Lycoperdon umbrinum
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| Lycoperdon umbrinum | |
|---|---|
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| Lycoperdon umbrinum, found in Gåla (Norway) in late August | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | Lycoperdon |
| Species: | L. umbrinum
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| Binomial name | |
| Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. (1801)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Lycoperdon umbrinum | |
|---|---|
 | Glebal hymenium |
 | No distinct cap |
 | Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable |
| Lacks a stipe |
 | Spore print is olive |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is edible |
Lycoperdon umbrinum, commonly known as the umber-brown puffball, is a type of Puffball mushroom in the genus Lycoperdon. It is found in China,[2] Europe,[3] Africa,[4] and North America.[5]
Description
[edit]This species has a fruit body that is shaped like a top, with a short, partly buried stipe. It is 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) tall and 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 1.6 in) broad. It is approximately the size of a golf ball but may grow to be as big as a tennis ball. Lycoperdon umbrinum is very similar to Lycoperdon molle[6]; they are so similar that scientists used refer to them with the same name. When looking closer, the density of spines on L. umbrinum are sparser and the spores of L. molle are much larger with a greater density of spines.[7] The spores of L. umbrinum are spherical and either smooth or ornamented[8] with spines and appear olive yellow in KOH.[7]
The fruit body is initially pale brown then reddish to blackish brown, and the outer wall has slender, persistent spines up to 1 mm long. Spores are roughly spherical, 3.5–5.5 μm in diameter, with fine warts and a pedicel that is 0.5–15 μm long. It is uncommon and found mostly in coniferous woods on sandy soils.[9]
The species is considered edible.[5] Be sure to identify properly before eating because it could be confused with the toxic earth ball or deadly Amanita.[10][11]
Ecology and habitat
[edit]This fungus is saprophytic, commonly growing in forests and under conifers.[7] It has also been seen growing in poor quality soil in hardwood and conifer areas.[12] It has been observed growing by itself, dispersed, or many together.[7]
The fruiting period is from June through September.[12] Unlike agarics which have gills that hold spores, when conditions are right, these puffballs will become dry and burst to release their spores.[13] Upon rupturing, they can release trillions of spores.
An interesting characteristic about Lycoperdon umbrinum is that it likely has a mycorrhizal relationship with Pinus patula.[4] One study investigated this relationship and found these species were often growing near each other. Additionally, there were development of branched and finger-like mycorrhizae underneath the L. umbrinum fruiting bodies.[4] This study was done in South Africa where it is common that coniferous plants grown on large scale have this mutualism (and L. umbrinum is one of them).
Edibility and medicinal uses
[edit]Lycoperdon umbrinum is edible and has been found to have some medicinal purposes.[12] This mushroom has historically been used by the Mam ethnic group in Mexico. They call it “wutz anim” or “dead’s eye” which they use to keep away the evil eye. They typically prepare it by boiling and eat it by itself or with other plants. This group also uses it against asthma (creating a powder mixed with other plants) and additional uses that seem to overlap with the uses of baby powder. In some parts of the country, there is a mushroom gathering tradition (where these mushrooms are used for food, medicine, religious purposes, or for selling) that the whole family is a part of.[12]
In the lab, L. umbrinum has been found to have significant antibacterial properties[14] and potentially antimicrobial properties.[15] It was found that Aspergillus tamarii (an endophytic fungus) is associated with L. umbrinum through a beneficial mutualistic relation.[14] This fungus, extracted from L. umbrinum has significant antibacterial properties specifically on Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. [14] L. umbrinum was also found to have antimicrobial activities against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[15] Lycoperdon umbrinum and Trametes versicolor were found to inhibit the MRSA growth to the greatest degree (compared to the other fungi in the study) indicating that these species could hold a new source of antimicrobial properties to fight MRSA.[15]
Although it may have helpful antibacterial and antimibrobial properties, spore inhalation should be avoided. Inhalation of Lycoperdon spp. could cause lycoperdonosis. This is a reaction to inhalation or ingestion of puffball spores which can lead to unpleasant symptoms.[13]
Nutrients
[edit]Lycoperdon umbrinum contains tocopherols with α- and β- isoforms and has high ash content (indicating it has minerals important for nutrition).[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Kew Mycology (2015). "Species Fungorum". Species Fungorum.
- ^ Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 692. ISBN 962-201-556-5.
- ^ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln Publishers. p. 358. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5.
- ^ a b c Marais, L. J.; Kotzé, J. M. (1977-03-01). "Notes on Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae of Pinus patula in South Africa". South African Forestry Journal. 100 (1): 61–71. Bibcode:1977SAfFJ.100...61M. doi:10.1080/00382167.1977.9629436. ISSN 0038-2167.
- ^ a b Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: FalconGuides. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Kew Mycology (2015). "Species Fungorum". Species Fungorum.
- ^ a b c d "Lycoperdon umbrinum (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
- ^ Cortez, VG; Baseia, IG; Silveira, RMB (2013). "Gasteroid mycobiota of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Lycoperdon and Vascellum". Mycosphere. 4 (4): 745–758. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/11. ISSN 2077-7019.
- ^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. p. 239. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
- ^ Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world. Ian R. Hall, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited. Christchurch, N.Z.: Crop & Food Research. 2003. ISBN 0-478-10835-4. OCLC 55624760.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Freisen, M.; Pringle, A.; Callan, B.; Leathern, A. (2005). "Amanita phalloides heads north". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 43 (6): 761–762 – via Google Scholar.
- ^ a b c d Arias, F.G.; Gallegos, R. H.; Sánchez, J.E. (2014). "Ethnomycology in the "Tacaná Volcano Biosphere Reserve," Chiapas, Mexico". Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP8), New Delhi, India, 19–22 November 2014. 1 & 2: 98–107 – via ICAR- Directorate of Mushroom Research.
- ^ a b Diaz, James H. (March 2018). "A Puff of Spores". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 29 (1): 119–122. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2017.08.004. ISSN 1080-6032. PMID 28964695.
- ^ a b c Ogbole, O. O.; Adebayo-Tayo, B. C.; Salawu, K. M.; Okoli, V. C. (March 2017). "Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Aspergillus tamarii (Trichomaceae)".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Ogbole, Omonike Oluyemisi; Adebisi, Ponmile; Segun, Peter Adekunle (2019-10-07). "Medicinal mushrooms with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibitory activity". Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources. 16 (1): 41. doi:10.4314/jpb.v16i1.5. ISSN 0189-8442. S2CID 208585448.
- ^ Pereira, Eliana; Barros, Lillian; Martins, Anabela; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R. (January 2012). "Towards chemical and nutritional inventory of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms in different habitats". Food Chemistry. 130 (2): 394–403. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.057. hdl:10198/6235. ISSN 0308-8146.
External links
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