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Mallee military dragon

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Mallee military dragon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Agamidae
Genus: Ctenophorus
Species:
C. fordi
Binomial name
Ctenophorus fordi
(Storr, 1965)[1]
Distribution of Ctenophorus fordi
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Amphibolurus fordi
    Storr, 1965
  • Phthanodon fordi
    — Wells & Wellington, 1985
  • Phthanodon hawkeswoodi
    Wells & Wellington, 1985
  • Ctenophorus fordi
    — Manthey & Schuster, 1999

The Mallee dragon[3] (Ctenophorus fordi), also commonly known as the Mallee dragon and the Mallee sand-dragon,[2] is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is native to the arid parts of southern Australia.[1][3]

Etymology

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The Mallee military dragon's specific name, fordi, commemorates Dr. Julian Ralph Ford (1932–1987). Dr. Ford was an ornithologist, herpetologist and chemist who worked at the Western Australian Museum. He collected the lizard holotype and many of the paratypes.[2][4]

Description

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C. fordi is a small endemic Australian lizard that grows to a maximum size of 5 cm (2.0 in) snout–vent length (SVL).[5] C. fordi displays a dark reddish-orange colouration with a pale dorso-lateral stripe extending from the posterior region of the neck to the anterior portion of the tail.[5] The pale stripe is bordered by a thin, black stripe.[5] The dark orange-brown region enclosed by the pale stripe is flecked with small pale spots.[5]

Geographic range

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C. fordi is found in south-eastern Western Australia, through central South Australia, and into the north-west corner of New South Wales and south-west corner of Queensland.[5][6] What were previously considered to be populations occurring in south-east South Australia, western Victoria and central New South Wales,[5] were reclassified in 2019 as a separate species; the Eastern Mallee dragon.[6]

Habitat

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The Mallee military dragon (Ctenophorus fordi) primarily inhabits regions characterised by shrubs and hummock grass. These lizards thrive in sandy arid to semi-arid environments, particularly favoring the unique ecosystems of Mallee woodland and spinifex.[7] They are commonly found in vegetated sand dunes, where the intricate mix of flora offers both shelter and hunting grounds.[8]

In addition to these primary habitats, the Mallee military dragon can sometimes be found in open sandy areas adjacent to these woodlands, where they utilise the loose soil for burrowing. Their burrows, often located near the bases of spinifex clumps, offer refuge from extreme temperatures and predators.[9] The presence of various shrubs and grasses in these areas contributes to a diverse diet and a complex habitat structure, essential for the dragon's lifecycle.

Overall, the Mallee military dragon's habitat is intricately tied to the health and age of the Mallee ecosystems, with an emphasis on mature spinifex coverage that supports their ecological needs.[10]

Behaviour

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Mallee military dragons (Ctenophorus fordi) emerge from dormancy in August, with males appearing about four weeks earlier than females.[11]They are active even on very hot days, foraging in sandy, open areas and dashing for cover into nearby grasses or low bushes if disturbed or pursued.[12] Males are territorial.

The signaling behavior of C. fordi consists almost exclusively of head bobs, which both males and females produce when encountering another individual.[13] A study by Gibbons and Lillywhite (1981) found that head bobbing is used for species recognition, sex identification, and signaling dominance status in Mallee dragons.[14]

Diet

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The Mallee military dragon (Ctenophorus fordi) has a diet that consists largely of ants, with ants making up a significant portion (30-50%) of its total food intake.[15] As an ant specialist, C. fordi exploits a food source that most other lizards avoid.

Ants are abundant in the sandy, arid environments inhabited by the Mallee dragon. Different ant species are available seasonally, providing a reliable food source throughout the lizard's active period from spring through summer.[16] C. fordi ambushes ants and other small insects and arthropods that wander within striking distance, employing a sit-and-wait predatory strategy.[17]

In addition to ants, the Mallee dragon's diet includes a variety of other small invertebrates found in its habitat, such as spiders, beetles, and other insects.[18] The larger the individual lizard, the larger the prey it can consume, with the largest dragons occasionally eating small lizards.

Ontogenetic shifts in diet, where juveniles and adults consume different prey, are common in many lizard species. However, there is no evidence of Mallee dragons undergoing such shifts, with ants remaining a dietary staple across all life stages.[19]

The specialized tricuspid teeth of C. fordi are adapted for an insectivorous diet, allowing it to efficiently capture and consume ants and other small prey. [20]Its diet provides the necessary nutrients and energy for growth, reproduction, and survival in the harsh desert environment.

Reproduction

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The Mallee military dragon reproduces sexually, with an oviparous and dioecious reproduction method.[21] Mating occurs in spring. Females produces sequential clutches of two to five eggs over the reproductive season and the offspring hatch from December to March.[21] Males are not territorial and there has been no evidence of male-male aggression.[21]

Conservation actions

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The species C. fordi is listed under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a species of "Least Concern".[1] The Mallee military dragon occurs in several protected areas, including the Sturt National Park in New South Wales, and the Currawinya National Park in Queensland.[3][6]

Threats

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The Mallee military dragon is vulnerable to various threats.[22] These include:

  • Habitat loss from land clearing, degradation by introduced species such as cattle and rabbits, and modification caused by climate change[22]
  • Death on roads[22]
  • Predation by introduced species such as dogs, cats, pigs, and foxes[22]
  • Threats from emerging diseases[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Cogger, H.; Melville, J.; Wilson, S.; Craig, M. (2017). "Ctenophorus fordi ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83410150A83453708. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T83410150A83453708.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Ctenophorus fordi at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 19 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c "Ctenophorus fordi (Storr, 1965)". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  4. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Ctenophorus fordi, p. 92).
  5. ^ a b c d e f Garcia JRD, Dyer A (2013). "Trade-off between camouflage and sexual dimorphism revealed by UV digital imaging: the case of Australian Mallee dragons (Ctenophorus fordi)". Journal of Experimental Biology 216: 4290-4298. https://doi.org/:10.1242/jeb.094045
  6. ^ a b c Sadlier, R.A.; Colgan, D.; Beatson, C.A.; Cogger, H.G. (2019). "Ctenophorus spinodomus sp. nov., a New Species of Dragon Lizard (Squamata: Agamidae) from Triodia Mallee Habitat of Southeast Australia". Records of the Australian Museum. 71 (5): 199–215. doi:10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1700.
  7. ^ Simpson, R. E. L., Nimmo, D. G., Wright, L. J., Wassens, S., & Michael, D. R (2023). "Decline in semi-arid reptile occurrence following habitat loss and fragmentation". Wildlife Research. 51. doi:10.1071/WR23034.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Hutchinson, M. (2002). "Reptiles and amphibians" (PDF). Atural History of the Riverlands and Murraylands Continued.
  9. ^ Michael, D., & Lindenmayer, D. (2010). Reptiles of the NSW Murray catchment: a guide to their identification, ecology and conservation. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10189-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Emu-Wren, M., Miner, B. E., Whipbird, W., Whistler, R. L., Parrot, R., & Grasswren, M. S (2014). "Reptiles of Victoria" (PDF). Reptiles of Victoria: A Guide to Identification and Ecology.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Swan, Michael, and Simon Watharow (2005). "Snakes, lizards and frogs of the Victorian Mallee". doi:10.1071/9780643093119. ISBN 978-0-643-09134-4. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ John Fowler. "THE REPTILES OF AUSTRALIA - DRAGONS (AGAMAS)". Ctenophorus spinodomus EASTERN MALLEE DRAGON. THE REPTILES OF AUSTRALIA.
  13. ^ Bian, X., Pinilla, A., Chandler, T., & Peters, R. (2020). "Effectiveness of movement-based animal signals is a function of display structure and habitat characteristics: simulations of Australian dragons". Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-124579/v1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Gibbons, J. R., & Lillywhite, H. B. (1981). "cological segregation, color matching, and speciation in lizards of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex". (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Ecology. 62 (6): 1573–1584. doi:10.2307/1941513. JSTOR 1941513.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ The Reptile Database. "Ctenophorus fordi (STORR, 1965)". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  16. ^ Cogger, H. G. (2012). "Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia". Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition.
  17. ^ Hutchinson, M (2002). "Reptiles and amphibians". Natural History of the Riverlands and Murraylands Continued.
  18. ^ Schwaner, T. D., Miller, B., & Tyler, M. J. (1985). "Reptiles and Amphibians" (PDF). Natural History of Eyre Peninsula.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ The Reptile Database. "Ctenophorus fordi (STORR, 1965)". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  20. ^ The Reptile Database. "Ctenophorus fordi (STORR, 1965)". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  21. ^ a b c "Mallee Dragon". Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Mallee military dragon". Australian Reptile Online Database. Stewart Macdonald. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

Further reading

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  • Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 9780643100350.
  • Manthey U, Schuster N (1999). Agamen, Zweite Ausgabe [= Agamas, Second Edition ]. Münster: Natur und Tier Verlag. 120 pp. (Ctenophorus fordi, new combination, p. 48). (in German).
  • Sadlier RA, Shea GM (1989). "The reptiles of Mungo National Park and the Willandra Lakes region". Herpetofauna 19 (2): 9–27.
  • Storr GM (1965). "The Amphibolurus maculatus species-group (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in Western Australia". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 48: 45–54. (Amphibolurus fordi, new species).
  • Wells RW, Wellington CR (1985). "A Classification of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia". Australian Journal of Herpetology, Supplemental Series (1): 1–61. (Phthanodon fordi, new combination, p. 18; Phthanodon hawkeswoodi, new species, p. 18).


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