User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Heratsi

Mkhitar Heratsi

Mekhitar of Her

Armenian

Acharian: name, on Heratsi 368-369

hy:Արծրուն Կծոյան / Կիլիկիա. Բժշկագիտություն, 880 http://serials.flib.sci.am/openreader/Hay%20joxovrdi%20patmutyun_%20h.3/book/index.html#page/1036/mode/1up http://serials.flib.sci.am/openreader/Hay%20joxovrdi%20patmutyun_%20h.3/book/index.html#page/886/mode/1up

Sov Enc 632-633

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/188616/edition/171264/content Մխիթար Հերացի (Ծննդյան 850-ամյակի առթիվ)

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/295284 Նոր պատառիկ Մխիթար Հերացու անհայտ աշխատությունից

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/163989/edition/149170 Մխիթար Հերացի

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/188704/edition/171348?language=en Մխիթար Հերացու հոբելյանը

https://arar.sci.am/publication/86781 Մխիթար Հերացու և Ամիրդովլաթ Սեբաստացւոյ երկու նշանաւոր ձեռագրերը

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/13142/edition/11631?language=en Հայ բժիշկ մը երկոտասաներորդ դարուն. Մխիթար Հերացի եւ իւր ջերմանց մխիթարութիւնը

https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/256215?language=hye Մեղրի և մեղրամոմի օգտագործումը միջնադարյան հայ բժշկապետ Մխիթար Հերացու դեղատոմսերում

English

Vardanian, Stella (1999). "Medicine in Armenia". In Greppin, John A. C.; Savage-Smith, Emilie; Gueriguian, John L. (eds.). The Diffusion of Greco-Roman Medicine into the Middle East and the Caucasus. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books. p. 188-189. ISBN 0-88206-096-1.

Malachia Ormanian: ...these periods between the fifth and the twelfth centuries. But it is worthy of notice that, during this long span of eight hundred years, only two laymen, prince Grigor Magistros and the physician Mekhitar of Her, can be counted among the fifty known writers. Schapouh Bagratouni, who lived in the ninth century, is also mentioned; but his history, which was written in the common dialect, has not come down to us.

...Useless for the Ignorant... In his works, Amirdovlat frequently referred to the brilliant physician and philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna), copiously citing his work, Canon. In Amirdovlat’s pharmacognosy, there are also references to Ibn al-Baytar’s predecessor Abu Jafar Ahmed (died in 1165), who wrote the work on pharmacology which was later edited by IbnBaytar. Ibn-Baytar contributed greatly to the development of medieval botany and pharmacognosy.27 Some of the authoritative sources to which Amirdovlat referred quite often were the works of an eastern physician, chemist and philosopher Al-Razi. Amirdovlat also mentioned the names of the medieval Armenian physicians of the 12th–13th centuries, starting with the eminent figure of Cilician school, Mkhitar Heratsi (1120–1200), often called the father of Armenian medicine, who also paid a great deal of attention to pharmacology.11

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century https://books.google.am/books?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C&pg=PA427

Mkhitar Heratsi (Mkhitar of Her) (1120-1200) The most prominent scientist of the Silver Age was the twelfth-century physician and physiologist Mkhitar Heratsi, who is considered the founder of classical Armenian medicine. He is one of the very few authors who have dealt with subjects related to the corporal and ma- terial needs of the population. He has enriched the Armenian medical vocabulary by coining new terms. In addition to his contribution to the medical field of the time, his writings in Middle Armenian have found a special place in Armenian literature. He was born in the city of Her (presently Khoy in Iran) in historic Armenia, received his education in Cilician Armenia under the tutelage of Nerses Shnorhali and Catholicos Grigor IV Tgha, and practiced his profession primarily in Sis, the capital city of Cilicia. He was well versed in Greek, Persian, and Arabic, and his knowledge extended into several branches of medicine, such as what is now included in ophthalmology, pathology, and pharmacology. By the middle of the twelfth century, Heratsi had gained consider- able fame as a master physician. He wrote a number of works, such as Vasn shinvatzots yev horinvatzots achatsn (On the structure and composi- tion of the eyes), Vasn poshtanki (On the scrotum), and Vasn karants yev hatkutyan notsa (On stones and their properties), of which only small fragments have survived.

Heratsi is known today for his famous work Jermants Mkhitarutiun (The relief of fevers), an erudite study written in 1184, which has for- tunately survived in full. The author uses the word fever to designate diseases that cause fever, such as malaria, yellow fever, and typhoid, which seem to have been common in the flatlands of Cilicia at the time. The fact that the book is written not in Classical Armenian (grabar) but in the vernacular is evidence that the author wanted to make it available to the people. He speaks at length on the symptoms of various fevers; for example, he gives a clinical prognosis of three types of malaria, namely, quotidian (miorya), tertan (alternate days, yerekorya), and quartan (three days apart, chorekorya). Heratsi is a follower of the Hippocratic school of medicine; however, some of his observations and ideas appear to be much ahead of his time. His explanations of infectious diseases and the need to isolate the patient; the importance of the psychological factors in the healing process; the effects of the environment, eating habits, and lifestyle; the importance of physical therapy; his interesting ideas about herbal medicine; the interrelationship of the organic systems of the individual; and, particularly, his strong opposition to bleeding the patient at a time when he most needed his blood; all these, apart from the terminology he used, have a modern ring to our ears. The manuscript of Heratsi's The ReliefofFevers was discovered in 1727 in Constantinople and was purchased by the National Library of Paris. It appeared in print for the first time in 1832 in Venice. Later in the century it was brought to the attention of Western scholars by a number of German researchers who published some excerpts in German. Excerpts were also published in French by Vahram Torkomian in 1899.1 The whole work was translated into German by Ernst Seidel in 1908.2 A Russian translation was published in Yerevan in 1955. From The Relief of Fevers3

1. Vahram Torkomian, "Un médecin arménien du XII siècle, Mékhithar de Herr," Revue scientifique (Paris), 30 Sept. 1899. 
2. Ernst Seidel, Mekhitars des Meisterarztes aus Her "Trost bei Fiebern" aus dem Mttelarmenischen übersetzt und erläutert (Leipzig, 1908). 
3. Mkhitar Heratsi, "Nakhaban jermants mkhitarutyan" (Preface to the relief of fevers), in Hay groghner, V-XVII dar (Armenian writers, fifth to seventeenth century), ed. Norayr Pogharian (Jerusalem, 1971), 247-49 . Translated by the editors of the present volume.

British Medical Journal, 1899

In a communication read not long ago before the Académie de Médecine of Paris Vharam H. Torkomian gave an account of Mekhitar of Her, in Persian Armenia, and Armenian physician of the twelfth century. He was born in the second quarter of the century, studied first among the Persians, then among the Greeks, but mostly among the Arabians, and acquired an extensive knowledge not only of medicine, but of philosophy, and astronomy. He was private physician to Nerses the Great, called Chenorhali, or "Full of Grace," an Armenian archbishop who was one of the most illustrious poets and writers of his time.

The physician lived in the greatest intimacy with the prelate, who dedicated several poems to him. The works of Mekhitar are lost, with the exception of one which found its way to France in the early years of the eighteenth century, when, on the initiative of Cardinal Fleury, a number

of Armenian manuscripts were bought in Constantinople for the Royal Library of Paris. Among them was a copy made in the seventeenth century of a work written by Mekhitar in 1184 at the request of Archbishop Krikor who at that time occupied the episcopal throne of Cilicia as Catholicos of the Armenians.

The work bears the curious title Consolation of Fevers, which it is explained by the author is intended to convey the idea that the book consoles the doctor by instructing him and the patient by curing him. It is divided into 46 chapters.

Fevers are classed in three groups: (1)fevers with and fevers without mould formation, (2) acute fevers and synochal fevers, (3) fevers with recurrence and fevers without recurrence.

Fever is describes as having its starting point in the heart and extending by way of the arteries over the whole body. The body is composed of three parts. The first of these comprises the three souls, that is to say, the natural soul which has its seat in the liver; the soul of life, the seat of which is the heart; and the soul of the emotions, situated in the front cavity of the head. The second comprises the four humours, to wit the blood, the bile, the atrabilis (black bile), and the sputum. The third comprises the hard parts, such as bones, ligaments, muscles, etc. Hence there are three kinds of fever. That which affects the three souls is called "ephemeral," as it lasts only a day. That affecting the humours is called " mouldy fever," for mould entering the humours burns them and thus produces heat. The fever which attacks the hard parts of the body is called consumptive. as it produces wasting wherever it finds an en- trance. The causes of fever are external and internal. The former includes hot air, cold, sulphurous waters and astringent waters. Among internal causes are emotions, fatigue, care, hot drinks, and indigestible food. Mekhitar also describes fevers with cough, fevers arising from inflammation of the chest, small-pox, wounds, etc.

The treatment of all these varieties of fever is given, but M. Torkomian reserves this for a further communication. The work, which is written in old Armenian, was printed from the copy in the Paris National Library-which is the only one known to exist in 1832, by the Fathers of the Mekhitarist Congregation of Venice.

Mekhitar probably died at the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth. His works, which were highly esteemed by his contemporaries, were looked upon as authorities by the Armenian medical writers who lived in the following centuries. Among these are Amir, Dolvat, Assar, and Bouniat, whose writings are included in the collection of Armenian manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.

Mekhitar's book contains ideas which seem to foreshadow certain doctrines of the present day, and his teaching contributed greatly to the evolution of medical thought in Armenia in his time, which was one of progress and prosperity for his country. M. Torkomian promises a further work on the subject.

---

(en) Peter Cowe, « Medieval Armenian Literary and Cultural Trends (Twelfth-Seventeenth Centuries) », dans Richard G. Hovannisian (dir.), Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. I : The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997 (réimpr. 2004) (ISBN 978-1403964212), p. 293-325.

--- Dadoyan, Seta (2013). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Vol. 2: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Routledge. ISBN 9781138515406.

Herac'i

Publications

Ջերմանց Մխիթարութիւն by Մխիթար Հերացի. 1832 https://haygirk.nla.am/upload/1512-1940/1801-1850/matenagrutyun_naxneac.pdf https://haygirk.nla.am/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?idx=&q=%D5%84%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80+%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB

1908 German translation https://archive.org/details/MechitharsDesMeisterarztesAusHertrostBeiFiebern/page/n5/mode/1up

Мелик-Парсаданян X. Мхитар Гераци (врач 12-го века), Ереван, 1941.

Recognition and modern assessment

Ara Sargsyan, Plaquette 1958 г. / Мхитар Гераци (медаль). https://ashkf.am/en/collection/mkhitar-heratsi/ https://archive.ph/SGZIl

Mkhitar Heratsi – Armenian the Great Master of Medicine played the same role for us as Hippocrates for Greeks, Galen for Romans, Ibn Sina for Arabs https://www.ysmu.net/history.htm

The Medal of "Mkhitar Heratsi" https://www.president.am/en/medals/16/

Հայաստանի նախարարների խորհրդի 1989թ. մայիսի 25-ի որոշմամբ Երևանի բժշակական ինստիտուտը կոչվում է միջնադարի մեծ բժշկապետ ու մտածող Մխիթար Հերացու անունով: - See more at: https://ysmu.am/hy/page_list/patmakan_aknark/#sthash.3hYvEK4B.dpuf

https://www.yerevan.am/en/yerevan-state-medical-university-after-mkhitar-heratsi/ By the decision of the Council of Minister of Armenia made on May 25, 1989 Yerevan State Medical Institute was named after the great medieval physician and thinker Mkhitar Heratsi.

Square http://www.mes.am/en/news/item/2010/06/25/news_667/

Great Soviet Encyclopedia:

Born mid-12th century; died early 13th century. Classic Armenian medical writer of the Middle Ages who was well acquainted with the work of Arab, Greek, and Persian physicians. Heratsi, a scientist with a rational world view who avoided abstract judgments unsupported by clinical practice, was a proponent of the theory later called humoral pathology. His well-known works include On Stones and Their Curative Powers, The Anatomy of the Eye, and a fragment from a work on eye diseases. Heratsi’s 850th anniversary was commemorated in 1969.

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mkhitar+Heratsi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences https://ysmu.am/norutyunner/tehranum-kteghadrvi-mkhitar-heratsu-a/ Tehran statue/bust

https://archive.ph/MRdez Iranian National Museum of Medical Sciences History He continued: Mkhitar Heratsi is the father of Armenian medical science, who was born in the city of Khoy in West Azerbaijan and is originally from Iran. The members of the Board of Directors proposed to install Sardis of the World's Medical Sciences in the Museum of the History of Medical Sciences in a specific and coordinated format.

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HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN ARMENIA by SARAFIAN, KEVORK A. https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.16211 https://archive.org/stream/dli.bengal.10689.16211/10689.16211_djvu.txt

B. Mechitar Heratzi of the twelfth century was a genuine product of Arabic culture and influence in Armenia. He was interested in medical science and the best sources for study of this branch during the Middle Ages were found in the Arabic language. Students of history are fully aware that medicine as a science was introduced into Southern Italy through the activities of men who represented Arabic culture. And the first famous medical college at Salerno^ owed its origin to their influence. It was natural, therefore, that medi¬ cal science should be introduced at this time in Armenia under the influence of the Arabs. Mechitar Heratzi studied the Arabic works and wrote a book, “Cher- mantz Kirk,” which constitutes a source book in medi¬ cine for Armenian doctors. He was a master of three foreign languages, Arabic, Persian, and Greek.

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/byzs.1990.83.1.91/html JAC GREPPIN - 1990 - degruyter.com

The Arab influence on the Armenians began in the eighth Century and continued until the Armenian renaissance in the eighteenth Century. Arabic words began to appear in Armenian writing certainly by the tenth Century28 . And indeed in the twelfth Century, the Armenian physician Mkhitar Heratsi, coeval with Mkhitar Gosh, wrote the Consolation of Fcvers (Jermanc' mxit'arut'iwn) using frequent Arabisms, äs well äs Persian and Turkish words29 . It seems that much of the mcdical theory in Mkhitar Heratsi's Book is derived from Arabic intermediacy, and certainly by the fifteenth Century, in the work of Amirdovlat, the Arabic pressure was complete - there is virtually no sign of direct Greek influence to be found.
An extensive list of that Arabic vocabulary can be found m the index of the annotated translaticn of Mkhitar Heratsi by Ernst Seidel (Mechihar s de Meisterarztes aus Her: Trost bei Fiebern. Eeipzig. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth [ 1908] 299—307).

https://books.google.am/books?id=yKx9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39

kingdom of Cilicia. There, in 1184, Mxit'ar Herac'i wrote the first medical book in the Armenian vernacular of Cilicia. 
There is a complete copy of this medical book ,,The consolation of fevers" written in Constantinople in 1637-39 is kept in the Biblitheque Nationale Paris, P246. This medical book is also of utmost importance for Armenian linguistics and philology, it is the first book written in the contemporary vernacular and not in classical Armenian. Cf. Vardanyan, Medieval Armenian medicine and its relation to Greek and Arabic medicine, 201f.

https://brill.com/view/journals/me/4/2/article-p93_1.xml

Certainly Arabic words appear in the writings of the twelfth century Armenian physican Mkhitar Heratsi (Seidel 1908:299-307).

https://www.jstor.org/stable/44171395 Geoponica

Andrikean 1906 suggest that the tran- slation was done by Mkhitar Heratsi.

https://www.proquest.com/openview/8c7a8d1a907d1ca0c7f983562e20ed73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819504 The Fate of Arabic Botanical Loanwords in Modern Armenian Greppin, John A C. 

Encyclopedia Americana The Encyclopedia Americana: The International Reference Work / 1962 Lastiverdtsi , and Matteos Ùrhayetsi ; the medical treatise of Mekhitar Heratsi ( Mekhitar of Her )

The Matenadaran - Page 42 Gevorg Varagi Abgarian · 1962 · 416 ) ) dated 1279 the work “ Relief from Fevers ( written in 1184 ) by the noted 12th century physician Mekhitar Heratsi has been preserved . Here the research carried on in several diseases , the new methods worked out in the

Armenian Cilicia - Page 275 Richard G. Hovannisian, ‎Simon Payaslian · 2008 · ‎Snippet view The Cilician medical school under the leadership of the great Armenian physician and philosopher Mkhitar ( Mekhitar ) Heratsi ( twelfth century )

Heroes of Hayastan: A Dramatic Novel History of Armenia - Page 447 Biwzand Eghiayean · 1993 · ‎Snippet view Up to the 18th century , Armenian classicals had been written mostly by the ecclesiastical class , with few exceptions of lay writers , such as Grigor Magistros , Smbat Countesdable , Mekhitar Heratsi the Physician and Amirdovlat alike ..

Bolʹshai︠a︡ medit︠s︡inskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ 1980 · ‎Snippet view Мхитар Гераци выступал против шаблона при назначении кровопусканий и подчеркивал необходимость учитывать силы и состояние больного

https://agbu.org/national-wellness/armenian-healers-history

References

Notes

Citations