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Viktor Ambartsumian

Arm, Rus, Eng signatures

ru:Амбарцумян, Виктор Амазаспович

newspapers


Sovetakan Hayastan

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[1] 


https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1953(11).pdf
https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1958(10).pdf
https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1968(9).pdf
https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1978(10).pdf


Byurakan opened https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1956(10).pdf

Research

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User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Ambartsumian/research


Harutyunyan, H. A. (July 2009). "Ambartsumian's paradigm for the activity of galactic nuclei and the evolution of galaxies". Astrophysics. 52 (3): 307–321. doi:10.1007/s10511-009-9073-5. S2CID 121470395.

Khachikian, E. Ye. (January 2010). "Ambartsumyan's concept of active galactic nuclei". Astrophysics. 53 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10511-010-9094-0. S2CID 123027500.

he worked out the fundamental theory of ionization and excitation in the envelopes thrown out by novae and supernovae. [2] By 1925, Ambartsumian and Kozyrev were working together on problems of radiative transfer and were publishing papers in the Astronomische Nachrichten, Zeitschrift für Physik, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and other major international journals of the day.[3] In 1932, Ambartsumian published a paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on the radiative equilibrium of planetary nebulae that would become a cornerstone of the modern theory of gaseous nebulae. In the following year Ambartsumian and Kozyrev published a work in which the masses of gas clouds ejected by novae were estimated for the first time.[3] 

https://academic.oup.com/mnras/search-results?f_Authors=V.+A.+Ambarzumian
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/93/1/50/1023018

Computed tomography

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https://ambartsumian.sci.am/results/scientific.php 

“It seems to me quite possible that Ambartsumian’s numerical methods might have made significant contributions to that part of medicine had they been applied in 1936”, – mentioned in 1985 Alan Cormack who won the Nobel Prize for creating the tomography.


https://www.aras.am/Books/books/1998%20A%20Life%20in%20Astrophysics.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20210829212129/https://www.aras.am/Books/books/1998%20A%20Life%20in%20Astrophysics.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182340/http://astro.asj-oa.am/1191/ Book presentation: „A life in Astrophysics“ https://web.archive.org/web/20220108084225/https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/30789/edition/27602/content?ref=struct

I present two items from Viktor Ambartsumian "scientific folklore" (partly incorporated in the Editor's Introduction). In his paper "Computed Tomography: Some History and Recent Developments" published in Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, Volume 27, 1982 wrote the father of computer tomography Nobel laureate A.M.Cormack:

"In 1936… the well known Armenian astronomer, V.A.Ambartsumian, posed the following question which he attributes to Eddington. If one looks in a particular direction in space, one sees many stars and these are moving relative to one another and to the sun. Astronomers would like to know their distribution of velocities but … one can only measure their radial velocities, which are deduced from the Doppler shifts of their spectra. The problem then is to deduce the actual distribution of- velocities in three dimensions in space from the distribution of radial velocities in various directions. This is just Radon's problem in the three dimension velocity space rather than ordinary space…
Ambartsumian gave … the first numerical inversion of the Radon transform and it gives the lie to the often made statement that computed tomography would be impossible without computers. Details of this calculation are given in Ambartsumian's paper, and they suggest that even in 1936 computed tomography might have been able to make significant contributions to, say, the diagnosis of tumors in the head."





Նոբելյան մրցանակի արժանի մյուս աշխատանքը վերաբերում է աստղագիտական տոմոգրաֆիային, որի համար ուրիշներն են մրցանակ ստացել: «Համբարձումյանը մաթեմատիկական մեթոդներ դուրս բերեց, որ աստղակույտերի համար կարողացավ որոշել եռաչափ պատկերներ: Կենսաբժշկության մեջ 1978 թվականին Նոբելյան մրցանակ ստացան երկու ամերիացիներ: Նրանցից մեկն ասել էր, որ այս աշխատանքը դեռևս 30-ականներին Համբարձումյանն իրականացրել էր: Այն ժամանակ չէին հասկացել դրա կարևորությունը ու չէին տվել Նոբելյան մրցանակ: Այն ժամանակ Համբարձումյանն արել էր մի բան, որ կարելի էր վերցնել ու կիրառել բժշկության մեջ և նույն արդյունքը ստացվեր դեռ 40 տարի առաջ»,- ասաց Արեգ Միքայելյանը:[4]

random

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Ավ.Իսահակյանը, Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանը և Հովսեփ Օրբելի 1950թ.

Ավետիք Իսահակյանը և Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանը

Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանի դիմանկարը, Մարտիրոս Սարյան 1957

ՀԱՄԲԱՐՁՈՒՄՅԱՆԻ ԻՆՎԱՐԻԱՆՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՍԿԶԲՈՒՆՔ

Publications

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Selected papers

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Ambarzumian

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1955Obs....75...72A

[5]

sources

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Alt, Arthur L. (1999). "Viktor A. Ambartsumian". In Magill, Frank N. (ed.). Dictionary of World Biography. Volume VII: The 20th Century A-GI. Routledge. pp. 63-65. ISBN 9781136593345.


Todd, Deborah; Angelo, Joseph A., eds. (2014). "Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich". A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy. Facts On File. p. 15-16. ISBN 9781438109237.


ARM

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Ghazaryan, Ed., ed. (2008). "Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան-100 [Viktor Hambardzumyan-100]" (PDF). Gitutyan Ashkharhum (in Armenian) (2–3). Armenian Academy of Sciences.

Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանի հավերժության գրավականը 2003

Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան. 1908—1996 1997

Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան (ծննդյան 80 ամյակի առթիվ) 1988

Վ. Հ. Համբարձումյանի մեծարումը 1978

70th anniversary

Վիկտոր Համազասպի Համբարձումյան (Ծննդյան 60-ամյակի առթիվ)

Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան (Ծննդյան 80-ամյակի առթիվ) Սեդրակյան, Դ. Մ. and Պարսամյան, Է. Ս. (1988

Виктор Амазаспович Амбарцумян Editorial, Board (1996

Советская наука в борьбе за мир Амбарцумян, В. А. (1951

ՍՍՌՄ Գիտությունների Ակադեմիայի դերը համաշխարհային գիտության զարգացման մեջ Համբարձումյան, Վ. (1945

Եղեռն և վերածնունդ, Համբարձումյան, Վ. Հ (1965

quotes

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In all these ideas he was initially alone. For many it is still not easy to admit the possibility of changing the traditional paradigm. But the pressure of observation does its work, slowly but steadily. Truly, by their impact on cosmogonical thinking the ideas of Ambartsumian started a revolution of Copernican scale.[6]

Halton Arp: But then they went on about the important business and this paper was published in the proceedings. That was in 1957. Well, about eight, nine, ten years later it began to appear that the things Ambartsumian had said in his paper, that far from being crazy, were, in fact, quite true and as time goes on his paper got more and more prophetic, more and more far reaching and insightful. When I was with him at the Brighton IAU, the IAU before Australia, six years ago, and I was sitting next to Oort, and Oort said to me, “it turned out that Ambartsumian was right.” And so it was generally concluded, I still don’t think they realized how right he was. I mean, I still, I’m sure, my opinion, contemporary astronomers really have not grasped the extent to which he is right.[7]




... this important transition period, Lyman got it pretty much correct by the end of the decade following Ambartsumian's great discovery ......... [8]

it was the First International Conference on Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence held for 5 days in Sept., 1971. Host was Viktor Ambartsumyan, director of the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory[9]

Lodewijk Woltjer: Byurakan will forever be a monument to a great scientist.[10]

Ambartsumian first presented a new view of the evolution of galaxies to the Solvay Conference in 1958. It is his view that active galactic nuclei are the sites of vast creative activity and may even be the source, by ejection, of the nuclei of new galaxies. This is sometimes called the white hole idea, as opposed to the gravitational destruction of the black hole. This approach irritates and angers most American astronomers if they even think about it. Astronomers of the former Soviet Union at least realized that they had to grapple with Ambartsumian's thinking, as is shown in Vorontsov-Veliaminov's "Extragalactic Astronomy," a book available in English.[11]

Viktor A. Ambartsumian, one of the Soviet Union's leading astronomers, argued that transmission of scientific in formation lay at the heart of science. “Over the last 25 to 30 years, however,” he said, “scientific literature has played its communicating role in a less and less satisfactory way, forcing research workers to spend an ever greater part of their working time not in creative activity, not even in reading publications of interest to them but in searching them out from the sea of world scientific literature.”[12]

More than a decade ago the Soviet astronomer Viktor Ambartsumian proposed that some process unknown to our science must account for the extraordinary output of energy from the cores of giant star systems like the Milky Way galaxy. Now observations, some from above the atmosphere, of infrared and X‐ray emissions from such objects have persuaded many that this is the case.[13]


The observatory was founded and built in 1946 by Viktor Ambartsumian, who survived Stalin’s notorious purges of Pulkovo Observatory to become an internationally celebrated pioneer of astrophysics. He and his colleagues began work even before the observatory buildings (below) were finished. “Our instruments stood under the open sky, covered with tarpaulin,” Ambartsumian once recalled. He set his students, armed only with modest telescopes, the task of producing the first structural survey of the galaxy. In 1958, he caused a furore when he predicted that massive non-stellar objects sat at the centre of galaxies. He turned out to be right.[14]


Ambartsumian: "I should like to see a telescope placed in orbit around the Earth, a big one. I probably share that wish with all astronomers. And, of course, I hope that in time astronomers will be able to make their observations from the surface of the Moon."[15]


http://ambartsumian.ru/dvd/About/all_about_en.htm










http://haygirk.nla.am/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=97617&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%20%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6 Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան = Виктор Амбарцумян = Victor Ambartsumian / 2008]

Տիեզերքի կառուցվածքը / 1946

Աստղերի էվոլուցիան և աստրոֆիզիկան / 1948

Տիեզերքի էվոլյուցիայի պրոբլեմները : Միջազգային աստղագիտական համագումարներում ու գիտաժողովներում կարդացած զեկուցումների և ելույթների ժողովածու = Проблемы эволюции вселенной : Сборник докладов и выступлений на международных астрономических сьездах и конференциях / 1968



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Views

Ambartsumian noted that he was "guided by the principles of dialectical materialism when he did his work that led to the determination that galactic nuclei contain bodies of huge mass." He also wrote "frequently on the subject of dialectical processes at work in the history and evolution of the universe."[3] He "believed that all nature is constantly in evolution; he was suspicious of attempts to postulate even relatively unchanging entities in nature."[16] He argued that "the stars themselves change and also change the interstellar environment that surrounds them."[17] Graham compared Ambartsumian's views on nature to those of Charles Lyell; Ambartsumian "believed that the features displayed by nature should be-if at all possible-explained on the basis of processes presently being witnessed in nature."[17]

Ambartsumian argued strongly against making cosmology a branch of "applied physics"[18] and stated that cosmology "can only be relativistic."[19] Alexander Vucinich noted that Ambartsumian "went so far as to claim that modern cosmology was in its entirety a relativistic discipline, even though his general theory contradicted Einstein's basic cosmological ideas and Friedmann's notion of the expanding universe."[20] Vucinich criticized Ambartsumian for making "only a limited effort to explore" the ideas of Einstein and Friedmann.[20]

Vucinich wrote:[20]

Ambartsumian made the most of a belief in the full compatibility of his cosmic views with dialectical materialism. He went by the rule that "the evolution of the universe is cast within the framework of a struggle of dialectically contradictory tendencies." On many occasions, he asserted that his strict adherence to the methodological and theoretical principles of dialectical materialism gave his studies sharper vision and more depth. Marxist ideologues, not surprisingly, appreciated the historical bent of his ideas and were lavish in their praise of them.

His cosmological views "were not taken very seriously by the majority of Soviet physicists and astronomers. In the West, they were politely ignored."[21] "Unlike the Marxist philosophers, the scientific community on the whole found Ambartsumian's cosmological notions laughable," wrote Graham. Vitaly Ginzburg, fellow Soviet astrophysicist, criticized Ambartsumian "for surrounding his particular interpretations of astronomy with reference to dialectical materialism and in that way creating the impression that the two are interdependent."[22] "During the quarter of a century of its existence, the Biurakan conception of the formation of stars has not made a theoretical step forward, nor has it received observational confirmations or advanced new arguments against the classical conceptions. There is no need for it, no scientific arguments support it, and it is a topic of debate only on popular scientific and philosophical levels," wrote Ginzburg.[23] 

His stand was hailed in the official Soviet press as progressive science, setting it apart from bourgeois astronomy as practiced by "lackeys of capitalism." The Soviet newspaper Izvestia described him as "a fighter for the materialist teaching concerning the universe."[24]
  1. ^ LAST, FIRST (DATE). [URL "TITLE"]. Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly (in Armenian) (ISSUE). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad. ISSN 0131-6834. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCutcheonAIP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference McCutcheonEnc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Վիկտոր Համբարձումյանի չստացած երեք Նոբելյան մրցանակները". panorama.am (in Armenian). 23 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Blaauw2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Burbidge was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Wright, Paul (29 July 1975). "Oral Histories: Halton Arp". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021.
  8. ^ Elmegreen, Bruce G. "Lyman Spitzer, Jr. and the Physics of Star Formation". In Röser, Siegfried (ed.). Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Structures. Wiley-VCH. p. 174. ISBN 978-3-527-40910-5.
  9. ^ Dyson, Freeman (November 6, 1971). "Letter from Armenia". The New Yorker. p. 126.
  10. ^ Parsamian 2008, p. 233.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT92 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Sullivan, Walter (October 11, 1971). "Scientific Research Conference Supports a Worldwide System for the Storage and Exchange of Data". The New York Times. p. 17.
  13. ^ Sullivan, Walter (January 12, 1970). "What Giant Steps Left for Science?". The New York Times. p. 88.
  14. ^ Ings, Simon (17 January 2018). "Forgotten mountain shrine to a Soviet superstar of astrophysics". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference SovLife1968 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Graham 1987, p. 393.
  17. ^ a b Graham 1987, p. 394.
  18. ^ Vucinich 2001, p. 174.
  19. ^ Graham 1987, p. 397.
  20. ^ a b c Vucinich 2001, p. 175.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kragh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Graham 1987, pp. 422–423.
  23. ^ Vucinich 2001, pp. 175–176.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYTobit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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