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Measure R
November 4, 2008 (2008-11-04)
County of Los Angeles Sales Tax
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 2,039,214 67.93%
No 962,569 32.07%
Los Angeles County Official Results[1]

Measure R was a ballot measure during the November 2008 elections in Los Angeles County, California, that proposed a half-cent sales taxes increase on each dollar of taxable sales (originating in or made from Los Angeles County) for thirty years in order to pay for transportation projects and improvements. The measure was approved by voters with 67.22% of the vote, just over the two-thirds majority required by the state of California to raise local taxes.[2] The project was touted as a way to "improve the environment by getting more Angelenos out of their cars and into the region's growing subway, light rail, and bus services."[3] It will result in the construction or expansion of a dozen rail lines in the county.[4]

Funding

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The ballot measure created an ordinance called the Traffic Relief and Rail Expansion Ordinance, which included an expenditure plan defining specific projects to be funded, timeframes for availability of funds, and expected levels of funding. The ordinance became effective on 2 January 2009 and is set to expire in year 2039.[5][6] Projects to be funded include expansion of light rail and subway services, freeway improvements, and funds for local cities to spend on their own transportation infrastructure.[7]

After the passage of Measure R in November 2008, the new sales tax rate in Los Angeles County rose to 8.75% (since 2013, 9-10%), second only to Alameda County in California (though there were a few cities whose sales tax rates exceeded the new rate).[2] Before passage, the Los Angeles Economic Development Agency estimated that it would cost each county resident about $25 a year, and each family about $80.[7]

Allocation

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The tax is expected to raise $40 billion over thirty years. After subtracting 1.5% for administrative costs, the remaining money must be spent as follows:

  • 35% for transit capital projects, e.g. new rail and bus rapid transit lines
  • 3% for transit capital on the Metrolink commuter rail system
  • 2% for miscellaneous transit capital, e.g. rail rolling stock, maintenance facilities
  • 20% for highway capital projects
  • 5% for operations on new rail lines
  • 20% for bus operation improvements
  • 15% for local return, i.e.  transportation money that individual cities decide how to spend

Transportation projects

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Geographic map of the LA Metro system showing all transit projects included in Measure R

Examples of transportation projects and improvements cited by proponents of Measure R include beginning the so-called Subway to the Sea, get the Green Line light rail to Los Angeles International Airport, widen the 5 Freeway at the bottleneck before the Orange County line, and add carpool lanes. The sales tax froze regular fares until 2010 and froze fares for seniors, the disabled, students, and those on Medicare thru 14 September 2014.[2]

Most of the projects depending on Measure R for money will require additional funding. This is because in order to secure political support, proponents aimed to offer "something for many constituencies", leading to an ambitious list of transportation projects, which relies in part on federal and state funds making up part of the funding of proposed projects, as has been the case for past projects.[2] Planned expenditures included:[8]

Political support

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Proponents

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Among prominent politicians, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, county Supervisor Zev Yaroslavsky, and Assemblyman Mike Feuer (D-Los Angeles) were the most vocal proponents. The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor and the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce supported it.

Having donated $900,000, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) was the "largest single donor to the effort to raise the sales tax in the county and build more mass transit". According to LACMA surveys, the top three reasons people do not visit the museum pertain to transportation: prospective visitors "live too far, there's too much traffic, and the museum is inconvenient to freeways and mass transit".[9]

Opponents

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Los Angeles County Supervisors Michael D. Antonovich, Don Knabe, and Gloria Molina were opposed to the measure, claiming that the "spending plan favors the Westside" and denies other parts of the county such as San Fernando Valley their "fair share of sales tax revenues".[10] MTA board member John Fasana opposed Measure R because he believed it does not "provide enough assurances" that funds will be spent as planned.[2]

Expansion of Measure

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Measure J

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Measure J
November 6, 2012 (2012-11-06)
Los Angeles County Sales Tax for Transportation
OutcomeDid not reach 2/3 supermajority; failed to pass
Results
Yes
 
 66.11%
No
 
 33.89%

The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors decided to ask voters on the November 2012 ballot whether or not to extend the half-cent sales tax increase for an additional 30 years until 2069. The board's 10–3 vote came just one day before the opening of the expanded Metro Orange Line - the first project funded by Measure R.[11] Proponents such as Mayor Villaraigosa maintain that it would save money by allowing Metro to take advantage of record low interest rates and construction costs, create thousands of jobs, and speed up the completion of certain projects.[10] In order to fund more transportation projects at the present time, the measuring would permit "bonding against future revenues"—i.e., to "take out loans from the investment market that will not be paid back until beginning in 2039". The extension would not result in new transportation projects; it would merely allow projects on the current list to be completed more quickly, in 10 years instead of 30.[12] The proposal, Measure J, went before the voters on November 6, 2012. It failed to pass, receiving 66.1% of the vote where 66.7% was required.[13][14]

Measure M

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Measure M
November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08)
Los Angeles County Traffic Improvement Plan
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 2,259,654 71.15%
No 916,375 28.85%
Los Angeles County Official Results[15]

On the November 2016 ballot, LACMTA proposed a $120 billion plan to expand upon Measure R, adding new transit projects and expediting others previously approved under Measure R. The plan, known as Measure M, would make measure R permanent and add an additional half-cent sales tax.[16] Measure M passed with 70.15% of the vote, clearing the two-thirds majority required.[17]

On the 23rd of July, 2019, the Eno Center of Transportation released a report titled "Measure M: Lessons from a Successful Transportation Ballot Campaign", authored by Michael Manville of the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. This report uses Measure M as a successful example of ballot measures as a means to fund transportation. The horizon year for the tax scheme is 2057.

Measure M programmed funding for the following projects:[18]

In March 2020, the City of Inglewood reallocated $233 million from Measure M highway improvement funds to help finance the Inglewood Transit Connector people mover.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "CM".
  2. ^ a b c d e Hymon, Steve (October 30, 2008). "A Closer Look at Half-Cent Sales Tax Hike, Measure R". Los Angeles Times.
  3. ^ Dreier, Peter (November 3, 2012). "LA's Measure J Will Create Jobs and Clean the Environment". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  4. ^ Bloomekatz, Ari (May 15, 2011). "Los Angeles County is poised to accelerate its rail projects". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  5. ^ http://media.metro.net/measure_R/documents/expenditure_plan.pdf Measure R Expenditure Plan
  6. ^ http://media.metro.net/measureR/images/ordinance.pdf Measure R Ordinance
  7. ^ a b Abendschein, Dan (October 11, 2008). "Measure R would boost transit". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  8. ^ "Proposed One-Half Cent Sales Tax for Transportation Outline of Expenditure Categories" (PDF). Metro. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  9. ^ Hymon, Steve (November 3, 2008). "Why LACMA Spent $900,000 on Measure R". Los Angeles Times.
  10. ^ a b Villacorte, Christina (August 7, 2012). "CA: L.A. County Supervisors to Vote on Whether to Put Measure R Extension on Ballot". Mass Transit. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014.
  11. ^ Tan, Caroline (June 30, 2012). "Expansion of Measure R Half-Cent Sales Tax to Hit Ballot in November". NBC 4 Southern California. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  12. ^ Villaraigosa, Antonio (April 27, 2012). "Not Waiting for Washington: Continue Measure R Until the Voters Themselves Decide to End It". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  13. ^ "Measure J, L.A. County transportation tax extension, fails". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  14. ^ "Measure J: Transit tax falling short of two-thirds majority". Daily News Los Angeles. November 7, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  15. ^ "Election Results".
  16. ^ Nelson, Laura J. (March 18, 2016). "MTA shows what taxpayers will get if they OK a $120-billion sales tax increase". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  17. ^ "LA County Election Results". www.lavote.net. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  18. ^ Hymon, Steve (November 8, 2016). "Measure M project descriptions". Metro. The Source. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  19. ^ "Editorial: Want football fans to take transit? Build a people mover to the new Inglewood stadium". Los Angeles Times. March 19, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
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