Proxyfan

Proxyfan
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 4-[3-(Benzyloxy)propyl]-1H-imidazole
Identifiers
CAS Number	177708-09-7;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL19173;
ChemSpider	4927056;
IUPHAR/BPS	1255;
PubChem CID	6421522;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00849491 ;
	SMILES C1=CC=C(C=C1)COCCCC2=CN=CN2;
Properties
Chemical formula	C13H16N2O
Molar mass	216.284 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Proxyfan is a histamine H₃ receptor ligand which is a "protean agonist", producing different effects ranging from full agonist, to antagonist, to inverse agonist in different tissues, depending on the level of constitutive activity of the histamine H₃ receptor. This gives it a complex activity profile in vivo which has proven useful for scientific research.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

References

^ Morisset, S.; Rouleau, A.; Ligneau, X.; Gbahou, F.; Tardivel-Lacombe, J.; Stark, H.; Schunack, W.; Ganellin, C. R.; Schwartz, J. C.; Arrang, J. M. (2000). "High constitutive activity of native H3 receptors regulates histamine neurons in brain". Nature. 408 (6814): 860–864. doi:10.1038/35048583. PMID 11130725.
^ Fox, G. B.; Pan, J. B.; Esbenshade, T. A.; Bitner, R. S.; Nikkel, A. L.; Miller, T.; Kang, C. H.; Bennani, Y. L.; Black, L. A.; Faghih, R.; Hancock, A. A.; Decker, M. W. (2002). "Differential in vivo effects of H3 receptor ligands in a new mouse dipsogenia model". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 72 (3): 741–750. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00745-1. PMID 12175472.
^ Gbahou, F.; Rouleau, A.; Morisset, S.; Parmentier, R.; Crochet, S.; Lin, J. S.; Ligneau, X.; Tardivel-Lacombe, J.; Stark, H.; Schunack, W.; Ganellin, C. R.; Schwartz, J. C.; Arrang, J. M. (2003). "Protean agonism at histamine H3 receptors in vitro and in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (19): 11086–11091. doi:10.1073/pnas.1932276100. PMC 196931. PMID 12960366.
^ Baldi, E.; Bucherelli, C.; Schunack, W.; Cenni, G.; Blandina, P.; Passani, M. B. (2005). "The H3 receptor protean agonist proxyfan enhances the expression of fear memory in the rat". Neuropharmacology. 48 (2): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.09.009. hdl:2158/220558. PMID 15695163.
^ Krueger, Kathleen M.; Witte, David G.; Ireland-Denny, Lynne; Miller, Thomas R.; Baranowski, John L.; Buckner, Steve; Milicic, Ivan; Esbenshade, Timothy A.; Hancock, Arthur A. (2005). "G Protein-Dependent Pharmacology of Histamine H₃ Receptor Ligands: Evidence for Heterogeneous Active State Receptor Conformations". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 314 (1): 271–281. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.078865. PMID 15821027.
^ Arrang, J. M.; Morisset, S.; Gbahou, F. (2007). "Constitutive activity of the histamine H3 receptor". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 28 (7): 350–357. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.002. PMID 17573125.
^ Baker, Jillian G. (2008). "Antagonist affinity measurements at the Gi-coupled human histamine H3 receptor expressed in CHO cells". BMC Pharmacology. 8: 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-8-9. PMC 2430196. PMID 18538007.

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[1] Morisset, S.; Rouleau, A.; Ligneau, X.; Gbahou, F.; Tardivel-Lacombe, J.; Stark, H.; Schunack, W.; Ganellin, C. R.; Schwartz, J. C.; Arrang, J. M. (2000). "High constitutive activity of native H3 receptors regulates histamine neurons in brain". Nature. 408 (6814): 860–864. doi:10.1038/35048583. PMID 11130725.

[2] Fox, G. B.; Pan, J. B.; Esbenshade, T. A.; Bitner, R. S.; Nikkel, A. L.; Miller, T.; Kang, C. H.; Bennani, Y. L.; Black, L. A.; Faghih, R.; Hancock, A. A.; Decker, M. W. (2002). "Differential in vivo effects of H3 receptor ligands in a new mouse dipsogenia model". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 72 (3): 741–750. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00745-1. PMID 12175472.

[3] Gbahou, F.; Rouleau, A.; Morisset, S.; Parmentier, R.; Crochet, S.; Lin, J. S.; Ligneau, X.; Tardivel-Lacombe, J.; Stark, H.; Schunack, W.; Ganellin, C. R.; Schwartz, J. C.; Arrang, J. M. (2003). "Protean agonism at histamine H3 receptors in vitro and in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (19): 11086–11091. doi:10.1073/pnas.1932276100. PMC 196931. PMID 12960366.

[4] Baldi, E.; Bucherelli, C.; Schunack, W.; Cenni, G.; Blandina, P.; Passani, M. B. (2005). "The H3 receptor protean agonist proxyfan enhances the expression of fear memory in the rat". Neuropharmacology. 48 (2): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.09.009. hdl:2158/220558. PMID 15695163.

[5] Krueger, Kathleen M.; Witte, David G.; Ireland-Denny, Lynne; Miller, Thomas R.; Baranowski, John L.; Buckner, Steve; Milicic, Ivan; Esbenshade, Timothy A.; Hancock, Arthur A. (2005). "G Protein-Dependent Pharmacology of Histamine H₃ Receptor Ligands: Evidence for Heterogeneous Active State Receptor Conformations". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 314 (1): 271–281. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.078865. PMID 15821027.

[6] Arrang, J. M.; Morisset, S.; Gbahou, F. (2007). "Constitutive activity of the histamine H3 receptor". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 28 (7): 350–357. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.002. PMID 17573125.

[7] Baker, Jillian G. (2008). "Antagonist affinity measurements at the Gi-coupled human histamine H3 receptor expressed in CHO cells". BMC Pharmacology. 8: 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-8-9. PMC 2430196. PMID 18538007.

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