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List of wars by death toll

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This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.

While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]

This list excludes mass killings and atrocities not explicitly classified as genocides, as well as genocides occurring outside of wartime, human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime.[a]

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
War Death
range 		Date Combatants Location
World War II 50–85 million[4][5][6] 1939–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–60 million[7][8][9][10] 1207–1405 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe
Three Kingdoms 34 million[10] 220–280 Multiple sides China
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million[11][12] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China
World War I 15–30 million[13][14] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[15][16] 1618–1683 Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China
Conquests of Timur 7–20 million[10] 1369–1405 Timurid Empire vs. various states in Asia Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia
An Lushan rebellion 13 million[17] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China
Thirty Years' War 4–12 million[18] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[19] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 10 million[20] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America
Russian Civil War 7–10 million[21] 1917–1922 Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[22] 1927–1949[b] Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China
Crusades 1–9 million[25][26] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East
Reconquista 7 million[27] 718–1492 Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslims Iberian Peninsula
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 5–7 million[28] 1792–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe
Conquests of Menelik II 6 million[29] 1878–1904 Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and allies Horn of Africa
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[30][31][32] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[33][34] 1525–1540 Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations Colombia
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[35] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy Indian subcontinent
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[36][37] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
Deluge 3–4 milion[38] 1648–1666 Poland–Lithuania vs Swedish Empire and Russia Eastern Europe
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million[39] 1562–1598 French catholics vs Huguenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[40][22] 1950–1953 North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and allies Korean Peninsula
Vietnam War 1.1–3.4 million[41][42] 1955–1975 North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and allies Indochina
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.3 million[43][44] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Afghan conflict 1.17–3 million[45][46][47] 1978–present Multiple sides; Afghan mujahideen, later Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, United Tajik Opposition vs. Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Northern Alliance, Tajikistan, and the United States-led coalition Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[48] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million[49][50] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Indian subcontinent
Mexican Revolution 1.7–2.7 million[51] 1910–1920 Anti-government vs. Pro-government Mexico
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[52][53][54] 1961–1991[c] EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Horn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million[55] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[56][57] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Tây Sơn wars 1–2 million[58][59] 1771-1802 Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France Indochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[60] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[61] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies Indian subcontinent
Balkan Wars 0.75–1.77 million[62][63] 1912–1913 Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania Balkans
Algerian War 0.4–1.6 million[64][65] 1954–1962 France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist Party North Africa
French conquest of Algeria 0.98–1.48 million[66][67][68] 1830–1903 France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and allies North Africa
Gallic Wars 1.47 million[69][70][71] 58 BCE–50 BCE Roman Empire vs. Gauls Gaul
Jewish-Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million[72][73] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
War of the Spanish Succession 0.4–1.25 million[74][75] 1701–1714 Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and allies Global
Franco-Prussian War 1.15 million[76][77] 1870–1871 Second French Empire, later Third French Republic vs. North German Confederation Central Europe
Japanese invasions of Korea 1 million [78] 1592–1598 Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan Korean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion 1 million[79] 1856–1873 Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan Guo China
Seven Years' War 1 million[80] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal, and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and allies Global
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[81][82] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States North America
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[83][84] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million[85][86] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Indochina
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[87][88] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War 0.77 million[89] 218 BCE–201 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million[90] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies Europe, Americas, and Indian subcontinent
Nine Years' War 0.68 million[91] 1688–1697 Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance Europe
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million[92][93][94] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United Kingdom Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification 0.65 million[95] 475 BCE–221 BCE Multiple sides China
Syrian civil war 0.58–0.61 million[96][97] 2011–present Multiple sides Levant
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[98] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire North and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars 0.6 million[99] 1362–1443 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate Indian subcontinent
Turkish War of Independence 0.4–0.6 million[100][101] 1919–1923 Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia Anatolia
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[102][103] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Horn of Africa
Northern Wars 0.57 million[104][105][106][107] 1554–1721 Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and allies vs. Swedish Empire and allies Northern and Eastern Europe
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million[108][109] 113 BCE–774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribes Germania
First Punic War 0.4–0.54 million[110][111] 264 BCE–241 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.5 million[112][113] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[114] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War 0.1–0.5 million[115][116][117][118] 1978–1986 Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement Uganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million[119][120] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million[121] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[122][123][124] 1936–1939[d] Nationalists vs. Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[128] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million[129][130] 1485–1699 Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies Central Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[131] 280 BCE–30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic Kingdom Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[132][133] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Indian subcontinent
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[134] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[135] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Indochina
War in Darfur 0.4 million[136] 2003–2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35–0.4 million[137][138] 2006–present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Song–Đại Việt war 0.25–0.4 million[139][140] 1075–1077 Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt Indochina
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million[141][142] 1868–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[143] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Yemeni civil war 0.15–0.37 million[144][145] 2014–present Multiple sides Yemen
Boko Haram insurgency 0.03–0.35 million[146] 2009–present Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram Nigeria
Franco-Dutch War 0.34 million[147] 1672–1678 Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic Western Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million[148][149] 1415–1718 Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War 0.3–0.32 million[150][151][152] 1989–2003 Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone West Africa
Goguryeo–Sui War 0.3 million[153][154] 598–614 Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo Manchuria and Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars 0.3 million[155] 1833–1876 Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict 0.27–0.3 million[156] 2003–2017 Multiple sides Levant
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[157][158] 1990–1991[e] Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million[159][160][161] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.12–0.28 million[162][163][164][165][166] 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Eastern Europe and the Black Sea
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.27 million[167] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao Philippines
Burmese–Siamese wars 0.26 million[168][169] 1547–1855 Thailand vs. Myanmar Southeast Asia
Kalinga War 0.25 million[170] 262 BCE–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga Indian subcontinent
First Congo War 0.25 million[171] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War 0.25 million[172] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
Greek War of Independence 0.24 million[173][174] 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[175][176] 1948–present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million[177][178] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain North America
Chechen conflict 0.08–0.23 million[179][180][181][182][183][184] 1994–2009 Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus
Indian Invasion of Hyderabad 0.2 million[185][186] 1948 India vs. Hyderabad Indian subcontinent
La Violencia 0.2 million[187] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Greco-Persian Wars 0.2 million[188] 499 BCE–449 BCE Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million[189][190] 1960–1996 Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Central America
North Yemen civil war 0.1–0.2 million[191][192] 1962–1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Italo-Senussi Wars 0.07-0.2 million[193][194][195] 1911–1934 Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire North Africa
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million[196][197][198] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[199] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Sri Lankan Civil War 0.08–0.17 million[200][201] 1983[f]–2009 Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[203] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[204][205] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Algerian Civil War 0.15 million[206] 1992–2002 Multiple sides North Africa
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.15 million[207][208][209][210] 1948[g]–present Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million[212][213][214] 1975–1990 Multiple sides Levant
Greek Civil War 0.08–0.15 million[215][216] 1946–1949 Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic Government Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[217][218] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Irish Nine Year's War 0.13 million[219] 1593–1603 Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebels Ireland
Chaco War 0.08–0.13 million[220][221][222] 1932–1935 Paraguay vs. Bolivia Paraguay and Bolivia
Federal War 0.1 million[223] 1859–1863 Federalists vs. Conservatives Venezuela
Congo Crisis 0.1 million[224] 1960–1965 Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Free Republic of the Congo, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and allies Republic of the Congo
Wars of Alexander the Great 0.1 million[225][226][227] 336 BCE–323 BCE Macedonian Empire vs. Achaemenid Empire among others Greece, Balkans, Anatolia, Persia, Middle East, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent

Charts and graphs

[edit]
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.[228]
Number of combatants who died due to fighting in interstate and civil wars. This excludes civilian deaths, which can make the death tolls much larger.
Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800-2011.[229]
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.[230]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some examples would include the Dirty War (22,000–30,000 killed), the Cultural Revolution (0.4-20 million killed), the Rubber Terror (1.5-13 million killed), the excess mortality period in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (3.2-9 million killed), the Transatlantic slave trade, the Arab slave trade, the Native American Indian genocide, the Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000-250,000 killed yearly in the Aztec Empire alone), the Dzungar genocide (420,000-480,000 killed), or the Herero and Nama genocide (34,000-110,000 killed). Information about these events might be found in the List of genocides or in the List of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
  2. ^ Before 1927, violence had erupted in the Xinhai 1911 Revolution, which brought an end to the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. Even if major fighting had ceased by 1949, the Chinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the "de facto" independent Republic of China in Taiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. The People's Republic of China even tried to annex it several times during the Taiwan Strait Crises. Human-caused deaths at a large scale continued with the People's Republic of China starting a Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries until 1953, which led to an additional 712,000-2,000,000 people executed.[23][24]
  3. ^ In the middle of these conflicts, the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia took place in the Horn of Africa, and left some 37,000 people killed, being this a phase of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict.
  4. ^ While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during the White Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000 liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexual people, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists.[125][126][127]
  5. ^ A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction.
  6. ^ Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954.[202]
  7. ^ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine.[211]

References

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Further reading

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