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Marist Brothers

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Marist Brothers of the Schools
Named afterBlessed Virgin Mary
Formation2 January 1817; 207 years ago (1817-01-02)
FounderSt. Marcellin Champagnat
Founded atLyon, France
TypeLay Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right (for Men)
Legal statusActive
PurposeTo educate young neglected people
HeadquartersPiazzale Marcellino Champagnat 2, C.P. 10250, 00144 Roma, Italy
Region
Global
Membership (2019)
3,046 members [1]
Secretary General
Carlos Alberto Huidobro, F.M.S.
Superior general
Ernesto Barba Sánchez, F.M.S.
Motto
Latin:
Ad Jesum per Mariam
English:
"To Jesus through Mary"
Parent organization
Catholic Church
Websitewww.champagnat.org
Formerly called
Little Brothers of Mary

The Marist Brothers of the Schools, commonly known as simply the Marist Brothers, is an international community of Catholic religious institute of brothers. In 1817, Marcellin Champagnat, a Marist priest from France, founded the Marist Brothers with the goal of educating young people, especially those most neglected. While most of the brothers minister in school settings, others work with young people in parishes, religious retreats, spiritual accompaniment, at-risk youth settings, young adult ministry, and overseas missions. Since the 2010s an extensive history of sexual abuse within Marist institutions has emerged in the public record.[2][3][4]

History

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Saint Marcellin Champagnat, founder of the Marist Brothers

St. Marcellin Champagnat decided to start an institute of consecrated brothers in the Marist tradition, building schools for the underprivileged where they might learn to become "Good Christians and Good people". The decision was inspired by an event, when as a parish priest he was called to administer the last rites to a dying boy named Jean Baptiste Montagne. Trying to lead the boy through his last moments in prayer, Marcellin was struck by the fact that the young man had no gauge of Christianity or prayer. From that moment, Champagnat decided to start training brothers to meet the faith needs of the young people of France.

On January 2, 1817, the 23-year-old Jean Marie Granjon and Jean Baptist Audras, fourteen and a half years of age, moved into the small house that Fr. Champagnat had rented for them in La Valla[5] and which became the first Marist Brothers community. Their day consisted of prayer, work and study; their manual work was to make nails, an activity that helped to pay expenses. Marcellin taught them reading and writing, and he looked after their formation as religious educators. Other young men joined the undertaking, among them Gabriel Rivat who, as Brother François, would later become the Brothers' first Superior General.

As a Marist priest, Champagnat had a particular affinity for the Blessed Virgin Mary, so upon conception of the idea of Marist Brothers, Champagnat chose to call his brothers Petits Frères de Marie (Little Brothers of Mary), emphasising the meekness and humbleness he wished them to pursue, and seeking their consecration to her as an exemplar of fidelity to Christ. In 1863, 23 years after Champagnat's death, the Marist Brothers institute received the approbation of the Holy See, whereupon the order received the title of Fratres Maristae a Scholis (Marist Brothers of the Schools), hence the post-nominal letters of FMS. They received a particular mandate to follow the Marist Fathers to the Pacific and administer to the new colonies of the Pacific nations and Australia. This harkens back to a Marist legend about Champagnat.

A favourite maxim of St. Marcellin was that he wanted "to make Jesus known and loved" throughout the world, and to demonstrate he would run a needle through an apple (representing the earth) as an example of how he wanted the message of "Ad Jesum per Mariam" or "To Jesus through Mary" to cross the globe. The end of the needle came out in what would be the equivalent of the Pacific in relation to France where he inserted the needle, and so thus the Marist Brothers have a presence throughout the Pacific, including in Australia and New Zealand.

International provinces

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Marist Place, Site of the Marist School for Boys, 1919-1939

The Marist Brothers are involved in educational work throughout the world and now conduct primary, secondary and higher education schools, academies, industrial schools, orphanages and retreat houses in 79 countries on five continents: Europe, Africa, The Americas, Asia, and Oceania.

From their roots in Lyons, the Brothers today have spread across the globe. Over their 200-year history, Marist Brothers have had ministries in over 100 different nations. There are approximately 2,500 brothers in 79 countries on 5 continents, working directly and sharing their mission and spirituality with more than 72,000 lay Marists, and together educating close to 654,000 children and young people.[6]

The international Marist brotherhood is led by a Superior General, Br. Ernesto Sánchez, F.M.S.[7] Together with the Vicar General and a General Council, it is his job to guide the growth and administration of the various ministries of the Brothers across the globe, from the General House in Rome. The Marist Brothers are divided into two main administrative units, either "provinces" or "districts", depending on size. Provinces are led by a Provincial, whose job it is to oversee and make deliberations on behalf of the Superior General for the Province he leads. There are 26 provinces and 5 districts.[citation needed] Depending on the extent of ministries within a certain country, there may be multiple provinces within the one country. For example, Brazil has three provinces and two districts and Australia has two, as does Mexico.

Asia

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A map of the world showing countries where the Marist Brothers operate in green.

Oceania

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The Marist Brothers' first international missionary mandate was to the Pacific, where they accompanied Marist Fathers in evangelizing and education ministries. Today, Marist brothers own and run many technical colleges in the Central and Western Pacific, educating young men in nations ravaged by war (such as the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea).

Marist Brothers arrived in Australia in 1872, where they opened their first school at The Rocks, New South Wales.[8][9][10] There are now over 300 Brothers working with young people in schools as teachers and administrators, in retreat houses and camps for young people and in other areas of ministry. Australian Marist Brothers also serve in welfare ministries working with young adults in outreach programs in indigenous Australian communities and also in missions in nearby Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. Marists from Australia also serve communities in Cambodia and India. The two provinces of Melbourne (States of Victoria, WA, South Australia and Northern Territory) and Sydney (Queensland, New South Wales, ACT and Cambodia) recombined in 2012.[11] The number of Marist Brothers in Australian is diminishing and very few continue to teach in the Marist schools, which are now led and staffed predominantly by lay teachers; however, such schools are described as being in the "Marist tradition" as they continue to follow the educational principles of the Marist Brothers.[12][13]

Oceania is divided into the following four administrative units:

In the Oceania region, Prime Ministers of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga were all educated by schools run Marist Brothers.

Europe

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The Marist project originated in Europe, particularly in France, which Marcellin Champagnat called home. A number of schools, universities, youth ministries and social works are done by the Marists in this area. The administration of European Marists is overseen by the provinces of:

  • Province of Compostela (Spain, Honduras and Portugal)
  • Province of West Central Europe (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and United Kingdom)
  • Province of Iberia (Spain)
  • Province de l'Hermitage (Algeria, Spain, France, Greece, Hungary and Switzerland)
  • Mediterranean Province (Spain, Italy, Lebanon and Syria)

In Scotland, Celtic Football Club was formed at a meeting in St. Mary's church hall in Glasgow, by Marist Brother Walfrid on November 6, 1887. The stated purpose, according to the official club records, was "to alleviate poverty in Glasgow's East End parishes". The charity established by Brother Walfrid was named 'The Poor Children's Dinner Table'.

North America

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The North American provinces are particularly based around secondary and tertiary education. A number of American celebrities have been educated in American Marist schools, including Sean "P Diddy" Combs, David Hasselhoff and Ray Romano.[citation needed] The North American provinces are:

  • Province of Canada
  • Province of the United States

Latin America

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In Latin America, "Maristas" are also very active in the following countries: Chile, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Peru, El Salvador, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela and other countries as well. The largest number of brothers currently are natives from Spain and France. The Marist presence in these countries is divided into the following provinces:

  • Province of Brasil Centro-Norte
  • Province of Brasil Centro-Sul
  • Province of Brasil Sul-Amazônia
  • Province of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Cuba)
  • Province of Cruz del Sur (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)
  • Province of Central Mexico
  • Province of Western Mexico (Mexico and Haiti)
  • Province of the Northern Andes (Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela)
  • Province of Santa Maria of the Andes (Bolivia, Chile and Peru)

Africa

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Marist brothers are active in a number of African countries, including Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. Marist brothers have been martyred in Africa on many occasions for educating and protecting refugee people. The administrative groupings of Marists in Africa are:

Cases of child abuse

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Marist statement about abuse

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In 2017, the Marist Brothers released a statement to survivors and victims of abuse. It was issued by the 22nd General Chapter and stated that "Abuse is the very antithesis of our Marist values, and undermines the very purpose of our Institute. Any abuse of children is a betrayal of the noble ideals of our founder, St Marcellin Champagnat".[15]

Then the institution fought against adequate compensation measures for survivors of the abuse. [16]

The Marist Brothers then offered less in compensation to Fijian survivors, than they had in New Zealand, leading to accusations of racism. [17]

Australian Royal Commission

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From June 2014, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, initiated as a royal commission of inquiry by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments,[18] began investigating the response of Marist Brothers to allegations of child sexual abuse in schools in the ACT, NSW and Queensland.[19] A number of expert witnesses, former students, former teachers, former principals, former and current Marist officials and clergy, and one of the clergy at the centre of the allegations gave evidence or made statements before the commission.[20][21][22][23][24]

In 2017, the Commission published a report which documents significant evidence of child abuse at the hand of members of the Marist order and evidence that the response of the order systematically exacerbated the problems relating to abuse.[25][11]: 470–82  Included in the report was a finding that "many alleged perpetrators remained in the same positions with access to children for years and sometimes decades after initial and successive allegations of child sexual abuse were raised".[25] In many cases the Commission heard of "the minimisation of allegations of child sexual abuse".[25] One of the key systematic issues that came to light was that it was typical for Brothers to move through many communities and ministries in their lifetime. In the 1960s and 1970s there were typically up to 100 transfers each year.[25] As of 2017, compensation payments made totaled approximately $AUD2.7 million.[25]

In March 2015, a former Marist Brother was arrested over a number of sex offences allegedly committed at St Joseph's College in Hunters Hill and St Gregory's College in Campbelltown in the 1980s.[26]

In September 2016, during a Royal Commission hearing, the Brother Provincial of the Marist Brothers in Australia, Brother Peter Carroll, formally apologised to the family of Andrew Nash, whose suicide in 1974 at the age of 13 almost certainly resulted from sexual abuse by three of the order's predatory brothers – Dominic, Patrick and Romuald – and acknowledged that they had many more victims than the dozens who had come forward so far.[27]

Other cases, documented in the report, included those related to Brother Chute who, in 2008, was convicted of 19 child sex offences against six of his former students during the period 1985 to 1989. 48 claims had been made of abuse that occurred from 1959 to 1990 at 6 different schools, while 40 students at Marist College Canberra laid complaints during the period 1976 to 1990. The Marist Brothers did not report any allegations of child sexual abuse to the police in the period 1962 to 1993.[28]

Separately, in August 1996, Brother Gregory Sutton pleaded guilty to a total of 67 child sex offences in relation to 15 students at schools in New South Wales. He had taught at 6 Marist schools between 1970 and 1986 and there were complaints about the abuse of 27 children made against him during this period.[28]

In September 2018, Australian Marist Brother Gerard McNamara, 80, was sentenced to nine months in prison for molesting five boys at St Paul's Catholic College, where he served as principal between 1970 and 1975.[29] He had molested one of these boy 30 times.[29] In May 2020, McNamara began serving a second stint in prison after pleading guilty to indecent assault of more than 15 male students between 1970 and 1975.[30] This time, he received a sentence of 35 months in prison, with 28 months suspended.[30] Since his first sex abuse conviction in June 2006, which resulted in a suspended prison sentence, McNamara received three additional convictions and sentences on sex abuse charges, but was able to once again receive a suspended prison sentence following another conviction in December 2016.[30]

Cases of abuse in New Zealand

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Marist Brother Claudius Pettit, real name Malcolm Thomas Petit, was convicted of child-sex abuse of a boy at a Wellington school in the 1990s.[31] In 2005, John Louis Stevenson (known as Brother Bernard) and Brother Andrew Cody of the Hato Paora Māori Boys school in Feilding were convicted of sexual offenses and jailed.[32][33] A Br. Aiden Benefield (Napier) was convicted of possessing child pornography in 2007.[34]

Subsequently, in 2020, Kevin Healy (Brother Gordon) was convicted of four charges of indecency (from 1976 to 1977) between a man and boys aged 12 and 13, and one of indecency with a girl aged under 12.[35]

Another was Ray Gannaway, known as Brother Ivan, who taught in Wellington and Auckland.[36]

Cases of abuse in Europe

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As of March 2016, 29 complaints had been made against six former teachers from three Marist schools in Barcelona in Spain, with three of these teachers confessing to sexual abuse.[37] By February 2019, the number of complaints against Barcelona Marist school teachers had increased to 43, with 12 teachers named as suspected abusers.[38] Two Barcelona Marist Brothers were criminally charged, with one being convicted.[38] The trial for the second defendant commenced in March 2019,[39] who declared in court that the institution knew about the abuses but took no action so he "felt protected by the Marists".[40] He was sentenced to 21 years and 9 months in prison for sexually abusing four children,[41] with the Marist Brothers paying 120,000 euros to each of his proven victims.[42]

Similar cases were reported in Ireland, with a Marist Brother being the first member of a religious order convicted of child sexual abuse in Ireland.[43] Several Marist Brothers were convicted of abuse at a number of schools and a judgement by the Supreme Court of Ireland found the order "vicariously liable" for abuses.[44][45][46]

In Scotland, the Marist Brothers issued an apology in 2021 for the "systemic abuse of children" at several schools.[47]

Cases of abuse in Chile

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Abuse cases in Marist facilities in Chile included several involving diocesan priests Cristián Precht Bañados and Miguel Ortega of the Archdiocese of Santiago. Chilean police investigated the claims.[48] Precht was suspended from ministry between 2012 and 2017 after being convicted by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In 2012, Ortega was found guilty of sexually molesting boys and sentenced to 32 years in prison; he died in 2015.[49] On 12 September 2018, Precht was charged and laicized.[49] Precht had been incardinated in the Archdiocese of Santiago, and gained national recognition in the 1980s when he served as head of the Church's Vicariate of Solidarity human rights group that challenged ex-dictator Augusto Pinochet to end the practice of torture in Chile.[50]

In 2017, the Chilean Marist Brothers revealed that at least 14 minors were abused by Marist Brother Abel Perez from the 1970s until 2000 at several schools in Chile.[51] Perez confessed to his superiors in 2010, and was transferred to Peru.[51]

Marist saints and martyrs

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On October 31, 1996, four brothers were killed by refugees and martyred in a mission in Nyamirangwe (Bugobe), Zaire. These brothers were all Spanish: Br. Fernando de la Fuente de la Fuente, Br. Miguel Ángel Isla Lucio, Br. Servando Mayor García, and Br. Julio Rodríguez Jorge.[52]

On October 28, 2007, the Vatican beatified 498 saints who died as martyrs in the Spanish Civil War. Among the 498 were 47 Marist brothers[53] from the dioceses of Burgos, Cartagena, Girona, Lleida, Palencia, Pamplona and Tudela, San Sebastián, Solsona, Terrassa, Teruel and Albarracin, Urgell and Vic. The Beatification Mass was presided over by Cardinal Jose Saraiva Martins.[54]

On December 8, 2018, Br. Henri Vergès (1930-1994), from France, was among the nineteen beatified in Oran, Algeria, who were martyred in Algeria.[55][56][57]

Notable Marist Brothers

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2019 (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2019), 1418.
  2. ^ "Whanaketia – Through pain and trauma, from darkness to light | Abuse in Care - Royal Commission of Inquiry". www.abuseincare.org.nz.
  3. ^ "Woman sexually abused by Marist Brothers as a 5yo calls apology 'a PR strategy'". Newshub.
  4. ^ "'The community didn't deserve this': Ex-student reveals abuse". 9 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Life of Blessed Marcellin Joseph Benedict Champagnat (1789 – 1840)". Marist Brothers. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  6. ^ "History Institute - Champagnat". Champagnat - Institute of the Marist Brothers - general House, Rome. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  7. ^ "Br. Ernesto Sánchez". Champagnat - Institute of the Marist Brothers - General House, Rome. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  8. ^ Dennis, N.A. (1998). "Pioneer Marist Brothers in Sydney". Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. 19: 65–73.
  9. ^ Doyle, A. (1998). "The foundation of the Marist Brothers in Sydney". Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. 4 (1): 17–39.
  10. ^ Luttrell, John (2022). "Marist Brothers in Australia 1872–2022". Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. 43: 102–114.
  11. ^ a b Casey, Julian; Luttrell, John; Rodney, Peter; Solomon, Neville (2022). Sub Tuum Praesidium: Marist Brothers in Australia 1872-2022. Mascot NSW: Marist Brothers Australia. p. 426. ISBN 9780646853253.
  12. ^ "Marist Brothers mark sesquicentenary with launch of new history". Catholic Religious Australia. 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  13. ^ "Marist Tradition". Mount Maria College. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  14. ^ "Home Page". Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  15. ^ "Abuse Is The Very Antithesis Of Our Marist Values". champagnat.org. Marists of Champagnat. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  16. ^ "Stuff".
  17. ^ "Stuff".
  18. ^ "Letters Patent". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  19. ^ "Case Study 13, June 2014, Canberra". Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  20. ^ "Witness List and Order". Public hearing into the response by the Marist Brothers to allegations of child sexual abuse. Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  21. ^ Gilbert, Ewan (10 June 2014). "Royal commission into child sexual abuse: Canberra hearings to examine Marist Brothers response". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  22. ^ Ellery, David (10 August 2014). "Marist Brothers' schools director should be sacked, say sex abuse victim and lawyer". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  23. ^ Marszalek, Jessica (11 June 2014). "Northern links in royal commission into child sexual abuse at Marist Brothers school". Cairns Post. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  24. ^ Box, Dan (30 June 2014). "Complaints about Marist brother Kostka Chute allege 31 years of abuse". The Australian. Australian Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e "FINAL REPORT Volume 16 Religious institutions Book 3" (PDF). Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
  26. ^ Browne, Rachel (21 March 2015). "Former Catholic brother charged with child sex offences at St Joseph's and St Gregory's colleges". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  27. ^ Kirkwood, Ian (2016-09-08). "Marist head apologises as Catholic hearing closes". Newcastle Herald. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  28. ^ a b "FINAL REPORT - REPORT OF CASE STUDY NO. 13 The response of the Marist Brothers to allegations of child sexual abuse against Brothers Kostka Chute and Gregory Sutton" (PDF). Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
  29. ^ a b "Marist brother who sexually assaulted five boys sentenced to nine months' jail". Australian Associated Press. 3 September 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
  30. ^ a b c "Marist brother 'The Rat' jailed for sex abuse of four schoolboys". www.abc.net.au. 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  31. ^ "Child sex abuser memorialised in Marist rugby club's trophy". Stuff. 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  32. ^ "Jailed churchman was sexually abused as child". nzherald.co.nz. 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  33. ^ "Catholic brother sent to jail for abusing boys". The New Zealand Herald. August 27, 2005.
  34. ^ Chris Morris, "'He was a monster': Survivor shines light on dark past", ODT, 12 December 2018 (Retrieved 3 May 2020)
  35. ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/121586454/former-catholic-marist-brother-sentenced-on-child-sex-charges Former Catholic Marist brother sentenced on child sex charges
  36. ^ Kilgallon, Steve (2022-09-04). "Teacher Ray Gannaway who inspired Th'Dudes, Split Enz accused of child sex abuse". Stuff. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
  37. ^ "Third Catholic teacher confesses sexual abuse in Spain". www.thelocal.es. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  38. ^ a b "Spanish victims of sex abuse priests speak out". www.thelocal.es. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  39. ^ "Trial begins of Catholic school sex abuse". Spain in English. 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  40. ^ Casanova, Grego (2019-03-26). "Joaquín Benítez sobre los abusos: "Me sentía amparado por los Maristas"". El País (in Spanish).
  41. ^ "El TSJC ratifica la condena de 21 años y 9 meses contra el pederasta Joaquín Benítez". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2020-05-15.
  42. ^ "Indemnizadas las últimas víctimas de Benítez, el pederasta de los Maristas". El Periódico (in Spanish). 2021-01-01.
  43. ^ "Review of Child Safeguarding Practice - The Marist Brothers" (PDF). safeguarding.ie. National Board for Safeguarding Children in the Catholic Church in Ireland. January 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  44. ^ "Ex-brother becomes fifth man guilty of sex abuse at school". independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  45. ^ "Supreme Court: Religious Order vicariously liable for abuse suffered by former national school pupil". irishlegal.com. Irish Legal News Ltd. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  46. ^ "Man awarded €315,000 over sex abuse by Marist Brother". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  47. ^ "Marist Brothers apologise for abuse in Scottish residential schools". BBC News. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  48. ^ Uria, Daniel (September 16, 2018). "Pope Francis expels Chilean priest accused of sexual abuse". upi.com. UPI. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  49. ^ a b San Martín, Inés (16 September 2018). "Chilean hero expelled from priesthood over sex abuse charges". Crux. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  50. ^ Sherwood, Dave (September 15, 2018). "Pope Francis expels Chilean priest accused of child sex abuse". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  51. ^ a b "A Marist brother abused 14 minor at Chile schools over three decades". Santiago Times. 6 August 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  52. ^ "España: Querella por el asesinato de los Hnos. Servando, Julio, Miguel Angel y Fernando" (in Spanish). 2005-07-03. Archived from the original on 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  53. ^ 47 Marist Brothers Martyred In Spain
  54. ^ "Beatification of 47 Marist Brothers martyred in Spain – Champagnat". champagnat.org. 2007-07-27. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  55. ^ "Catholic Monks Killed in Algeria's Civil War Are Beatified". The New York Times. December 8, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  56. ^ Wooden, Cindy (September 14, 2018). "Algerian martyrs to be beatified in Algeria Dec. 8". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  57. ^ Delorme, Alain (January 2024). "Like a palm tree. Blessed Brother Henri Verges".
  58. ^ Hunt, Tom (2019-01-22). "Child sex abuser memorialised in Marist rugby club's trophy". Stuff. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
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