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Pune Metro

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Pune Metro
An aluminium train set manufactured by Titagarh Rail Systems for the Pune Metro.
An aluminium train set manufactured by Titagarh Rail Systems for the Pune Metro.
Overview
OwnerMaharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited
Area servedPune
Pimpri-Chinchwad
LocalePune Metropolitan Region
Transit typeRapid Transit
Number of lines3[1]
Number of stations53[2]
Annual ridership9.302 million (2023)[3]
Chief executive

[4]

Website
Operation
Began operationMarch 6, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-03-06)
Operator(s)Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited
CharacterElevated & Underground
Number of vehicles34
Train length3 coaches[5]
Technical
System length

30.95 km (19.23 mi) (Under Construction)
22 km (14 mi) (Approved)
129 km (80 mi) (Proposed)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead catenary (Purple and Aqua Line)
750 V DC Third rail (Line 3)
Average speed40 km/h (estd.)
Top speed80 km/h

Pune Metro is a mass rapid transit system serving the city of Pune, India. The system comprises three lines with a combined length of 54.14 km (33.64 mi),[9][10] of which 32.97 km (20.49 mi) on two lines are operational as of November 2024.[11] The extended metro line from Ruby Hall Clinic to Ramwadi - including the Bund Garden, Kalyani Nagar and Ramwadi metro stations - covers a distance of 6 km. It was inaugurated on 6 March 2024.[11] The 16.59 km (10.31 mi) Purple Line from PCMC Bhavan to Swargate runs on an elevated viaduct between PCMC Bhavan to Range Hills, from where it goes underground. The Aqua Line runs from Vanaz to Ramwadi covering a distance of 14.66 km (9.11 mi) on an elevated viaduct.[12] The 23.33 km (14.50 mi) elevated Line 3 Puneri Metro will run from the Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi via Balewadi to Civil Court. All three lines will align at the District Court interchange station.[7][8]

The foundation stone for the Purple and Aqua lines was laid by prime minister Narendra Modi in December 2016.[13] The two lines with a combined length of 32.97 km (20.49 mi) are being implemented by the Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MahaMetro), a 50:50 joint venture of the state and central governments.[14][15] Sections of the purple and aqua lines were inaugurated in March 2022.[16] Additional sections on both lines became operational in August 2023.[17] Line 3 Puneri Metro is being implemented by Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) and is a joint venture of Tata Projects and Siemens Pune IT City Metro Rail Limited on a public–private partnership basis.[18][19][6][20] While the foundation stone for Line 3 was laid in December 2018, construction could only commence in November 2021 due to delays in land acquisition.[21][22][23][24]

Currently Mahametro has provided service on two major routes: from [1] Swargate to PCMC and from Vanaz to Ramwadi. During the busy morning and evening periods (8-11 AM and 4-8 PM), the wait time between trains has been reduced from 7.5 to 7 minutes. This change adds four additional trips to each route bringing the total to 117 trips on the Pimpri Chinchwad to District Court route and 118 trips on the Vanaz to Ramwadi route. [2]

Background

[edit]

Pune has witnessed enormous industrial growth since the 1990s. Rapid urbanisation in the recent past has put the city's travel infrastructure in stress. With an increase in small scale, medium scale as well as heavy industries, the traffic in the city is rising at alarming rates. The roads in the city, cater to various kinds of vehicles simultaneously. Such roads, at an optimum can carry 8,000 peak hour peak direction traffic (PHPDT). Being a densely populated area, Pune's traffic needs cannot be met by road-based system and additional flyovers.[citation needed] Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd. (PMPML), the public transport provider that operates buses and BRT services in Pune has failed to meet the transport needs.[25][26][27][28] This has mainly contributed to an unhealthy growth of vehicles on roads. According to reports published in April 2018, the number of vehicles registered in the city stands at 3.62 million surpassing the population of the city.[29][30] Such a high density of traffic has put the urban transport system in Pune under severe stress leading to longer travel time, increased air pollution and rise in number of road accidents.[31] In light of this, a strong public transport system has been discussed in Pune since the early 2000s. Initially, Skybus Metro, a prototype suspended railway system developed by the Konkan Railways, was being considered on a 7.5 km (4.66 mi) route between Swargate and Pune Railway Station.[32] However, following a tragic mishap in September 2004, the project took a back seat.[33]

On 15 August 2008, the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) work was undertaken by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) and submitted their report.[34] In 2010, the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) delayed submitting the proposal to the Union government to make provisions in the annual budget for the project. The initial project consisting of two lines with a combined length of 31.25 km (19.42 mi) was approved by the State in June 2012.[35][36] However, it received the final approval from the Central Government only on 7 December 2016, almost 4.5 years later.[37] PM Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone on 24 December 2016.[13] MahaMetro is implementing the two lines,[15] viz. the partly elevated and partly underground Purple line from Pimpri & Chinchwad to Swargate and the completely elevated Aqua line from Vanaz to Ramwadi.[38] MahaMetro expects to complete the project in 2021.[39] Days after the foundation stone for the MahaMetro lines was laid, PMRDA approved Line 3 (Hinjawadi Phase-I, II, III - Shivajinagar) on 29 December 2016.[7][8][40] The project will be implemented by PMRDA on a PPP basis.[6] It was approved by the State on 2 January 2018 and by the Centre on 7 March 2018.[7]

Construction

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Phase 1

[edit]

The Delhi Metro Rail Cooperation (DMRC) began preparing a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Pune Metro Phase 1. The DPR was submitted to the state government in July 2009 and received approval from the government on 12 June 2012. However, the project immediately ran into problems with various organizations demanding the alignment to be changed and environmental problems. At an event in 2013 during his tour of the city, the Metroman E. Sreedharan blamed the people involved in planning and implementing the project for the long delay, stating that "Pune lost five valuable years in unnecessary discussions instead of executing the project." In light of the various issues and revisions in cost the DPR was revised January 2013, August 2014, and once again in November 2015 to reflect current prices.

The project received a final approval from the Union Government’s Cabinet on December 7, 2016 and in January 2017, Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (NMRCL) was renamed to Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Maha-Metro) to execute Pune Metro’s Phase 1 project.

Phase 1 consists of two lines, the Purple line, running from PCMC Bhavan to Swargate, and the Aqua line, running from Vanaz to Ramwadi. The two lines comprise a total of 42.84 km (26.62 mi) (including approved extensions).

Phase 2

[edit]

Pune Metro has started the preparation for the second phase of the metro. The routes from Khadakwasla to Kharadi via Swargate and Hadapsar metro rail route (25.862 km), Paudphata to Manikbaug via Warje route (6.118 km), Vanaz to Chandni Chowk route of (1.112) km and Ramwadi to Wagholi route of (11.633 km) have been approved by Pune Municipal Corporation. The Detailed Project Report is further sent to state and center government for approval

MahaMetro Lines

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Purple Line

[edit]
Main article: Purple Line (Pune Metro)
Underground station at Civil Court metro station.

Purple Line runs from PCMC Bhavan in Pimpri to Swargate. The 16.59 km (10.31 mi) line is elevated till Range Hills with 9 stations and goes underground up to Swargate with 5 stations.[41][42] This route runs via Nashik Phata, Khadki and Shivajinagar.[43][44] The maintenance depot for this line will be located near the Range Hills station on the land acquired from the College of Agriculture.[45][46] The 5.09 km (3.16 mi) long underground section of Purple Line from Agriculture College to Swargate is being carried out in two packages: 1. Agriculture college to Budhwar Peth; 2. Budhwar Peth to Swargate.[47][48] Mahametro has invited separate tenders for these two packages each involving the design and construction of the stations and associated tunnels.[48][49] The following firms submitted bids: L&T, Tata Projects-Gulermark JV, Shanghai Tunnel Engineering, J Kumar and Afcons.[50] The underground station at Swargate will be a part of a multimodal transit hub integrating intra- and inter-city bus services run by PMPML and MSRTC, autorickshaws, as well as parking facility for private vehicles.[51][52] The project is being undertaken by MahaMetro on a PPP basis at a cost of ₹1,600 crore (equivalent to ₹21 billion or US$260 million in 2023).[53] In August 2018, J Kumar Infraprojects was awarded the contract for the hub.[54] In April 2018, MahaMetro began construction in the Kharalwadi and Morwadi area on the elevated stretch of the line between PCMC Bhavan and Range Hills. For the construction, the barricades on the newly built BRTS lane were removed. MahaMetro claimed it to be temporary and revealed that an earlier plan to construct the pillars on the footpath was dropped due to utility lines running below the surface.[55][56] However, the PCMC conducted trials on the BRTS route in April 2018 and intended to launch services soon and therefore ordered MahaMetro to stop construction.[56][57] As a result, MahaMetro revised the alignment in May 2018, one year after construction began on the line.[58][59]

Elevated station at PCMC Bhavan metro station.

Ever since the Centre gave its nod for the first two metro corridors, there has been a demand for extending the Purple line from PCMC Bhavan to Bhakti Shakti Chowk, Nigdi.[60][61] In light of these demands, PCMC decided to prepare DPRs for the extensions in their respective jurisdictions and bear the cost for it.[62] However, on 18 January 2018, MLA and Pune's Guardian Minister Girish Bapat announced in his speech at the ground-breaking ceremony for the first metro station at Sant Tukaram Nagar that work on the extension would be taken up only in the "second phase" of the project without mentioning a timeline.[63] As a result, confusion ensued and social organizations in Pimpri, Chinchwad, Akurdi held a token hunger strike in February 2018 to press their demand for extension.[64] In April 2018, PCMC earmarked a sum of ₹50 crore (equivalent to ₹67 crore or US$8.0 million in 2023) so that MahaMetro could prepare a DPR for the Nigdi extension.[65] In October 2018, MahaMetro submitted the DPR for the 4.5 km (2.80 mi) long extension to the PCMC with an estimated cost of ₹947 crore (US$110 million). The DPR was approved by the state in February 2021 was awaiting the nod from the centre.[66][67] In October 2023, the centre approved the extension of the route from PCMC to Bhakti Shakti Chowk in Nigdi.[68] MahaMetro had started the soil testing and basic works for setup of foundation pillars by June 2024. The work on the extension is expected to be completed by mid 2027.[69]

There have also been demands for extending the line from Swargate to Katraj.[70] The DPR prepared by MahaMetro for the 5.4 km (3.36 mi) long extension was approved by the PMC in September 2021. The extension is planned to be entirely underground and will have 3 stations at Gultekdi market yard, Padmavati and Katraj. The extension is expected to cost ₹4,020 crore (US$480 million).[71][72]

Aqua Line

[edit]
Main article: Aqua Line (Pune Metro)

Aqua line runs from Ramwadi to Vanaz via Mangalwar Peth and Deccan Gymkhana. The line is so named because a section of it passes through the Mula-Mutha river bed. The elevated line covers a distance of 14.66 km (9.11 mi) and has 16 stations. It connects with the Purple line and Line 3 at the Civil Court interchange station. The maintenance depot for the Aqua line is located near the Vanaz station on the former garbage depot land.[73][74] In November 2015, a revised proposal submitted to the PMC by the DMRC suggested realigning the route along the Mutha river as against the earlier alignment along Jangali Maharaj Road to reduce the project cost. The route length now is 14.66 km (9.11 mi), reducing the length by 260 m (853 ft 0 in).[75] The alignment of Line 2 was once again revised in January 2018 due to Indian Railways' expansion plans.[76] In September 2018, the National Monument Authority rejected permission sought by MahaMetro to build near Aga Khan Palace in the prohibited area of the monument.[77][78] No construction is permitted within 100 m (328 ft 1 in) of a monument under AMASR Act, 1958. This led to a third revision in the alignment of line 2, for which MahaMetro has suggested the PMC three alternative alignments for the Civil Court to Ramwadi section near the monument.[79][80][81] A diversion from Kalyani Nagar which increased the route length by 60 m (196 ft 10 in) and the cost by ₹135 crore (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$22 million in 2023) was approved.[82][83] Although the Aqua line currently terminates at Vanaz in the west, it was decided to extend the line till Chandani Chowk. The decision came in February 2018, when a longstanding dispute over the erstwhile garbage depot land in Kothrud was resolved by allotting it to MahaMetro for the development of a metro depot. A permanent exhibition depicting the life of Shivaji - the Shivsrushti (Marathi: शिवसृष्टी) project - which was also planned at the same location, will instead be built on the land reserved for a biodiversity park near Chandani Chowk.[84] The station at Chandani Chowk will bear the name of the Shivsrushti project. A DPR is being prepared for the 2 km (1.24 mi) long extension and an additional station between Vanaz and Shivsrushti (Chandani Chowk) at Bhusari Colony is being contemplated. MahaMetro will bear the costs for this extension.[85] There have been demands for the extension of the line from Ramwadi to Wagholi as well as a connection to the Pune International Airport.[86][87][88]

Pune IT City Metro Rail Limited

[edit]

Puneri Metro Line 3

[edit]
Main article: Line 3 (Pune Metro)

Line 3 aka Puneri Metro is under construction by Pune IT City Metro Rail Limited and will run from Civil Court, Pune to Megapolis Pune (including Maan and Bhoirwadi) in Hinjawadi. The 23.3 km (14.48 mi) line will be completely elevated and will have 23 stations and will align with the MahaMetro lines at the Civil Court interchange station.[7][8] The construction will be taken up in three phases, the section between Hinjawadi and Balewadi is expected to be taken up first followed by the section between Balewadi and Civil Court, Shivajinagar. A metro car shed will be built in Maan, Hinjawadi. The MIDC will provide 55 acres of land in Hinjawadi for setting up a Metro rail depot.[43][89][90] The line will also connect to the multimodal transit hub planned along the National Highway 48 in Balewadi which will integrate the inter- and intra-city bus services and BRTS operated by the MSRTC and PMPML.[91][92] The hub will be constructed on a PPP basis under the Smart City mission and is expected to cost ₹1,251 crore (US$150 million). The hub will consist of a built-up space of 1,900,000 square feet (176,516 m2) including 1,750,000 square feet (162,580 m2) of commercial office space, parking space for 80 buses, 1942 cars and 3884 two-wheelers.[91][93] As of October 2018, offers from international and national real estate developers have been invited for the hub and the PMC is in the process of land transfer to the executing agency, Pune Smart City Development Corporation Ltd. (PSCDCL).[91][94] PMRDA has announced that the line would be extended from the Civil Court intersection up to Phursungi IT Park via Hadapsar.[95][96] The DPR for the extension is being prepared by DMRC. This would add another 11.8 km (7.33 mi) of elevated corridor to the network and 12 additional stations.[97][98]

Rolling Stock

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The purple and aqua line of the Pune Metro use standard gauge rolling stock manufactured by Titagarh Firema. The trains consist of 3 coaches each, have a total capacity of 970 passengers and can reach a maximum speed of 95 km/h (59 mph).[99][100] The aluminium-bodied coaches are 21.34–21.64 m (70 ft 0 in – 71 ft 0 in) long, 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) wide, and 3.90 m (12 ft 10 in). Each coach has a capacity of 320 passengers with longitudinal seating for 44 passengers. The trains are fully air-conditioned and feature CCTV, panic buttons, emergency doors, public address systems and audio-visual systems for indicating opening and closing of doors. One coach in each train is reserved for women and there are dedicated spaces for passengers in wheelchairs.[101][102]

Coach type Length Width Height Axle load Seating arrangement Passenger capacity
Seating Standing Total
Driver Trailer coach (DTC) 21.64 m (71 ft 0 in) 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) 3.90 m (12 ft 10 in) 16 tonnes Longitudinal 43 207 250
Motor coach (MC)/Trailer coach (TC) 21.34 m (70 ft 0 in) 50 220 270

Progress on construction

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Phase 1 (Ongoing)

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Phase 1 Network
No. Line Name Operator Terminals Terminals Stations Distance Opening Date
1 Purple Line Maha Metro Bhakti Shakti PCMC Bhavan 4 4.41 km (2.74 mi) 2027
2 PCMC Bhavan Phugewadi 5 5.87 km (3.65 mi) 06 March 2022
3 Phugewadi District Court 4 8.03 km (4.99 mi) 01 August 2023
4 District Court Swargate 3 3.33 km (2.07 mi) 29 September 2024
5 Swargate Katraj 3 5.46 km (3.39 mi) 2029
6 Aqua Line Chandni Chowk Vanaz 2 1.12 km (0.70 mi) TBD
6 Vanaz Garware College 5 4.35 km (2.70 mi) 06 March 2022
7 Garware College Ruby Hall Clinic 8[a] 5.45 km (3.39 mi) 01 August 2023
8 Ruby Hall Clinic Ramwadi 3 5.94 km (3.69 mi) 06 March 2024
9 Ramwadi Vitthalwadi 11 11.63 km (7.23 mi) TBD
10 Line 3 PMRDA Megapolis Circle District Court 23 23.33 km (14.50 mi) 2026
71 78.92 km (49.04 mi)

Phase 2 (Approved)

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Phase 2 Network
No. Line Name Operator Terminals Terminals Stations Distance Opening Date
1 Line 4 Maha Metro Khadakwasla Kharadi 22 25.5 km (15.8 mi) 2029
2 Line 5 Nal Stop Manikbaug 6 6 km (3.7 mi) 2029
28 31.5 km (19.6 mi)

Network

[edit]

MahaMetro and PMRDA

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The Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) had proposed to take over the Metro project, which was declined by the PMC and PCMC.[103][104] The opposing representatives said that the Metro rail is going to be implemented by Special Purpose Vehicle. Instead, the civic bodies suggested inclusion of PMRDA in the SPV to increase the reach of the Metro rail. PMRDA will execute only Line 3 i.e. Shivajinagar to Hinjawadi (Phase-I, II, III) line. They will follow PPP model for the project.[105] For the implementation of the initial two lines, the former Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation was reconstituted to form Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MahaMetro).[106][107][108]

Operational network

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Main article: List of Pune Metro stations
Phase 1 Network
No. Line Name Terminals Terminals Stations Distance Opening Date
1 Purple Line PCMC Bhavan Swargate 12 17.23 km (10.71 mi) 06 March 2022
2 Aqua Line Vanaz Ramwadi 16 15.74 km (9.78 mi) 06 March 2022
32.97 km (20.49 mi)

Financing

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Funding

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The MahaMetro lines were estimated to cost ₹11,522 crore (US$1.4 billion), a hike of ₹653 crore (US$78 million) from the 2014 estimate.[109] The PMC and PCMC will each bear 5% of the cost, while the state government and the central government will each bear 20% of the cost. The remaining 50% will be obtained as loans. The state government's share of 20% includes the expenses of acquiring land, including government land, at market price.[110] The delay in the execution of the project has resulted in an upward revision of ₹ 700 crores (US$107.8 million) in the draft civic budget for 2015-16 presented by Municipal Commissioner Kunal Kumar.[111]

On 17 September 2016, the central government had approved a proposal seeking loan of ₹6,325 crore (US$760 million) from the World Bank and China-based Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) for the project.[112] However, as of March 2018, MahaMetro was negotiating loans worth ₹4,500 crore (US$540 million) and ₹2,000 crore (US$240 million) from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the French Development Agency (Agence française de développement, AFD).[113] On 28 January 2019, the Department of Economic Affairs on behalf of the Centre and the AFD signed a facility framework agreement to extend bilateral funding of ₹2,000 crore (US$240 million).[114][115]

The line 3 is estimated to cost ₹8,313 crore (US$1.0 billion) and will be implemented by PMRDA on a PPP basis. The private partner will bring in 60% of the funds, 30% in equity and 70% in debt, while the rest 40% will be provided together by the Centre, State and PMRDA. The Centre has already approved a sum of ₹1,300 crore (US$160 million) as viability gap funding, while the State will provide ₹812 crore (US$97 million) and PMRDA will come up with the rest.[20] The private partner will build, operate and maintain the line for 35 years.[116] On 31 July 2018, the State government allotted 5.1 hectares (13 acres) of land with a market value of ₹153 crore (US$18 million) for Line 3. This land located in Balewadi will be monetized by the bidder for financial viability and forms a part of the costs to be borne by the State.[117][118]

Revenue

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The following table shows annual ridership and farebox revef Pune Metro since inception.

Year Passengers Fare Box Revenue(₹)
2023 93,02,891 13.96 crore[119]

Fares

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An integrated fare system has also been planned to facilitate seamless transfers,[120][121][122][123] however, exact fares for the same travel distance will vary based on the operator.[124] MiCard (Marathi: मी कार्ड), the smart card currently being used on the bus and BRTS services run by the PMPML, will be used as the common mobility card on the metro services as well as parking facilities.[125][126]

Distance
(km) 		Fare
(₹)
0–2 10
2–4 20
4–12 30
12–18 40
>18 50
This fare structure was suggested by DMRC
in the DPR for MahaMetro lines.[127]

Issues

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Delay in Implementation

[edit]

The citizens and city based NGOs have regularly raised questions over the intention of the state governments as to whether they actually want to implement the project. The project was proposed way back in 2007 by the Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, but did not move ahead due to many reasons. The DPR was itself approved only on 12 June 2012.[128] At an event in 2013 during his tour of the city, the Metroman E. Sreedharan blamed the people involved in planning and implementing the project for the long delay, stating that "Pune lost five valuable years in unnecessary discussions instead of executing the project."[129]

Alignment Issue

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Initial plans were to build a few sections underground and the rest elevated. However, citizens of Pune did not want elevated routes as they felt that the roads could not bear the increased traffic that would result from the construction. Most roads were too narrow to accommodate the pillars of elevated routes. It was decided that all the routes in the city would be underground, although the map and the details of phases showed elevated routes. In November 2011, the state government declared that all the routes would be underground. However, in April 2012, the PMC declared that all routes will be as per the DMRC report, mostly elevated and partially underground in core city areas.[130] On 27 May 2015, the then Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs stated that underground metro was not a feasible option and that Pune, like other cities, will have to get an elevated metro as suggested by the DMRC. But as per the city activists, elevated metro is not possible due to presence of some flyovers along the route of metro and narrow roads on the metro corridor, which will cause traffic congestion and interruption.[111] To alleviate the confusion, Chief Ministers of Maharashtra announced that Pune will get "mixed-metro", as the alignment of some routes does support elevated sections.[131]

Metro phase I was criticized by Pimpri Chinchwad Citizens Forum, Pune (PCCF), believing that the project will not benefit nearly 70 per cent area of PCMC Administration, as it will not serve the Akurdi, Chinchwad and Nigdi stretch.[132] Adding further, the citizens group supported their cause by stating that it would take another 5 years after phase II gets approval from Union Cabinet for metro to reach core PCMC administered areas. Since infrastructure projects take a lot of time to get approvals, they fear the metro will not reach Nigdi before 2025.

Environment Interest Litigation

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In May 2016, an environment interest litigation (EIL) was filed in the western zone bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) against the realignment of Line 2 from Jangali Maharaj Road to the Mutha River bed.[75][133] The litigants MP Anu Aga, Sarang Yadwadkar, Arti Kirloskar and Dileep Padgaonkar expressed concerns over free flow of the river being obstructed by the pillars supporting the 1.7-km stretch of the metro viaduct.[133] In October 2016, the Biodiversity Monitoring Committee of the PMC reported that the metro project could be catastrophic for the riverbed ecology, corroborating the EIL.[134] The NGT put an interim stay on metro construction in the river bed on 2 January 2017, days after the foundation stone was laid on 24 December 2016.[135][136] The stay, however, was put on hold by the Supreme Court.[137][138] Subsequently, after the MahaMetro was formed and became a respondent in the EIL, it unsuccessfully moved the Supreme Court challenging the NGT's jurisdiction on the case.[139] In October 2017, the NGT resumed the hearing and appointed an expert committee convened by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) to study the impact of the metro project on the river bed.[140] In January 2018, the report was submitted and stated that the construction would not damage the river.[141] However, the case is still pending in the NGT. Since 1 February 2018, the NGT's western zone bench in Pune is unable to function following a Supreme Court order restricting single-member benches of the NGT from hearing cases.[142][143][144] The case is expected to be heard in July 2018, when the circuit bench of the NGT will hear cases for three weeks in Pune.[145][146] On 3 August 2018, the principal bench of the NGT cleared metro construction on the river bed. The clearance is subject to MahaMetro complying with the recommendations made by the three-member expert committee, which had concluded that the construction would not damage riverbed hydrology.[147][148][149]

FSI Debate

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The DMRC had proposed 4 FSI on either side of the corridor to achieve greater population densification through vertical development of residential and commercial properties. The PMC will raise money for the metro and needed civic amenities to support the higher density. Furthermore, PMC hopes to increase the use of metro.

Some members of the planning committee have suggested that three FSI be granted not only within a 500-m radius along the metro corridor but also in the entire city. Members have suggested that the amount collected through the premium on additional FSI should be turned into an urban development fund. A 60% share of this fund should be used for the metro project, while 15% for the PMPML and high capacity mass transit road and monorail and 25% for developing basic infrastructure.[150]

But as per several urban planners, NGOs and experts, the FSI introduction will have more drawbacks than benefits for the city.[151]

  1. Even if half of the landowners along the metro corridor take advantage of the 4 FSI proposal, it will lead to 20 km2 of built up area in coming years, which is more than the total housing needs of Pune for the next 20 years.
  2. The PMC would raise ₹37,000 crore (US$4.4 billion) from the sale of FSI whereas it needs just ₹3,000 crore (US$360 million).
  3. In the area studied, most of the plots which could consume the 4 FSI were at the edge of the corridor away from the stations, while many plots next to the tracks and the stations would remain as they are, since they are too small to accommodate the extra FSI. This plan might backfire as the distance of these plots from the nearby metro corridor might encourage the residents to use private vehicles and thus, defeat the purpose of metro.
  4. Given the prevailing land costs, the new development that comes up will be of the "premium" category. Thus any new housing that comes up through this extra FSI will cater to the more affluent segment, which is the group least likely to use the Metro.
  5. The open space per capita in the city will be reduced to half or less of what it is at present. The space required for other public amenities like hospitals, schools, clinics etc. will also fall short since very few plots are large enough to come under the "amenity" space rules under which the landowners have to give small portion to the city for providing amenities.[152]

In July 2018, the Department of Defence of the MoD notified height restrictions in a six-kilometer radius of the National Defence Academy and the Lohegaon airport. This area accounts for approximately 50% of the city's area. The notification restricts the construction of high-rise buildings and has made 4 FSI along the metro corridor under the transit-oriented development policy impossible.[153]

[edit]

In 2021, the first-ever movie to be shot in Pune metro was the Shah Rukh Khan and Nayanthara starrer film Jawan.[154] The film was shot in Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station.[155]

In 2024 Maha metro announced that the metro train will be operational till midnight during Ganesh Festival. On the day of Ganesh Visarjan the metro train will be operational for 24 hours. From September 7 to 9, the Pune Metro will operate from 6:00 AM to 11:00 PM. However, to better serve the public during the Ganeshotsav festivities, the operating hours will be extended. From September 10 to 16, the Metro will run from 6:00 AM until midnight. On the final day of the celebrations, September 17, the Metro was operated continuously for 24 hours handling 3,46,633 passengers the highest daily passengers number by succeeding 14 September 2,43,453 Passengers recorde. This means it will run from 6:00 AM on September 17 until 6:00 AM on September 18.[3] During this Ganeshotsav festivities 7 September to 17 September total 20,44,342 Passengers traveled by Metro.

Network map

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Map


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Yerwada station in this stretch had its opening on 21st August 2024 due to delay in construction.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 2 in operation, 1 under construction;
  2. ^ 28 in operation, 25 under construction or planning.
  3. ^ "Over 93 lakh Pune citizens travelled in Metro in 2023". Pune Pulse. 3 January 2024.
  4. ^ "State transfers Pune civic commissioner Shekhar Gaikwad". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  5. ^ Aug 18, Pune Mirror | Updated (18 August 2019). "MahaMetro releases list of features to be seen on the transport". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 18 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c "Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar Metro line gets state nod". The Times of India. Times News Network. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Central government approves Shivajinagar-Hinjewadi Metro corridor on PPP basis". Hindustan Times. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d "Tech companies keen to stamp their names on Metro stations - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  9. ^ "Independence Day trial runs successful, Pune Metro to extend till Dapodi, Deccan Gymkhana soon". 16 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar metro to use regenerative braking system". Hindustan Times. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-metro-s-reach-set-to-expand-up-to-30-km-101709664038809.html [bare URL]
  12. ^ "Welcome to Pune Metro Rail Project | Project Profile". www.punemetrorail.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  13. ^ a b "PM Modi gets rousing welcome in Maharashtra, lays foundation stones for tallest Shivaji memorial statue, Pune Metro". Zee News. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Metro Rail Projects in India - Quick Snapshot". The Metro Rail Guy. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Pune metro rail project gets go-ahead from Centre - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  16. ^ Sarang Dastane (4 March 2022). "Pune: Metro for people on 2 routes after Sunday flag-off by PM Narendra Modi | Pune News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Pune Metro ridership rises by 3 times hours after inauguration of extended lines by PM Modi". The Indian Express. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  18. ^ Siemens
  19. ^ "Tata Realty". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  20. ^ a b "Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro gets Centre funds - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  21. ^ Banerjee, Shoumojit (17 December 2018). "Modi to lay foundation stone for Pune Metro third phase". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  22. ^ "PM Narendra Modi to lay foundation stone for Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro rail on December 18 in Pune". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Pune Infra Watch: Work on Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar metro line begins with casting of segment". The Indian Express. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  24. ^ "Work on Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar Metro line begins; 3-year deadline". Hindustan Times. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  25. ^ "10 years on, Pune BRT fails to address commuters' woes". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  26. ^ "PMPML loses 2 lakh passengers in 8 months: RTI | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  27. ^ "PCMC locks horns with Mundhe over disbursement of its funds - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Pune's BRTS corridor has room for buses, not pedestrians, says IIT-Bombay". Hindustan Times. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  29. ^ "Pune now officially has more vehicles than people: Here's more!". The Financial Express. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Pune now has more vehicles than humans". Zee News. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  31. ^ "Pune Metro-Detailed Project Report" (PDF). Official Website of Pune Metro.
  32. ^ "PMC green signal for 'Skybus' project - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  33. ^ "Skybus project: Fantasy or reality? - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  34. ^ After Mumbai, Pune to get Metro. Businesstoday.intoday.in (8 June 2012).
  35. ^ "Alternate form of public transport is the only option for Pune | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  36. ^ "Pune's Metro ride a distant dream | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  37. ^ "Pune Metro plan gets green signal from Union cabinet". The Indian Express. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Project Profile". Pune Metro: Official site of Pune Metro Rail Project. Pune Metro. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  39. ^ "Pune: Metro services to start on two stretches in Jan". Indian Express. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  40. ^ "Go-ahead for third Metro route in Pune, from Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar". The Indian Express. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  41. ^ "MahaMetro begins ramp work to link elevated, underground legs". The Times of India. 15 February 2019.
  42. ^ "Pune: Metro ramp connecting viaduct to underground tunnel completed". The Times of India. 12 August 2021.
  43. ^ a b pune-metro-full-presentation. Slideshare.net (29 April 2010).
  44. ^ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation to revise metro rail project report The Times of India (27 September 2012).
  45. ^ "College of Agriculture campus, a green lung, loses 119 acres to govt projects in three decades". The Indian Express. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  46. ^ "Pune Metro work hits top gear". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  47. ^ "MahaMetro invites bids for underground Phase-I work - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  48. ^ a b "Pune's underground metro work: Maha-Metro begins laying vertical shafts, eye 2021 deadline". Hindustan Times. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  49. ^ "6-km underground Metro tunnel between Agri college and Swargate to be operational by December 2020". Hindustan Times. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  50. ^ Nair, Geeta (3 March 2017). "Pune Metro project: 9 infrastructure companies show interest in the first tender for Pimpri-Chinchwad elevated stretch". Financial Express. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  51. ^ "Maha Metro to design integrated transport hub at Swargate". Hindustan Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  52. ^ "Swargate multimodal hub plan gets approval of CM Fadnavis - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  53. ^ "CM Devendra Fadnavis to inaugurate multimodal project - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  54. ^ "J Kumar Infra gains after receiving LoA for construction projects". Business Standard. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  55. ^ "Maharashtra Metro set to construct pillars along BRTS corridor - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  56. ^ a b "Maha-Metro begins digging in Rs 27 crore Pimpri BRTS corridor; says it's temporary". Hindustan Times. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  57. ^ "PCMC holds BRTS trial runs on highway - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  58. ^ "PCMC gets Pimpri route alignment modified - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  59. ^ "Work on Swargate-Pimpri metro route from next week - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  60. ^ "Ajit Pawar throws weight behind Nigdi to Katraj route - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  61. ^ "Extension of metro route hinges on cabinet stamp - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  62. ^ "Metro to run from Nigdi to Katraj: DPR process under way". The Indian Express. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  63. ^ "Girish Bapat clips Metro dream of Nigdi, Katraj residents - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  64. ^ "Hunger strike for Metro extension - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  65. ^ "DPR for Metro extension to take eight months - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  66. ^ "Metro route extension to Nigdi left hanging despite approval". punemirror.com. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  67. ^ Sarang Dastane (26 November 2021). "nigdi: PCMC-Nigdi extension awaits Centre's approval | Pune News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  68. ^ "Centre nod to extend Metro from Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation office to Nigdi". The Times of India. 24 October 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  69. ^ "Ground work starts for Metro's extension from Pimpri to Nigdi". The Times of India. 23 June 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  70. ^ "Pune's BRTS plan takes a hit as PMC focuses on Metro". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  71. ^ "Metro line from Swargate to Katraj gets PMC nod, likely to become operational by June 2026". The Indian Express. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  72. ^ "State govt ready to fund Swargate- Katraj metro, says Ajit Pawar". Hindustan Times. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  73. ^ "MahaMetro takes possession of 35 hectares of land for project - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  74. ^ "MahaMetro gets land for depot and multi-modal hub - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  75. ^ a b "After 4th revision, Pune Metro project cost goes up by 45 pc". The Indian Express. 28 November 2015.
  76. ^ "Rlys refuses to yield space for the Pune Metro, route to be altered - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  77. ^ "Maha-Metro ordered not to construct near Pune's Aga Khan palace". Hindustan Times. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  78. ^ "Authority rejects metro alignment near Aga Khan Palace - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  79. ^ "Maha-metro plans alternate route that will hike total project cost by Rs 185 crore". The Indian Express. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  80. ^ "No metro station near Aga Khan palace, alternate routes suggested". Hindustan Times. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  81. ^ "Metro to realign route near Aga Khan Palace - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  82. ^ "Pune: MLA suggests relocation of Kalyaninagar Metro station | Pune News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  83. ^ "Bombay HC dismisses pleas against Pune Metro route realignment". The Indian Express. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  84. ^ "Shivsrushti project to come up on BDP land - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  85. ^ "Line extension to bear Shiv Shrusthi name; Maha-Metro to bear all costs". Hindustan Times. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  86. ^ "Divisional commissioner writes to Maha-Metro seeking route extension - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  87. ^ "Dalvi seeks extension of both metro rail routes - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  88. ^ "PMC corporator seeks route extension to Pune airport - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  89. ^ "Pune: Metro route III, from Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar, on fast track". The Indian Express. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  90. ^ "Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar Metro line gets state nod - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  91. ^ a b c "PMC moves to hand over Balewadi land for multi-modal transit hub". The Indian Express. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  92. ^ "Pune's first transit hub to be set up at Balewadi". The Indian Express. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  93. ^ "Pune Smart City Development Corporation awaits PMC approval for project: '6th letter since Oct'". The Indian Express. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  94. ^ "PSCDCL invites offers for Balewadi multimodal hub - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  95. ^ "Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro route to be extended till Hadapsar: PMRDA". Hindustan Times. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  96. ^ "Hinjawadi-Hadapsar metro will pass through Phursungi IT Park". sakaltimes.com. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  97. ^ "PMRDA proposes to extend Metro line till Hadapsar - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  98. ^ "State approval for Pune metro civil court-Hadapsar corridor expected by Jan 2018". Hindustan Times. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  99. ^ Market, Capital (7 March 2022). "PM inaugurates first Pune Metro Train". Business Standard India. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  100. ^ "Titagarh Firema rolls out first trainset for Pune Metro Project". Urban Transport News. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  101. ^ "Pune Metro to soon gets its first train built by Italian firm". The Indian Express. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  102. ^ "First Pune Metro coach arrives from Italy in Mumbai". Hindustan Times. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  103. ^ "PMRDA proposes Metro line from Shivajinagar to Hinjewwadi". The Indian Express. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  104. ^ "PMRDA bid to take over Metro project derails". The Indian Express. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  105. ^ "PMRDA bid to take over Metro project derails". The Indian Express. 30 May 2015.
  106. ^ "25% survey work of metro rail gets over - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  107. ^ "Supreme Court stays green tribunal's order restraining Pune Metro rail works on river bed - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  108. ^ "MahaMetro comes into existence" (PDF). Pune Metro Rail (Official Website). 25 January 2017.
  109. ^ "Union finance ministry clears metro rail project in Pune: MP Shirole". The Times of India. 29 November 2016.
  110. ^ Metro: Notification issued for special purpose vehicle, fare structure approved. The Indian Express (15 September 2012).
  111. ^ a b "Underground metro not feasible in Pune, says minister". The Times of India. 27 May 2015.
  112. ^ "Pune Metro: Centre clears way for loan of Rs 6,325 crore". The Indian Express. 17 September 2016.
  113. ^ "Maha-Metro to finalise loan for Pune Metro from European Investment Bank, French Development Bank". Hindustan Times. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  114. ^ "Agreement to extend 245m euro loan for Metro project - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  115. ^ "French Development Agency, DEA sign credit facility framework agreement for Pune Metro". The Indian Express. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  116. ^ "Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro: Tender to be finalised by April 27". The Indian Express. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  117. ^ "Major boost! Maharashtra allots 5.1 hectares for Pune's 3rd Metro line". The Financial Express. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  118. ^ "Cabinet gives 5 hectares land for Metro corridor in Balewadi - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  119. ^ "Pune Metro Records 93 Lakh Ridership, Generates ₹13 Crore Revenue In 2023". Free Press Journal.
  120. ^ "Pune Metro to operate at full steam in 2021, says Maha-Metro chief". Hindustan Times. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  121. ^ "Pune Metro project: Brijesh Dixit, MD Maharashtra Rail Corp says project is 'top priority'". The Financial Express. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  122. ^ "Singapore to help develop city air cargo hub - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  123. ^ Khairnar, Abhay (10 January 2018). "CM bats for Hinjewadi Shivajingar Metro line in Pune; urges Centre to give priority". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  124. ^ "Maha-Metro, PMRDA to have different Metro ticket fares". Hindustan Times. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  125. ^ "Public agencies' single offerings slow quest for universal smart card - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  126. ^ "PMPML Board Approves 'MI Card' roll-out for PMPML Passengers". CarePMC-Pune Municipal Corporation blog. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
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  130. ^ "Find out the International Agricultural Show - punescoop.com".
  131. ^ "'Mixed metro' for Pune, says CM". The Times of India. 12 June 2015.
  132. ^ "Tempers flare as Metro route gives Nigdi a miss". Pune Mirror. 9 December 2016.
  133. ^ a b "No 'Green' Signal To Pune Metro Project: Now, environment litigation filed over realignment of Metro over Mutha river". The Indian Express. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  134. ^ Banerjee, Shoumojit; Banerjee, Shoumojit (5 October 2016). "Pune Metro threatens riverbank ecosystem: PMC Report". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  135. ^ Banerjee, Shoumojit (2 January 2017). "NGT orders stay on Pune Metro Rail work". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  136. ^ "Portion of Pune Metro project comes to grinding halt 10 days after PM Narendra Modi flagged it off". The Financial Express. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  137. ^ "Supreme Court stays green tribunal's order restraining Pune Metro rail works on river bed - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  138. ^ "Pune Metro project: Supreme Court puts green tribunals' stay order on hold". The Financial Express. 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  139. ^ "Green tribunal has power to hear Metro project plea: SC - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  140. ^ "NGT appoints committee to study impact of Pune Metro on Mutha river bed". The Indian Express. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  141. ^ "Maha-Metro to construct 59 pillars on Pune's Mutha riverbed". Hindustan Times. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  142. ^ "Pune NGT bench unlikely to hear cases before March 12 - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  143. ^ "Fate of NGT Southern Bench hangs in balance". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  144. ^ "NGT circuit bench hearings resume today after 5 months - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
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  146. ^ "After 5 months of 'hibernation', Pune NGT bench to function from July 2". Hindustan Times. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
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  150. ^ "Political infighting on three FSI proposal hits metro plan & DP". The Times of India. 14 March 2015.
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  153. ^ "Department of defence issues height restrictions, now 4 FSI along Pune Metro corridors not possible". Hindustan Times. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  154. ^ "Shahrukh Khan starrer Jawan becomes the first film to be shot at Pune Metro". Zoom TV. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
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