edit]

Although there are no reliable figures, the diaspora is estimated to be around 4[7][8][9] to 14 million people,[10][6][11] far more than the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens in 2020.[6][12] According to other estimates, the number of Lebanese living outside the country is thought to at least double the number of citizens living inside,[10] which means at least 8 million people. Of the diaspora, 1.2 million are Lebanese citizens.[1]

History

[edit]
See also: History of Lebanon

The Lebanese diaspora has always been a target to the Lebanese state to create institutional connection. In 1960 the World Lebanese Cultural Union was established under the authority of the President Fouad Chehab.[13]

France has always been an important destination for the Lebanese diaspora, because Lebanon used to be administrated by the french after WWI and because French language is massively spoken in Lebanon.[14][15][16]

The Lebanese diaspora, while historically trade-related, has more recently been linked to the Lebanese Civil War, with many Lebanese emigrating to Western countries. Because of the economic opportunities, many Lebanese have also worked in the Arab World, most notably Arab states of the Persian Gulf such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

The Americas have long been a destination for Lebanese migration, with Lebanese arriving in some countries at least as early as the nineteenth century. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese greater than the entire population of Lebanon.[17] According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East.[18]

There are also other large Lebanese communities elsewhere in Latin America, including Argentina, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Venezuela. Many Lebanese have also been settled for quite some time in the United States, Australia, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa and in the European Union member states. In addition, sizable populations exist in the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, as well as West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana.

A law passed in 2008 permitted Lebanese abroad to vote in Lebanese elections, starting in 2013.[19]

Business networks and economic impacts

[edit]

Lebanese diaspora is often viewed as one of the most successful and influential diasporas in the world. [20] Many Lebanese entrepreneurs and business people worldwide have proved very successful in all kinds of sectors and contexts. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential."[21] Remittances from Lebanese abroad to family members within the country were estimated at $8.9 billion in 2014 and accounted for 18% of the country's economy.[22] However, there remains a great untapped potential for further collaboration and cooperation between the diaspora and the Lebanese in their home country. Foreign direct investment is below 7% of the GDP, and almost half the Lebanese population is in tertiary education.

Throughout its history, the Lebanese diaspora used the Lebanese identity to create strong networks to help its members out. Over the course of time, immigration has indeed yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[23] Lebanese migrants play an important role in assisting Lebanon and its people through financial support, touristic visits, starting businesses and trades.[24]

In West Africa, dozens of Lebanese entrepreneurs have established diverse business concerns in Ivory Coast, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso and other countries, and are viewed as business dynasties contributing to the development of the local economies in the region.[25]

Lebanese populations in the diaspora

[edit]
Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country.
  Lebanon
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

The list below contains approximate figures for people of full or partial Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map.[26] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

Country Estimate Upper Estimate Region Country article in English Wikipedia List of personalities of Lebanese origin
 Brazil 2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[18] 5,800,000[26]-7,000,000[27] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments)[28] Latin America Lebanese Brazilian Brazil
 Argentina 3,000,000[26] 3,200,000[29][30]

[31]

Latin America Lebanese Argentine Argentina
 Colombia 1,200,000[26] 2,500,000[32] Latin America Lebanese Colombian Colombia
 Venezuela 340,000[26] 500,000[33] Latin America Lebanese Venezuelan Venezuela
 United States 500,000[34] 900,000[35] North America Lebanese American United States
 France 300,000[14][36][15] 375,000[37] European Union Lebanese French France
 Australia 271,000[38][39] 350,000[40] Oceania Lebanese Australian Australia
 Canada 190,275[41] 250,000[42] – 270,000[26] North America Lebanese Canadian Canada
 Germany 147,000 [43] ca. 200,000 European Union Lebanese German Germany
 Saudi Arabia 120,000[26] Arab World Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
 Syria 105,000[44] Middle-East Lebanese people in Syria Syria
 Ecuador 100,000[26] 250,000 Latin America Lebanese Ecuadorian Ecuador
 Ivory Coast 100,000[45] 300,000[46][47] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
 Mexico 100,000[26] 120,000[48] North America Lebanese Mexican Mexico
 Dominican Republic 80,000[49] 500,000[50][circular reference] Latin America Arab Dominicans
 United Arab Emirates 80,000[12] Arab World Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
 Uruguay 53,000[26] 70,000[51] Latin America Lebanese Uruguayan Uruguay
 Senegal 50,000[52][53][54] 150,000[55] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Senegalese
 Kuwait 41,775[56] 106,000[57] Arab World Lebanese people in Kuwait
 Nigeria 30,000[58] 30,000 Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Nigerian
 Sweden 26,906[59] European Union Lebanese people in Sweden Sweden
 Denmark 26,705[60] European Union Lebanese people in Denmark Denmark
 Qatar 25,000[61] Arab World Lebanese people in Qatar
 Spain 11,820[26] European Union Lebanese People in Spain Spain
 New Zealand 8,500[26] Oceania Lebanese New Zealander
 South Africa 5,800[62] 20,000[63] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in South Africa South Africa
 Israel 3,500 (2021)[note 1][64] Middle East Lebanese in Israel
 Sierra Leone 3,000[65] 17,000[65] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
 Liberia 3,000[66]
 Belgium 2,400 5,000 European Union Lebanese people in Belgium Belgium
Caribbean[note 2] 545,200[26] Latin America Lebanese Jamaican Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean[note 3] 181,800[26] Latin America Lebanese Chileans Chile  · Dutch Antilles
Rest of GCC[note 4] 105,000[26] Arab World
Rest of European Union[note 5] 96,780[26] European Union Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian** · Lebanese Greek Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Scandinavia 108,220[26] European Union Lebanese Swedish Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa[note 6] 42,510[26] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Sierra Leonean Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa[note 7] 14,000[26] North Africa Lebanese Egyptian Egypt
Asia[note 8] 2,600[26] Asia

Note: An important percentage of Middle-Easterners in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Outreach to the Lebanese diaspora by the Lebanese government

[edit]

The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living.[67]

The Lebanese government launched the DiasporaID program in August 2017 to better connect Lebanese abroad to Lebanon itself. Funding for the project was provided by USAID with an objective of improving foreign investment in Lebanon.[68][69]

On August 8, 2017, Lebanese President Michel Aoun advocated children of Lebanese in the diaspora take on Lebanese citizenship during a speech to the Maronite Diaspora Institution at Baabda Palace.[70]

Notable persons of Lebanese descent

[edit]
Main article: List of Lebanese people (Diaspora)
Prominent Lebanese Figures
وجوه من لبنان






Top row (left to right)
Some of the figures are of Lebanese Descent, while others are Lebanese Citizens

John Maron • Charbel Makhluf • Estephan El Douaihy • Elias Peter Hoayek • Youssef Bey Karam[71] • Former Lebanese President Camille Chamoun • Fairuz • Khalil Gibran • Former Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel • Carlos Slim • Sabah • Carlos Ghosn • Elie Saab • Charles Elachi • John Abizaid • Etienne Saqr • Donna Shalala • Ray LaHood • Michel Temer • U.S. Presidency Candidate Ralph Nader • Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih • Amal Clooney • Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir • Bechara Boutros al-Rahi • Lebanese President Michel Suleiman

Notable persons of Lebanese descent

[edit]

Famous scientists of Lebanese descent include: Peter Medawar (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine),[72][73] Elias Corey (Nobel Prize in Chemistry),[74] Ardem Patapoutian (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Michael Atiyah (Fields Medalist, Mathematics),[75] Michael DeBakey (medical innovator),[76] Mona Nemer (Canada's Chief Science Advisor) and geneticists Huda Zoghbi, Anthony Atala and Joanne Chory. Famous writers include William Peter Blatty, Nelly Sfeir Gonzalez, film director Alex Garland, Nassim Nicholas Taleb and screenwriters and film producers Geoff Johns, Tony Thomas, Ronald Schwary, Tomas Langmann, Mario Kassar and Michael Tadross.

Prominent members of the Lebanese diaspora include Presidents and Vice-Presidents, e.g. Juan Lechin (Bolivia), Michel Temer (Brazil),[77] Julio Teodoro Salem, Abdalá Bucaram, Alberto Dahik, Jamil Mahuad (all in Ecuador), Jacobo Majluta Azar, Luis Abinader (Dominican Republic), Julio Cesar Turbay (Colombia), Alberto Abdala (Uruguay) and Mario Abdo (former president of Paraguay). Other famous politicians include Ralph Nader, 2000, 2004 and 2008 US presidential candidate, Alex Azar former United States Secretary of Health, Spencer Abraham former United States Secretary of Energy, Mark Esper former United States Secretary of Defense, John Sununu former White House Chief of Staff, Darrell Issa US politician, George J. Mitchell US Politician and Peace Envoy, Charlie Crist Governor of Florida, Philip Habib US Politician and Peace Envoy, Victoria Reggie Kennedy American lawyer and diplomat, politician and author Jeanine Pirro, US Representative Donna Shalala, US Representative Ray Lahood, Governor of Sao Paulo State in Brazil Paulo Maluf, Edward Seaga Prime Minister of Jamaica and Benjamin Miguel Harb Bolivian politician and lawyer.

Notable military and astronauts include US army general John Abizaid, Navy Seal and Medal of Honor recipient Michael Monsoor as well as astronaut and Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipient Christa McAuliffe. Computer scientists include Richard Rashid, Tony Fadell[78] and Jean Paoli.

Famous businessmen of Lebanese descent include Carlos Slim Helú,[79] Carlos Ghosn, Nicolas Hayek, John J. Mack, Jacques Nasser, Debra Cafaro, Joseph J Jacobs, Joe Jamail, Swiss-Lebanese banker Salim Sfeir, Swiss-Brazilian banker Edmond Safra, Mauricio Gonzalez Sfeir, Lucie Salhany, Kevin O' Leary, Marcus Lemonis, Canadian industrial psychologist Gad Saad, and famous names in entertainment like Danny Thomas, Marlo Thomas, Salma Hayek, Shakira, Jenna Dewan, Terrence Malick, Tom Shadyac, Tony Shalhoub, Kathy Najimy, Tiffany, Jim Backus, Jane Wiedlin, Kristy McNichol, Zoe Saldana, James Stacy, Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Amy Yasbeck, Khrystyne Haje, Skandar Keynes, Jace Norman, Morena Baccarin, Barbara Mori, Omar Sharif, Ricardo Darin, Xavier Dolan, Damian Bichir, Paul Anka, Emilio Stefan, Drake's long time producers and Grammy winners Noah "40" Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib, Alfredo Bojalil, Oscar-winning composer Gabriel Yared, guitarists Dick Dale, Tommy Bolin and G. E. Smith, Armand Van Helden, Tyler Joseph, Jack Barakat, Bazzi, Thomas Rhett, Patrick Gemayel, comedian el Gran Sandy, Uruguayan actress Dahd Sfeir, Mika, models Yamila Diaz-Rahi, Daniella Sarahyba and Zaira Nara; Miss Universe Bolivia Lenka Nemer, and sportsmen like Doug Flutie, Rony Seikaly, Marcos Bagdhatis, Sammy Giammalva, professional tennis player and coach, Patrick Maroon, Johnny Manziel, surfers Kelly Slater and Maya Gabeira, winner of the Indy 500 Bobby Rahal, Carlos Alberto captain of Brazil 1970 world cup champion, FIFA World Cup record holder Mario Zagallo, Bolivian national goalkeeper Jose Issa, chess Grandmaster Jennifer Shahade and Olympic medalists Jordyn Wieber, Florencia Habif, Matt Abood, Thaisa Daher and Beatriz Haddad Maia, top-10 woman tennis professional.

Lebanese Food in the Diaspora

[edit]

Lebanese cuisine has engrained itself as a staple in a multitude of cultures, wherever people from the Lebanese diaspora emigrated.[80] Examples include Brazil,[81] Canada [82] and the United States. [83] The language of food can contribute to feelings of cultural belonging, as shown through literary analysis.[84] It has served as both a source of identity and income for people of the Lebanese diaspora everywhere around the world.[85]

Hallab Baklava, produced in Lebanon and offered everywhere around the world.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Lebanese community in Israel mostly consists of members of Antoine Lahad's Militia who continued to live in and receive salaries from the state of Israel since their group was disbanded in 2000.
  2. ^ Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
  3. ^ Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
  4. ^ Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
  5. ^ Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  6. ^ Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
  7. ^ Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
  8. ^ Iran, Indonesia, and Philippines

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Petition for expatriate voting officially launched". The Daily Star. 14 July 2012.
  2. ^ International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9782351595497.
  3. ^ "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". 4 February 2015.
  4. ^ "Annuario Pontificio 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018.
  5. ^ Writer, Joseph A. Kechichian, Senior (17 November 2015). "Lebanon contemplates a new citizenship law". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c "Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  7. ^ International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9782351595497. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News at North Carolina State University. 2015.
  9. ^ "Annuario Pontificio- The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017" (PDF). Annuario Pontificio. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates".
  11. ^ Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 June 2009). "From Brazil to Byblos, Lebanese diaspora pours in for vote". thenational. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  12. ^ a b Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Al-Monitor, accessed December 2, 2013
  13. ^ Skulte-Ouaiss, Jennifer; Tabar, Paul (4 May 2015). "Strong in Their Weakness or Weak in Their Strength? The Case of Lebanese Diaspora Engagement with Lebanon". Immigrants & Minorities. 33 (2): 141–164. doi:10.1080/02619288.2013.877347. S2CID 145242533.
  14. ^ a b "Présentation du Liban".
  15. ^ a b "The Lebanese in the World: An Entrepreneurial Minority". RMIT University. February 2004.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Rouchdy, Aleya (2002). Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme. Psychology Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7007-1379-0.
  17. ^ ".:: Embaixada do Líbano no Brasil ::". Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  18. ^ a b IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População.
  19. ^ "Lebanon approves new election law". BBC News. 30 September 2008.
  20. ^ "Diaspora Humanitarianism in Complex Crises: The Case of Lebanon - Humanitarian Advisory Group". Humanitarian Advisory Group -. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  21. ^ "The invisible occupation of Lebanon". The Christian Science Monitor. 18 May 2005.
  22. ^ "IMF lowers Lebanon growth forecast to sluggish 2 percent". The Daily Star. 22 April 2013.
  23. ^ "Background Note: Lebanon". US Department of State. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  24. ^ "Schools". www.aucegypt.edu. Retrieved 8 January 2021.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Marbot, Oliver; Masseguin, Léa (4 December 2020). "Lebanese in Africa: A look at 30 family dynasties". The Africa Report. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Geographical Distribution of the Lebanese Diaspora". The Identity Chef.
  27. ^ "Lebanese Republic". www.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. 23 April 2010.
  29. ^ "Estimación de la mortalidad, 1985–2005" [Estimation of mortality, 1985–2005] (PDF). Postcensal Studies (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: DANE. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  30. ^ Randa Achmawi (21 July 2009). "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazi-Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  31. ^ "Argentinian President's visit to the Lebanese Parliament". The Lebanese Parliament. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
  32. ^ "Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población. 2006–2020" [National and departmental population projections. 2006–2020] (PDF) (in Spanish). DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  33. ^ https://www.reportero24.com/2019/03/09/migracion-venezolanos-de-origen-libanes-esperan-el-cambio-para-regresar/ (SPANISH)
  34. ^ "Demographics". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Demographics". Arab American Institute.
  36. ^ "Painting a Picture of Exile". New York Times. 27 November 2009.
  37. ^ "Henry Laurens : " la France et le Liban sont comme les membres d'une famille recomposée "". 7 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Australian Population: Ethnic Origins". Monash University. 1999.
  39. ^ "Lebanese in Australia: Facts & Figures". General Consulate of Lebanon in Melbourne. 21 January 2021.
  40. ^ "Lebanon country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  41. ^ Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables".
  42. ^ "Canada and Lebanon, a special tie". CBC News}. 1 August 2006.
  43. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  44. ^ "Arab, Lebanese in Syria people group profile".
  45. ^ "Lebanese Émigré Enclaves in Africa Await Presidential Visit". Al-Akhbar. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  46. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire – World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". 30 January 2018.
  47. ^ "The Demographic Dimensions of the Conflict in Ivory Coast". 3 May 2011.
  48. ^ "The biggest enchilada". The Sunday Telegraph. 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  49. ^ "Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía, Inc" (in French).
  50. ^ "Inmigración árabe a República Dominicana".
  51. ^ "INTERVIEW – L'ambassadeur Jorge Jure (Khoury) raconte son pays et ses propres origines" (PDF). Embassy of Uruguay (Lebanon) (in French). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  52. ^ "The most representative ethnic groups of Senegal". Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022. On estime la communauté libanaise recensée au Sénégal à plus de 50 000 personnes (non nés au Sénégal).
  53. ^ "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce". Voice of America. 1 November 2009.
  54. ^ "Suleiman Tells Lebanese Expats in Senegal that he Rejects Sectarian Vote Law". Naharnet. 14 March 2013.
  55. ^ Kaniki, Martin H. Y. (1973). "Attitudes and Reactions towards the Lebanese in Sierra Leone during the Colonial Period". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 7 (1): 97–113. doi:10.1080/00083968.1973.10803689. JSTOR 483752.
  56. ^ "الصفحة غير موجودة - Alraimedia.com". www.alraimedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  57. ^ "The Global Financial Crisis: Impact on Lebanese Expatriates in the Gulf" (PDF). LERC. December 2009.
  58. ^ "The population of Lebanese in Nigeria at 30,000, many of whom are third generation Lebanese-Nigerians who now hold the Nigerian passport". thenationonlineng. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  59. ^ "Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år". www.scb.se. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Retrieved 25 May 2017.[permanent dead link]
  60. ^ "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  61. ^ "Qatar´s population by nationality". bq magazine. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  62. ^ "Arab, Lebanese in South Africa people group profile".
  63. ^ "The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa". The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015.
  64. ^ "These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  65. ^ a b "At its height in the 1970s, Liberia's Lebanese community was 17,000 strong, according to BBC News Now, after Liberia's long civil war, it numbers around 3,000". liberianobserver. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  66. ^ "Liberia - the country where citizenship depends on your skin colour". 26 March 2018.
  67. ^ "Big fail for ad aimed at Lebanese diaspora". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  68. ^ "Hariri launches project to connect Lebanese diaspora". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 10 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  69. ^ "Reclaim Lebanese Nationality". Lebanese Embassy in the United Kingdom.
  70. ^ "Aoun urges Lebanese diaspora to take citizenship". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  71. ^ Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website
  72. ^ "Sir Peter Medawar". New Scientist. 12 April 1984. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  73. ^ Manuel, Diana E. (2002). "Medawar, Peter Brian (1915–1987)". Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780471743989.vse10031. ISBN 978-0-471-74398-9.
  74. ^ Elias James Corey – Autobiography Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. nobelprize.org
  75. ^ "ATIYAH, Sir Michael (Francis)". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online edition via Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  76. ^ "Michael E. DeBakey, M.D." Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  77. ^ Arias, Juan (10 April 2015). "O cardeal Temer". El País Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  78. ^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (11 May 2017). "iPod-Father Tony Fadell speaks at Computer History Museum's iPhone 360". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  79. ^ Estevez, Dolia (19 November 2013). "Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Is Quietly Transferring Assets To His Children". Forbes. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  80. ^ Hourani, Albert, Nadim Shehadi, and Centre for Lebanese Studies. 1992. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London, UK: Centre for Lebanese Studies in association with I.B. Tauris.
  81. ^ Karam, John Tofik. 2007. Another Arabesque: Syrian-Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  82. ^ Lefort, Bruno. 2023. “Conflicted Identities: Negotiating Belonging among Young People from the Lebanese Diasporas in Montreal.” Ethnopolitics 22 (4): 435–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2023.2199610.
  83. ^ Rowe, Amy E. 2012. “Mint Grows Through the Cracks in the Foundation: Food Practices of the Assimilated Lebanese Diaspora in New England (USA).” Food and Foodways 20 (3–4): 211–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2012.715964.
  84. ^ Hout, Syrine. 2021. “Having the Cake and Eating It Too: The Secret Ingredients of Code-Switching in A Girl Made of Dust.” College Literature 48 (1): 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2021.0003
  85. ^ Helou, Anissa. 2018. Feast: Food of the Islamic World. First edition. New York, NY: Ecco, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers.
[edit]
  • The Lebanese Demographic Reality Lebanese Information Center, reviewed by Statistics Lebanon. 14 January 2013.
  • Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies at North Carolina State University
  • KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansión del Islam y su llegada a América Latina (Spanish Edition)"[1]
  • KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo II: Migración Árabe a América Latina y el caso de México (Spanish Edition)" [2]
  • KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde América Latina (Spanish Edition)"[3]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_diaspora&oldid=1256024917"