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Armenian alphabet
Script type
CreatorMesrop Mashtots
Createdc. 405 AD
Published
(Date published - for shorthands and script reforms)
Time period
5th century—present
LanguagesArmenian, formerly other languages
Related scripts
Parent systems
(Use famN to specify parent writing system/s.
  • Up to 15 parent writing systems can be listed, ... fam1 being the oldest.)
    • Armenian alphabet
Child systems
Uncertain: Georgian · Caucasian Albanian
Sister systems
Greek, Latin, Georgian, Cyrillic
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Armn (230), ​Armenian
Unicode
Unicode alias
Armenian
 This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Armenian alphabet has been used for writing the Armenian language since the 5th century. According to the dominant scholarly view, it was invented by Mesrop Mashtots around 405 and was at least partially modeled after the Greek alphabet with possible Pahlavi and Aramaic influence.

  • Sanjian, Avedis K. (1996). "The Armenian Alphabet". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bight, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. pp. 356-363. ISBN 9780195079937.

[1]

Letters

[edit]

History

[edit]

ru:История создания армянского алфавита

ru:Месроп Маштоц

Invention

[edit]

Mesrop Mashtots

[2]

Political background
Invention
Date
Alternative theories

Evolution

[edit]

history of changes

փափագանօք 1046

Մուֆարզինն 1037

[3]

Relationship with other scripts

[edit]
  • Greek model
  • Aramaic/Pahlavi influence
  • Relationship with Georgian and Caucasian Albanian

The alphabet is unique, although it is based on the ancient Greek uncials and the Armazi script of the Aramaic language.[4]


followed Greek alphabet[5]

And although he cites an article on Mashtots' and his script by this reviewer, he seems to fail to have taken adequate account of its principal argument that the non-Greek letters come from local Aramaic types. Certainly no serious researcher regards these other letters as inventions ex nihilo of Mashtots' himself.[6]


Georgian and Caucasian Albanian

According to George L. Trager, James R. Russell, and others the Georgian alphabet was modeled after the Armenian one.[7][8][9] Russel writes that the Caucasian Albanian alphabet was also based on the Armenian model.[7] Others argue that the Georgian alphabet was modeled after Greek or Pahlevi.[10][11]

Ethiopian

[edit]

Geʽez

https://evnreport.com/raw-unfiltered/ethiopian-armenians-ancient-allies-and-imperial-confidants/ Rubina Sevadjian, an author who writes and lectures on the Armenians of Ethiopia is one of the leading authorities on Ethiopian-Armenian history, In 2019, the Anglo-Ethiopian Society hosted a lecture at the University of London with Sevadjian to discuss the Armenians of Ethiopia. She began by addressing a common misconception of whether the Ethiopian alphabet was written by Mesrop Mashtots. She says that not only was the Ethiopian alphabet not created by Mesrop Mashtots, but the writing system known as Ge’ez used by Ethiopians was created hundreds of years before the Armenian alphabet. Furthermore, Mashtots may have been influenced by the Ge’ez script as religious figures would often intermingle in Jerusalem.

Bekerie, Ayele (2003). "Historical Overview of Ethiopic Writing System's Possible Influence on the Development of the Armenian Alphabet". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 1 (1). Tsehai Publishers: 33–58. JSTOR 27828819.


https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA674736383&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=0307661X&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ee130981c Amharic writing. Citation metadata Author: John Gueriguian Date: Oct. 25, 2013 From: TLS. Times Literary Supplement(Issue 5769) Publisher: NI Syndication Limited kinship between the Amharic script and the Armenian alphabet (Letters, … Ge'ez script was modified by the addition of vowels eight centuries later, about the time when the Armenian

Numerals

[edit]
Main article: Armenian numerals

The original 36 letters of the Armenian alphabet were historically used for writing numbers.

Use for non-Armenian languages

[edit]

Due to historical circumstances, some Armenian communities who had lost the Armenian language but retained their Armenian identity have used the Armenian alphabet to write in foreign languages. According to Hacikyan el al. more than 10 languages—including Turkish, Kipchak, Latin, Greek, Assyrian, Iranian, Arabic, Polish, Hungarian, Russian, and Azerbaijani—have been written using the Armenian alphabet between the 12th and 19th centuries.[12]

During the 16th and 17th centuries there were some Kipchak-speaking Armenian communities in Ukraine (particularly Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi), Poland, Romania, Moldavia, Crimea, and Turkey. They did not speak Armenian, but wrote Kipchak in Armenian letters. They left a literary heritage of 112 surviving publications from 1521 and 1669.[13][14]

The 18th century Armenian bard Sayat-Nova, known for hybridizing languages, wrote some of his poems in Azeri using Armenian letters.[15][16][17][18]

Turkish

[edit]

The most extensive literature in a foreign language that was written in the Armenian alphabet is in Turkish. Dubbed "Armeno-Turkish" by scholars, it was used extensively through the 19th century. However, it was in use since the 18th century—the first Turkish work written in Armenian was published in 1727—and the practice continued well into the 20th century with the last work having been published in 1968.

[12] [12] https://books.google.am/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C&pg=PA58&dq=Armeno-Turkish

was accessible not only to an Armenian audience, but also to Ottoman readers more generally. [19]

Ottoman Turkish language

thirty-eight letters, thirty-one of which are used in Armeno-Turkish

Certainly, for the purposes of the learner, it is infinitely superior to the Arabic, with its undeterminable pronunciation, or the Greek, with its cumbersome diacritical points, when they are used for the Turkish language.[20]

This application continued until 1968. Armenians throughout the relation continuing for centuries adopted Turkish, published Turkish works in every field by conserving their own alphabet (novel, newspapers, magazine, religious texts, technical works, etc.), spoke Turkish at their homes, prayed in Turkish at their churches.

the first printed Turkish work in Armenian script was published in 1727

Armenian script is more suitable for the voice structure of Turkish than Arabic script. [21]

The three manuals mentioned, when considered together, demonstrate that Armeno-Turkish, which facilitated written communication to some extent, did not only address Armenians, but also Turks, missionaries and even European residents of the empire.

Ahmet Mithat in 1874

Mithat wrote "If one is to examine the existing scripts one would see that the most excellent is the Armenian one."

one can conclude that in the last decade of the nineteenth century Turks experienced an apparent rise in their familiarity with Armeno-Turkish.

Armeno-Turkish must have been significant to Ottoman Turks. It provided a local yet modern example for them, especially after the 1880s when the publication of Armeno-Turkish textbooks, as well as translations and adaptations from French literature, considerably increased. Thus, some of the most important figures among the founders of modern Turkish literature met European literature through Armeno-Turkish, which, being local and modern (or just ‘new’) at the same time, reduced the distance or even smoothed the differences between them and western culture.

According to Laurent Mignon

[22]

The first novel to be published in Turkish was Akabi Hikâyesi (Ագապի հիքեայեսի, The Story of Akabi) by Hovsep Vartanian, written using the Armenian alphabet. Published in 1851, it touches upon the sectarianism in the Armenian community, between Armenian Apostolics and Armenian Catholics.[23][24][25][26]

As an Armenian aristocrat among the 17th century Ottoman intellectuals, Eremia Chelebi Komurjian (tr, arm) has used Ottoman Turkish with the Armenian alphabet to write the poem The Jewish Bride which reflects the poet’s intercultural interaction within the given time period. http://www.monografjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/05.azra_sancak.pdf

Kurdish

[edit]

Armenian was the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the Soviet Union.[27][28][29] The Kurmanji dialect spoken in Soviet Armenia was standardized in 1921 when it was set to Armenian letters. However, this script did not gain a very wide circulation.[30] It remained in use for less than a decade and was replaced with one based on Latin in 1929, followed by a Cyrillic-based one in 1946.[4][31][32]

Historical significance

[edit]

Once the Armenian alphabet was invented in early fifth century (by the monk Mesrop Mashtots), it added another layer of uniqueness to identity. It was seen as a God-inspired alphabet to translate the sacred texts of the new religion. A cultural ‘golden century’ began with the production of religious and secular texts, including manuscripts on history. Many of these texts combined the religious and the ‘national’. For example, the fifth- to sixth-century historian, Eghishe, stressed both the importance of fighting for Christianity or Truth, and the need to protect ancestral customs; he combined personal salvation with ‘national’ survival.[33]

What keeps Armenians Armenian? Levon Zekiyan: "...comes down to a single idea. And the key to it is the script. Mesrop Mashtots was our greatest political thinker. [...] If the Armenians were to survive without territory, they had to have a common idea, something that was theirs alone. The script embodies the idea."[34]

Reception

[edit]

It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet" -- Lord Byron[35]

Antoine Meillet[36]

Sources

[edit]
ru:История_создания_армянского_алфавита


hy:Աշոտ Աբրահամյան (պատմաբան), Հայ գրի և գրչության պատմություն, 1959 [1]; [2] 

review: Karen Yuzbashyan [3]

hy:Աշոտ Աբրահամյան (պատմաբան), Հայոց գիր և գրչություն, 1973[4] 

review: hy:Էմանուել Պիվազյան [5]

Anahit Perikhanian, 1966, К ВОПРОСУ О ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИ АРМЯНСКОЙ ПИСЬМЕННОСТИ https://web.archive.org/web/20240106091919/http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/journals/PAS_2_1966_04_perikhanyan.pdf

Josef Markwart, Ueber den Ursprung des armenischen Alphabets in Verbindung mit der Biographie des heil. Mastoc [On the origin of the Armenian alphabet in connection with the biography of Saint. Mastoc] https://archive.org/details/ueberdenursprung00markuoft

ru:Ольдерогге, Дмитрий Алексеевич, Из истории армяно-эфиопских связей (Алфавит Маштоца) // Древний Восток : Сб. — М.: Наука, 1975. — № 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20230905131331/http://www.iatp.am/news/dijest/dijest9/olderoge.pdf

ru:Налбандян, Ваче Смбатович, Изобретение армянского алфавита. Становление литературы // История всемирной литературы. — М., 1983—1994. — Т. 2. — С. 285—288. https://feb-web.ru/feb/ivl/vl2/vl2-2854.htm

ru:Гамкрелидзе, Тамаз Валерианович. Алфавитное письмо и древнегрузинская письменность (Типология и происхождение алфавитных систем письма). Тб. 1989. — С. 303—304: «Нет объективных оснований считать М е с р о п а М а ш т о ц а „инструктором“ или „консультантом“ в деле создания древнегрузинской письменности, который „делится с создателем новой письменности своим опытом и общими принципами“ (ср. Периханян 1966: 132; Greppin 1981), поскольку древнегрузинский алфавит, как было показано выше, опирается на отличные от древнеармянского структурные принципы. Как парадигматика древнегрузинской системы, так и грамматические характеристики знаков письма проявляют в отношении зависимости от греческой системы-прототипа существенно от личную от древнеармянской системы картину, что само по себе уже исключает участие создателя древнеармянской письменности в составлении древнегрузинского письма хотя бы даже в роли „консультанта“ (ср. Gamkrelidze 1981)».


Peter Giles [37]

To a much later era belongs the Armenian alphabet, which, according to tradition, was revealed to Bishop Mesrob in a dream. The land might have been Grecized had it not, about a.d. 387, been divided between Persia and Byzantium, the greater part falling to the former, who discouraged Greek and favoured Syriac, which the Christian Armenians did not understand. As those within Persian territory were forbidden to learn Greek, an Armenian Christian literature became a necessity. Taylor contends that the alphabet is Iranian in origin, but the circumstances justify Gardthausen and Hübschmann in claiming it for Greek. That some symbols are like Persian only shows that Mesrob was not able to rid himself of the influences under which he lived.

Using Greek, Syriac, and letters from other scripts, Mashtots, sometime around the year 405, shaped the thirty-six letters of the Armenian alphabet.[38]

I argue that a distinct Armenian collective identity—already in the making for many centuries—was cemented further with the adoption of Christianity and a unique alphabet in the fourth and fifth centuries AD.[39]

Christianity, it seemed, was not going to be enough to maintain Armenian cultural distinctiveness. Another instrument was needed to reflect the difference in language and to maintain ‘national’ unity, especially after Armenia was re-partitioned between the Byzantine[40] and Persian empires in 387. It is likely, as George Bournoutian suggests, that the King of Armenia (Vramshapuh) and its religious leader (Catholicos Sahak) were conscious of this need for cultural unity for the survival of their people. They therefore commissioned a learned clergyman-scholar, Mesrop Mashtots, to create an alphabet for the Armenian language.23 He accomplished this between 400 and 405 and soon afterwards, along with his students, opened schools throughout Armenia to teach the new script.[41]

For Mashtots and the church leaders, teaching the new Armenian alphabet (and therefore religious texts) was inextricably tied to their Christian missionary zeal. They wanted to convert the entire Armenian population, especially the mass of the people who had not yet heard the Christian message, to the new faith. But through this religious conversion church leaders were also producing a uniform literary tradition—and vice versa. In a crucial respect they were ‘creating’ Armenians.[41]

Mashtots’s entrusted pupil, Koriun, wrote the first original composition in Armenian (midfifth century): a biography of his master. Soon thereafter Armenians started to write their own history in their own language.[41]

The alphabet gave Armenians a unique textual-literary basis for their language and linguistic identity. Greek, Latin, Aramaic or Syriac scripts were no longer needed for written communication. This further isolated Armenians from external cultural influences as it made their written language even more inaccessible to people[41] outside the community, while it standardised written communication among Armenians themselves, particularly at the elite and religious levels. The ‘divinely inspired’ script25 eventually acquired the aura of a ‘secret code’—specific only to those who spoke Armenian. Language, script and religion all complemented each another in emphasising the distinctness of the Armenians vis-à-vis others, while further binding them together through common cultural markers.[42]

the alphabet of classical Armenian 36 letters "probably represents an expansion of the Greek alphabet, whose order it follows (with interpolations)."[43]

Like Greek, and unlike Semitic scripts, Grabar contains vowels (equivalent to a, e, h, i, o, u, w), ad is written from left to right. However, it has also been argued that Grabar is essentially based on the Aramaic-Persian Pahlavi alphabet, with some influence from Greek script (Junker 1925-27).[43]

[7]

Ter-Sarkisiants, A. E. (2007). "Sixteen Hundred Years of Armenian Writing". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 46 (1): 75–94. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959460106. S2CID 144336160.

405[44]

the need for a written Bible led to the invention of the Armenian alphabet[45]

https://books.google.am/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=georgian+alphabet+%22armenian%22+%22model%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieyO6Rw5XTAhVCLZoKHQ68AsMQ6AEINDAF#v=onepage&q=georgian%20alphabet%20%22armenian%22%20%22model%22&f=false

https://books.google.am/books?id=DGQoeGxtjKsC&pg=PA59&dq=georgian+alphabet+%22armenian%22+%22model%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieyO6Rw5XTAhVCLZoKHQ68AsMQ6AEIFzAA#v=onepage&q=georgian%20alphabet%20%22armenian%22%20%22model%22&f=false

https://books.google.am/books?id=REPC96ddSc0C&pg=PA93&dq=georgian+mashtots+armenian+model&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj56pHEwJXTAhUGAZoKHcmGDUk4ChDoAQghMAI#v=onepage&q=georgian%20mashtots%20armenian%20model&f=false

https://books.google.am/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA737&dq=georgian+mashtots+armenian+model&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL7oXWv5XTAhXlNJoKHR0UA9kQ6AEIQTAH#v=onepage&q=georgian%20mashtots%20armenian%20model&f=false

[46]

[edit]
Pantographia Edmund Fry, 1799

https://archive.org/details/pantographiacont00fryeiala/page/12/mode/1up?view=theater

Ոսկե այբուբեն

Baghdasar Arzoumanian

https://www.facebook.com/Azg.news/photos/a.1503832853207415/1504011563189544/?type=3

https://ter-hambardzum.net/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A8/

Христианство, а также армянский алфавит, изобретенный в V веке Месропом Маштоцем (золотой алфавит, хранящийся в кладовых Эчмиадзина, армяне считают священной реликвией) https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/18125


Հայկական այբուբենի 1680 թվականի հրատարակություն, Լայպցիգ, Գերմանիա։ http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0armenian-armbook%2Carmenian%2Chajgirqn%2Chaygirq%2CNo_Date_Books%2CazgayinZz-foreign-01-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-01-1-0-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=armenian&cl=CL5.40&d=HASH011b62b690a13f64bc2cce95&fbclid=IwAR2BYEI4bKH6UEI3-U3lbocZ0nGTTPShSpOYkcSvYVVd0lbJirCvXc8TrPQ

http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/collect/armenian/Books/abdias_hayeren/book/index.html#page/88/mode/2up

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matevosian, A. (1980). "Հայոց գիր [Armenian alphabet]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 6 (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 173.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Ferguson, Charles A. (1971). Language structure and language use: essays. Stanford University Press. p. 207. In some cases, however, the originator of the new alphabet had reasons for wanting to emphasize the distinctiveness of the new writing system. A good example of this was the creation of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop in the fifth century. St. Mesrop clearly felt that the Armenian people needed an alphabet that would not only be adequate to represent the sounds of their language but would also be distinctly different from the Greek and Syriac alphabets in use by the surrounding peoples.
  3. ^ Gyulbudaghian, Sirak [in Armenian] (1986). "Ուղղագրություն [Orthography]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 12 (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 242.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b Minahan, James (2013). "Armenia". Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 9781135940102. The alphabet is unique, although it is based on the ancient Greek uncials and the Armazi script of the Aramaic language. [...] A literary language was established in 1921 on the basis of one of the Kumanji dialects spoken in Armenia. It was first written in the Armenian script, but in 1929 the Soviet authorities changed the alphabet to Latin...
  5. ^ Abeghian 1980, p. 245.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference RusselReview was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c Russell, James R. (1999). Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (eds.). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model.
  8. ^ Trager, George L. (1972). Language and Languages. Chandler Publishing Company. p. 256. ISBN 9780810200166. The Armenian alphabet seems to have been the earlier, and was probably the model for the Georgian one. Though the languages are not related, their phonological systems seem to have much in common.
  9. ^ Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1859). A critical and historical introduction to the canonical Scriptures of the Old Testament, Volume 1. Theodore Parker (translator) (3rd ed.). Boston: Rufus Leighton. p. 210. But after Miesrob had invented the Armenian alphabet, about 420, at the request of Isaac Bartik, the Armenian patriarch, the Georgians made use of it, and since that time the Georgian alphabet has been formed out of the Armenian.
  10. ^ Holisky, Dee Ann (1996). "The Georgian Alphabet". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bight, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 367. ISBN 9780195079937. Although Armenian sources credit Mesrop Mashots' with the creation of asomtavruli [...] the forms of the letters are freely invented in imitation of the Greek model.
  11. ^ Taylor, Isaac (1883). The Alphabet: An Account of the Origin and Development of Letters, Volume 2. K. Paul, Trench & Company. p. 282. Armenian and Georgian alphabets were based respectively on the two contemporary forms of the Pehlevi alphabet.
  12. ^ a b c Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005). "Armeno-Turkish Literature". The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 58-60. ISBN 9780814332214.
  13. ^ Garkavets, Alexander. "Armeno-Qypchaq language and Written Monuments". unesco.kz. UNESCO Almaty Cluster Office. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017.
  14. ^ Aynakulova, Gülnisa (2009). "Ermeni Kıpçakları Mı Gregoryen Kıpçaklar Mı? [The Armenian Qypchaqs or Gregorian Qypchaqs?]" (PDF). Millî Folklor (in Turkish). 21 (84). Gazi University: 114–126. ISSN 1300-3984.
  15. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2013). The Literature of Georgia: A History. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9781136825293. Sayat-Nova's genius lay in hybridizing languages.
  16. ^ Russell, James R. (2017). "Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 16. The poet's devt'er or tetrak— the manuscript book of his own songs— is written in two alphabets, curvilinear Georgian mxedruli and the standard Armenian minuscule called bolorgir. But the latter is used for Sayat' Nova's compositions in Tatar (i.e., Azeri Turkic), while the songs in Armenian are written in Georgian script.
  17. ^ Dowsett, Charles (1997). Sayatʻ-Nova: An 18th-century Troubadour: a Biographical and Literary Study. Peeters Publishers. p. xv. ISBN 9789068317954. ...in the Tetrak [...] the Armenian script being used, along with Georgian, for the Azeri poems.
  18. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2013). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. NYU Press. p. 324. ISBN 9780814785782. Sayat-Nova, who wrote in Armenian, Georgian, and the lingua franca of the Caucasus of the time, Azeri (some of his Azeri poems were even written in Armenian script)...
  19. ^ Koçunyan, Aylin (2014). "The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution". In Firges, Pascal W.; Graf, Tobias P.; Roth, Christian; Tulasoğlu, Gülay (eds.). Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History. Brill Publishers. p. 242. ISBN 9789004266704.
  20. ^ Pratt, Andrew T. (1866). "On the Armeno-Turkish Alphabet". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 8: 374–376. doi:10.2307/592244. JSTOR 592244.
  21. ^ Kutaimış, Mehmet (2003). "On the Turkish in Armenian Script". Journal of Economic & Social Research. 5 (2): 47–59. ISSN 1302-1060.
  22. ^ Mignon, Laurent (2014). "Minor Literatures and their Challenge to 'National' Literature: The Turkish Case". In Brennan, Shane; Herzog, Marc (eds.). Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation. I.B. Tauris. p. 200. ISBN 9781780765396. Armeno-Turkish is, without a doubt, the most significant minority phenomenon of post-Tanzimat Ottoman-Turkish minority language. A great number of Armenians, mostly Catholics educated in Mekhitarist institutions and also to a lesser degree Protestants, used Turkish in their literary works, though they continued to use the Armenian alphabet. The first novel in Turkish, namely Hovsep Vardanyan's Akabi Hikayesi (The Story of Akabi, 1851)...
  23. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781400829682. The first Ottoman novels appeared in Turkish written in Armenian script, since both authors and readers were Armenians. Yovsep Vadanean's Akabi Hikayesi (The Story of Akabi/Agape), published in 1851, was the first example of this new genre. It was an Armenian Romeo and Juliet, depicting a love affair between two Armenians of different denominations--Armenian Apostolic and Catholic--and touching upon the sensitive question of sectarianism in the Armenian community.
  24. ^ Mignon, Laurent (2005). Neither Shiraz Nor Paris: Papers on Modern Turkish Literature. Isis Press. p. 20. ISBN 9789754283037. ...The Story of Akabi (Akabi Hikyayesi), the first novel in Turkish, published with Armenian characters...
  25. ^ Ersoy, Ahmet; Górny, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis, eds. (2010). Modernism: Representations of National Culture: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945: Texts and Commentaries, Volume III/2. Central European University Press. p. 333. ISBN 9789637326646. ...also published in Turkish using the Armenian script. His novel Akabi hikayesi (The story of Akabi) was the earliest example of this genre in the Ottoman Empire.
  26. ^ Shtikian, S. (1956). "Նոր պարզաբանումներ "Ագապի" վեպի մասին [Clarification on the novel "Akabi"]". Teghekagir hasarakakan gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (11): 103–106.
  27. ^ MacCagg, William O.; Silver, Brian D., eds. (1979). Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers. Pergamon Press. p. 94. ISBN 9780080246376. Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.
  28. ^ Izady, Mehrdad (1992). The Kurds: A Concise Handbook. Taylor & Francis. p. 178. ISBN 9780844817279. The Kurds of the Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin.
  29. ^ Galip, Özlem Belçim (2015). Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society. I.B. Tauris. p. 76. ISBN 9781784530167. Former Soviet Kurds obtained a written form of their mother tongue after the 1917 Revolution, and first began writing Kurdish using the Armenian alphabet during the 1920s.
  30. ^ Leezenberg, Michiel (2011). "Soviet Kurdology and Kurdish Orientalism". In Kemper, Michael; Conermann, Stephan (eds.). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781136838545. In 1922 an Armenian alphabet was developed for Kurdish, but this did not gain a very wide circulation; more influential was the Latin alphabet developed in 1927...
  31. ^ Курдский язык (in Russian). Krugosvet. ...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).
  32. ^ Khamoyan, M. (1986). "Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 12 (in Armenian). p. 492. ...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...
  33. ^ Panossian, Razmik (2002). "The Past as Nation: Three Dimensions of Armenian Identity". Geopolitics. 7 (2). Routledge: 127. doi:10.1080/714000931. S2CID 144667260.
  34. ^ Marsden, Philip (2015) [1993]. The Crossing Place: A Journey Among the Armenians. William Collins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-00-812743-5.
  35. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (2005). Visions of Ararat: Writings on Armenia. I.B. Tauris. p. 32. ISBN 9781850438885.
  36. ^ Martin, Henri-Jean (1995). The History and Power of Writing. University of Chicago Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780226508368.
  37. ^ "Alphabet" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  38. ^ Bournoutian, George (2006) [2002]. A Concise History of the Armenian People (5th ed.). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
  39. ^ Panossian 2006, p. 33.
  40. ^ Panossian 2006, p. 44.
  41. ^ a b c d Panossian 2006, p. 45.
  42. ^ Panossian 2006, p. 46.
  43. ^ a b Stevenson, Jane (2007). "Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity". In Harald Kittel; et al. (eds.). Translation: An International Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 1158.
  44. ^ Changizi, Mark; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2005). "Character Complexity and Redundancy in Writing Systems over Human History". Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 272 (1560): 268. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2942. JSTOR 30047539. PMC 1634970. PMID 15705551.
  45. ^ Foreword by T. S. Pattie, Former Curator of The British Library's Manuscript Collections in Nersessian, Vrej (2001). The Bible in the Armenian Tradition. Getty Publications. p. 7. ISBN 9780892366408.
  46. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 4. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 1153. ISBN 9780802837844. A kind of alphabet of Aramaic origin, perhaps Pahlavi, was used as model and source for the invention of the Armenian alphabet, ascribed to Mesrob
  47. ^ "Koptisch, Armeens en Chinees alfabet, Jan Luyken, 1690". rijksmuseum.nl.
  48. ^ Rocha, Veronica (11 January 2011). "New Glendale traffic safety warnings in English, Armenian, Spanish". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 May 2014.

Bibliography

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