View source for -er

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "er"}}
{{minitoc}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ə/|a=RP}}
* {{enPR|ər|a=GA}}, {{IPA|en|/ɚ/}}
* {{audio|en|en-us--er.ogg|a=US}}
* {{homophones|en|-or|;|-a<aa:non-rhotic>}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|en|inh|id=agent suffix|enm>-er>agent suffix|tree=1}}
{{inh+|en|enm|[[-ere]], [[-er]]|id=agentive}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-ere}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-ārī}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}, usually thought to have been borrowed from {{der|en|la|-ārius}}. However, Gąsiorowski suggests that ''*-ārijaz'' is a native formation; he derives it from earlier ''*-azrijaz'', which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of {{m|ine-pro|*-sōr}} suffixed with {{m|ine-pro|*-ih₂}}, creating a suffix ''*-sr-ih₂'' for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching {{m|ine-pro|*-ós}}.

{{rel-top|Cognates}} {{cog|stq|-er}}, {{cog|fy|-er}}, {{cog|nl|-er}}, {{cog|nds-de|-er}}, {{cog|de|-er}}, {{cog|da|-er}}, {{cog|sv|-are}} and {{cog|is|-ari}} {{rel-bottom}}

Compare the synonymous but unrelated {{der|en|fro|-or}}, {{m|fro|-eor}} ({{der|en|xno|-}} variant {{m|fro|-our}}), from {{der|en|la|-tor|-(ā)tor}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*-tōr}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|en|-'er}} {{qualifier|following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number}}

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes}}

# {{senseid|en|agent noun}} {{lb|en|added to verbs}} A [[person]] or [[thing]] that does an action indicated by the root verb; {{non-gloss|used to form an [[agent noun]]}}.
#: {{antonyms|en|-ee}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|read|reader}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|cook|cooker}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|compute|computer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|run|runner}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|toast|toaster}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|swim|swimmer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|[[do]] [[good]]|do-gooder}}
# {{senseid|en|patient}} {{lb|en|added to verbs|informal}} A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.
#: {{suffixusex|en|look|looker|gloss2=an attractive person}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|keep|keeper|gloss2=a person or thing worth keeping}}
# {{senseid|en|occupation}} {{lb|en|added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations}} A person whose occupation is the root noun; {{lb|en|more broadly|occasionally with adjectives}} a person characterized by the root.
#: {{suffixusex|en|astrology|astrologer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|baby boom|baby boomer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|conlang|conlanger}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|cricket|cricketer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|trumpet|trumpeter}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|zine|ziner}}
# {{senseid|en|measurement}} {{lb|en|added to numbers, measurements or nouns denoting quantified sets}} A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
#: {{suffixusex|en|six|sixer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|six foot|six-footer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|three-wheel|three-wheeler}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|first grade|first grader}}
# {{senseid|en|entertainment}} {{lb|en|slang|chiefly|entertainment|with few limitations}} {{non-gloss|Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms}}.
#: {{suffixusex|en|percent|percenter|gloss2=commission agent}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|[[one]] [[hand]]|one-hander|t2=one-man show}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|oat|oater|gloss2=a Western-themed movie}}
# {{senseid|en|ideology}} {{lb|en|added to nouns}} A person who is associated with, or supports a particular [[theory]], [[doctrine]], or political [[movement]].
#: {{suffixusex|en|birth|birther}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|[[flat]] [[earth]]|flat-earther}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|truth|truther}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|woke|woker}}
# {{senseid|en|relational}} {{lb|en|added to nouns or occasionally adjectives|generally}} A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
#: {{suffixusex|en|bacon|baconer|t2=pig raised for bacon}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|chocolate chip|chocolate chipper|t2=cookie containing chocolate chips}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|sternwheel|sternwheeler|t2=vessel driven by a sternwheel}}

=====Usage notes=====
* The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in {{m|en|passerby|pass'''er'''by}} and {{m|en|runner-up|runn'''er'''-up}}) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component ({{m|en|do-gooder|do-good'''er'''}}) or is added to both components, often with humorous effect ({{m|en|washer-upper|wash'''er'''-upp'''er'''}}). Rarely, it may even appear three times, as in {{m|en|picker-upperer}}.
* The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in {{m|en|crewer||a member of a crew}} and {{m|en|Z-lister||one on the [[Z-list]]}}; fans and hobbyists, as in {{m|en|K-popper||a fan of [[K-pop]]}}, and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in {{m|en|JavaScripter||a programmer who uses [[JavaScript]]}}.
* The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the ''[[w:Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' '''''-er'''''.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en|id=agent noun}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=patient}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=occupation}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=measurement}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=entertainment}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=ideology}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=relational}}

=====Translations=====
''The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.''
{{trans-top|(used to form agent nouns) person or thing that does...}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|-er}}
* Albanian: {{t|sq|-es|m}}, {{t|sq|-ese|f}}, {{t|sq|-ës|m}}, {{t|sq|-ëse|f}}, {{t|sq|-tar|m}}, {{t|sq|-tare|f}}
* American Sign Language: {{t|ase|OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh}}
* Arabic: {{t+|ar|مُـ}}
*: Egyptian Arabic: {{t|arz|مِـ|tr=mi-}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-իչ}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-сы|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-се|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-со|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-сө|sc=Cyrl}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-dor|m}}, {{t+|ca|-dora|f}}, {{t|ca|-triu|f}}, {{t+|ca|-er|m}}, {{t+|ca|-era|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|者|tr=-zhě|alt=...者}}, {{t+|cmn|家|tr=-jiā|alt=...家}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|-ič|m}}, {{t|cs|-ač|m}}, {{t|cs|-itel|m}}, {{t|cs|-átor|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ec|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|-er}}
* Egyptian: {{t|egy|-y}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|-ari}}
* Finnish: {{q|person that does}} {{t+|fi|-ja}}, {{t+|fi|-ri}}; {{q|thing or tool that does}} {{t+|fi|-in}}, {{t+|fi|-uri}}, {{t+|fi|-ari}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-eur|m}}, {{t+|fr|-euse|f}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-eiro|m}}, {{t+|gl|-eira|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|-er|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-άς|m}}, {{t+|el|-ού|f}}
* Guaraní: {{t|gn|-hára}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-ó}}/{{t+|hu|-ő}}
* Icelandic: {{t|is|-ari|m}}
* Ido: {{t|io|-er}}
* Igbo: {{t|ig|onye-}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|peng-}}, {{t+|id|pem-}}, {{t+|id|pe}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|-ero|m}}, {{t|ia|-era|f}}, {{t|ia|-ario|m}}, {{t|ia|-aria|f}}, {{t|ia|-ista|m|f}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|-éir|m}}
* Italian: {{t|it|-ore|m}}, {{t|it|-tore|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|者|tr=...しゃ, -sha|alt=...者}}, {{t+|ja|家|tr=...か, -ka|alt=...家}}, {{t+|ja|手|tr=...て, -te|alt=...手}}
* Kongo: {{t|kg|mu-}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-van}}, {{t+|kmr|-er}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t|ky|-чы}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чи}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чу}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чү}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-tor|m}}
* Latvian: {{t+|lv|-ājs|m}}, {{t|lv|-āja|f}}, {{t+|lv|-ējs|m}}, {{t|lv|-ēja|f}}, {{t|lv|-ents|m}}, {{t|lv|-ente|f}}, {{t|lv|-ists|m}}, {{t|lv|-iste|f}}, {{t|lv|-ors|m}}, {{t|lv|-ore|f}}, {{t|lv|-ers|m}}, {{t|lv|-eris|m}}, {{t|lv|-ere|f}}, {{t|lv|-ieris|m}}, {{t|lv|-iere|f}}
* Malay: {{t|ms|peng-}}, {{t|ms|pem-}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|kai-}}
* Mongolian: {{t|mn|-гч|sc=Cyrl}}
* Navajo: {{t|nv|-é}}
* Nupe: {{t|nup|-ci}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|-ere|m}}, {{t|ang|-a|f}}
* Pashto: {{t|ps|-ونکی}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـکننده|tr=-konande}}, {{t|fa|ـگر|tr=-gar}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-dor|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|-tor|m}}, {{t|ro|-toare|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|-тель|m}} ({{t|ru|-а́тель|m}} / {{t|ru|-я́тель|m}} / {{t|ru|-и́тель|m}}), {{t+|ru|-ник|m}}, {{t+|ru|-о́вщик|m}}, {{t+|ru|-щик|m}}, {{t+|ru|-щи́к|m}}, {{t+|ru|-чик|m}}, {{t+|ru|-ик|m}}, {{t+|ru|-и́к|m}}, {{t+|ru|-ец|m}}, {{t+|ru|-а́тор}}, {{t+|ru|-а́ч|m}}, {{t+|ru|-ер|m}}
* Sanskrit: {{t|sa|-क|m}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|-adair}}, {{t|gd|-air}}, {{t|gd|-aire}}, {{t|gd|-ear}}, {{t|gd|-iche}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-dor|m}}, {{t+|es|-dora|f}}, {{t+|es|-ero|m}}, {{t+|es|-era|f}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|m-}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-re}}
* Tagalog: {{t+|tl|taga-}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|นัก|alt=นัก...|tr=nák...}}, {{t+|th|ผู้|alt=ผู้...|tr=pûu...}}, {{t+|th|คน|alt=คน...|tr=kon...}}, {{t+|th|ช่าง|alt=ช่าง...|tr=châang...}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-cı}}, {{t+|tr|-çı}}, {{t+|tr|-cu}}, {{t+|tr|-çu}}, {{t+|tr|-ci}}, {{t+|tr|-çi}}, {{t+|tr|-cü}}, {{t+|tr|-çü}}, {{t|tr|-an}}, {{t|tr|-yan}}, {{t+|tr|-en}}, {{t+|tr|-yen}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|-wr|m}}, {{t+|cy|-ydd|m}}, {{t|cy|-wraig|f}}
* Wiradjuri: {{t|wrh|-daayn}}
* Yoruba: {{t|yo|oní-}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|person whose occupation is...}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|-er}}
* American Sign Language: {{t|ase|OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-իչ}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-сы|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-се|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-со|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-сө|sc=Cyrl}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-er|m}}, {{t+|ca|-era|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|员|tr=-yuán|alt=...员}} {{qualifier|general}}, {{t+|cmn|工|tr=-gōng|alt=...工}} {{qualifier|of physical work}}, {{t+|cmn|手|tr=-shǒu|alt=...手}} {{qualifier|of sports, games or instruments}}, {{t+|cmn|师|tr=-shī|alt=...师}} {{qualifier|of a skilled job}}, {{t+|cmn|家|tr=-jiā|alt=...家}} {{qualifier|honorific}}, {{t+|cmn|的|tr=-de|alt=...的}} {{qualifier|informal}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|-ař|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ář|m}}, {{t|cs|-íř|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ník|m}}, {{t|cs|-ista|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ák|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ec|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ik|m}}, {{t|cs|-log|m}}, {{t|cs|-graf|m}}, {{t|cs|-ér|m}}, {{t+|cs|-er|m}}, {{t|cs|-or|m}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-isto}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-ja}}, {{t+|fi|-ri}}
* French: ''for players of instruments or games, often translated as'' [[joueur]] {{g|m}}/[[joueuse]] {{g|f}} de ''followed by the name of the instrument or game played, but some words have specific translations''
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-eiro|m}}, {{t+|gl|-eira|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-άς|m}}, {{t+|el|-ού|f}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־אי|m|tr=-ay|alt=-ַאי}}, {{t|he|־ן|m|tr=-an|alt=-ָן}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-us}}, {{t+|hu|-ász}}/{{t+|hu|-ész}}, {{t+|hu|-s}}/{{t+|hu|-os}}/{{t+|hu|-as}}/{{t+|hu|-es}}/{{t+|hu|-ös}}, {{t+|hu|-lógus}}
* Icelandic: -{{t+|is|maður|m}}
* Ido: {{t|io|-ist}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|-ero|m}}, {{t|ia|-era|f}}, {{t|ia|-ario|m}}, {{t|ia|-aria|f}}, {{t|ia|-ista|m|f}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|-éir|m}}
* Italian: {{qualifier|for players of instruments}} [[-ista]] {{g|m}}/{{g|f}}, {{qualifier|for players of sports}} [[-ista]] {{g|m}}/{{g|f}}, [[giocatore]] {{g|m}}/[[giocatrice]] {{g|f}} di ''followed by the name of the sport''
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-kar}}, {{t+|kmr|-er}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t|ky|-чы}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чи}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чу}}, {{t|ky|-чы|alt=-чү}}
* Mongolian: {{t|mn|-чин|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|mn|-ч|sc=Cyrl}}
* Nupe: {{t|nup|-ci}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|کار|tr=-kâr|alt=ـکار}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-arz|m}}, {{t+|pl|-arka|f}}, {{t+|pl|-acz|m}}, {{t|pl|-aczka|f}}, {{t+|pl|-ca|m}}, {{t|pl|-czyni|f}}, {{t+|pl|-nik|m}}, {{t|pl|-niczka|f}}, {{t|pl|-ciel|m}}, {{t|pl|-cielka|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-eiro}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{qualifier|for players of sports}} {{t|gd|-air|m}}, {{t|gd|-adair|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-ista|m|f}}, {{t+|es|-dor|m}}, {{t+|es|-dora|f}}, {{t+|es|-ero|m}}, {{t+|es|-era|f}}
* Swedish: {{qualifier|for players of instruments}} {{t+|sv|-are}}, {{t+|sv|-ist}}, {{t|sv|-spelare}}; {{qualifier|for players of sports}} {{t|sv|-spelare}}
* Tagalog: {{t+|tl|taga-}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|นัก|alt=นัก...|tr=nák...}}, {{t+|th|ช่าง|alt=ช่าง...|tr=châang...}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-cı}}, {{t+|tr|-ci}}, {{t+|tr|-cu}}, {{t+|tr|-cü}}; {{t+|tr|-çı}}, {{t+|tr|-çi}}, {{t+|tr|-çu}}, {{t+|tr|-çü}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|-wr|m}}, {{t+|cy|-ydd|m}}, {{t|cy|-wraig|f}}
* Wiradjuri: {{t|wrh|-daayn}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|(with numbers, measurements or quantified sets) ranked by or having...}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|-ák|m}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-inen}}, {{t+|fi|-nen}}
* French: {{not used|fr}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-s}}/{{t+|hu|-os}}/{{t+|hu|-as}}/{{t+|hu|-es}}/{{t+|hu|-ös}}, {{t+|hu|-ú}}/{{t+|hu|-ű}}/{{t|hu|-jú}}/{{t|hu|-jű}}
* Italian: {{not used|it}}
* Latvian: {{t+|lv|-nieks|m}}, {{t|lv|-niece|f}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-ak|m}}
* Yoruba: {{t|yo|oní-}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====See also====
* {{l|en|-eer}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|en|enm|-ere}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-ware|pos=suffix denoting residency or meaning "inhabitant of"}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-wari}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*warjaz||defender, inhabitant}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*wer-||to close, cover, protect, save, defend}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{senseid|en|inhabitant}} {{lb|en|added to a proper noun}} Suffix denoting a [[resident]] or [[inhabitant]] of (the place denoted by the proper noun); {{non-gloss|used to form a [[demonym]]}}.
#: {{suffixusex|en|New York|New Yorker}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|London|Londoner}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|Dublin|Dubliner}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|New England|New Englander}}
# Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
#: {{suffixusex|en|island|islander}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|highland|highlander}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|eastend|eastender}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en|id=inhabitant}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|(used form a demonym) resident or inhabitant of...}}
* American Sign Language: {{t|ase|OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-ցի}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-er|m}}, {{t+|ca|-era|f}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|-an|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ec|m}}, {{t+|cs|-ák|m}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-er|m}}, {{t+|nl|-se|f}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-ano}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-lainen}}
* French: ''often translated as'' [[habitant]] {{g|m}}/[[habitante]] {{g|f}} de ''followed by the name of the place, but some words have specific translations''
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-eiro|m}}, {{t+|gl|-eira|f}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|-ელი}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-i}}, {{t+|hu|lakó|alt=-lakó}}
* Ido: {{t|io|-an}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|人|tr=-jin}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|orang}}
* Nupe: {{t|nup|-ci}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـی|tr=-i}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-ês}}, {{t+|pt|-ense}}, {{t+|pt|-ão}}, {{t+|pt|-eiro}}, {{t+|pt|-ista}}, {{t|pt|-enho}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|-ец}}, {{t|ru|-анин}}, {{t|ru|-анка}}, {{t+|ru|-ка}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|-ach}}, {{t|gd|-each}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-bo}}, {{t+|sv|-are}}
* Yoruba: {{t|yo|oní-}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|en|enm|-re|id=noun plural}}, {{m|enm|-er}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-ru||pos=plural suffix}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-izō|pos=plural suffix}}. Cognate with {{cog|nl|-er||pos=plural ending}}, {{cog|de|-er||pos=plural ending}}. See also {{l|en|-ren}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{lb|en|obsolete|no longer productive}} Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.
#: {{m|en|childer|child'''er'''}}, {{m|en|calver|calv'''er'''}}, {{m|en|lamber|lamb'''er'''}}, {{m|en|linder|lind'''er'''}} {{gloss|"loins"}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|-ren}}

===Etymology 4===
From {{inh|en|enm|-er|id=agentive}}, representing various noun-suffixes in {{der|en|fro|-}} and {{der|en|xno|-}}, variously {{m|fro|-er}}, {{m|fro|-ier}} and {{m|fro|-ieur}}, from {{der|en|la|-aris}}, {{m|la|-arius}}, {{m|la|-atorium}}. As a productive suffix, now merged with the occupational sense of [[#Etymology 1|Etymology 1]].

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# [[person|Person]] or [[thing]] connected with.
#: {{suffixusex|en|bottle|butler}}

====See also====
* [[-eer]]

===Etymology 5===
From {{inh|en|enm|-ere|id=comparative}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-ra}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*iʀō}}, {{m|gmw-pro|*-ōʀō}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-izô}} or {{der|en|gem-pro|*-ōzô}} (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative {{m|en|-est}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{senseid|en|comparative}} {{lb|en|added to certain [[adjective]]s and [[adverb]]s, now especially short ones}} [[more|More]]; {{non-gloss|used to form the [[comparative]]}}.
#: {{suffixusex|en|hard|harder}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|wet|wetter}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|motley|motlier}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|eerie|eerier}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|clayey|clayier}}

=====Usage notes=====
* {{sense|more; used to form the comparative}} Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix '''''-er''''' also form their superlatives using the suffix {{m|en|-est}}.
** Final {{m|en||-y}} preceded by a consonant becomes {{m|en||-i-}} when the suffix '''''-er''''' or {{m|en|-est}} is added.
**: ''ea'''sy''''' &rarr; ''ea'''sier''''' &rarr; ''ea'''siest'''''; ''gr'''ay''''' &rarr; ''gr'''ayer''''' &rarr; ''gr'''ayest'''''
** When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.
**: ''di'''m''''' &rarr; ''di'''mmer''''' &rarr; ''di'''mmest'''''
** The suffixes '''''-er''''' and {{m|en|-est}} may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.
**: ''hot'' &rarr; ''hott'''er''''' &rarr; ''hott'''est'''''; ''fast'' &rarr; ''fast'''er''''' &rarr; ''fast'''est'''''; ''funny'' &rarr; ''funni'''er''''' &rarr; ''funni'''est'''''; ''sugary'' &rarr; ''sugari'''er''''' &rarr; ''sugari'''est'''''
** Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:
**: ''good'' &rarr; ''better'' &rarr; ''best''; ''far'' &rarr; ''farther'' &rarr; ''farthest'', or ''far'' &rarr; ''further'' &rarr; ''furthest'', depending on the meaning
** The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with {{m|en|more}} and {{m|en|most}}.
**: ''rigid'' &rarr; '''''more''' rigid'' &rarr; '''''most''' rigid''; ''enormous'' &rarr; '''''more''' enormous'' &rarr; '''''most''' enormous''; ''burnt'' &rarr; '''''more''' burnt'' &rarr; '''''most''' burnt''; ''freezing'' &rarr; '''''more''' freezing'' &rarr; '''''most''' freezing''
** If in doubt, use {{m|en|more}} to form the comparative and {{m|en|most}} to form the superlative; for example, {{m|en|thirsty}} may become {{m|en|thirstier}} and {{m|en|thirstiest}}, but {{m|en||more thirsty}} and {{m|en||most thirsty}} are also acceptable.
* Words ending with -ng are pronounced {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} by most dialects instead of {{IPAchar|/ŋɡ/}}. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the {{IPAchar|/ɡ/}} appears (in most dialects).
*: ''long'' ({{IPAchar|/lɒŋ/}}) &rarr; ''long'''er''''' ({{IPAchar|/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/}}); ''young'' ({{IPAchar|/jʌŋ/}}) &rarr; ''young'''est''''' ({{IPAchar|/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/}})

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|used to form the comparative of adjectives}}
* American Sign Language: {{t|ase|OpenA@SideChesthigh OpenA@SideNeckhigh}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|ավելի}}
* Basque: {{t-needed|eu}}
* Breton: {{t+|br|-oc'h}}
* Burmese: {{t-needed|my}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|-ejší}}, {{t|cs|-ější}}, {{t|cs|-čí}}, {{t|cs|-ší}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-er}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|pli}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|-mpi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|plus}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|máis}}
* Georgian: {{t-needed|ka}}
* German: {{t+|de|-er}}
* Greek: {{t|el|-τερος}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|-τερος}}, {{t|grc|-ίων}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|-bb}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|più}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|より|tr=yori}}, {{t+|ja|もっと|tr=motto}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|ជាង}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-tir}}
* Lao: {{t-needed|lo}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-or}}, {{t|la|-ior}}
* Lü: {{t-needed|khb}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|по-}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|-ra}}
* Old Norse: {{t|non|-ari}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـتر|tr=-tar}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|bardziej}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|mais}}
* Romani: {{t|rom|-eder}}, {{t|rom|po}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}, {{t|rom|maj}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|бо́лее}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}, {{t+|ru|-ее}} {{qualifier|various suffixes exist}}
* Serbo-Croatian: -[[и]] {{g|m}}, -[[а]] {{g|f}}, -[[е]] {{g|n}}
* Shan: {{t-needed|shn}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|más}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|mer}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}, {{t+|sv|-are}}
* Tagalog: {{t+|tl|mas}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|กว่า|alt=-กว่า}}
* Tibetan: {{t-needed|bo}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|daha}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|hơn|alt=... hơn}}
* Welsh: {{t|cy|-ach}}, {{t+|cy|mwy}} {{qualifier|used before the adjective only if polysyllabic}}
* Zhuang: {{t-needed|za}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 6===
From {{inh|en|enm|-er}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-or}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-ōʀ}}, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-ōz}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|added to certain [[adverb]]s}} [[more|More]]; {{non-gloss|used to form the comparative}}.

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|used to form the comparative of adverbs}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|-eji}}, {{t|cs|-ěji}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-er}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|-mpi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|plus}} {{qualifier|used before the adverb}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|máis}}
* German: {{t+|de|-er}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|-bb}}
* Italian: [[più]] {{qualifier|used before the adverb}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|по-}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـتر|tr=-tar}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|bardziej}} {{qualifier|used before the adverb}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|mais}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|más}} {{qualifier|used before the adverb}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|mer}} {{qualifier|used before the adverb}}, {{t+|sv|-are}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 7===
From {{inh|en|enm|-eren}}, {{m|enm|-ren}}, {{m|enm|-rien}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-erian}}, {{m|ang|-rian}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-rōn}}, {{m|gem-pro|*-iʀōn}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-rōną}} or {{m|gem-pro|*-izōną}}. Cognate with {{cog|fy|-erje}}, {{cog|nl|-eren}}, {{cog|de|-eren}}, {{m|de|-ern}}, {{cog|da|-re}}, {{cog|sv|-ra}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{senseid|en|verbal frequentative}}{{lb|en|added to a verb or imitative sound}} [[frequently|Frequently]]; {{non-gloss|used to form [[frequentative]] verbs}}.
#: {{m|en|twitter|twitt'''er'''}}, {{m|en|clamber|clamb'''er'''}}, {{m|en|bicker|bick'''er'''}}, {{m|en|mutter|mutt'''er'''}}, {{m|en|wander|wand'''er'''}}, {{m|en|flutter|flutt'''er'''}}, {{m|en|flicker|flick'''er'''}}, {{m|en|slither|slith'''er'''}}, {{m|en|smother|smoth'''er'''}}, {{m|en|sputter|sputt'''er'''}}

=====Synonyms=====
* {{sense|used to form frequentative}} {{l|en|-le}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|used to form frequentatives}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-lla|alt=-lla, -llä}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|-g}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-ejar}}
{{trans-bottom}}

=====See also=====
* {{pedia|Frequentative}}

===Etymology 8===
From {{inh|en|enm|-er|id=infinitival}}, from {{der|en|xno|-er}}, {{der|en|fro|-er}}, the infinitive verbal ending.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# {{senseid|en|action noun}} {{lb|en|chiefly|law|added to a verb}} [[instance|Instance]] of (the verbal action); {{non-gloss|used to form nouns from verbs}}.
#: {{suffixusex|en|disclaim|disclaimer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|remit|remitter}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|misname|misnomer}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|rebut|rebutter}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|attain|attainder}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en|id=action noun}}

===Etymology 9===
From {{inh|en|enm|-er}}, {{m|enm|-ere|id=diminutive|pos=diminutive suffix}}. Compare {{m|en|-el}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|added to a verb or noun}} Used to form diminutives.
#: {{suffixusex|en|shive|shiver}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|slive|sliver}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|splint|splinter}}

===Etymology 10===
{{etymon|en|id=Oxford}}
{{wikipedia|Oxford "-er"}}
Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|originally|_|public school slang}} {{non-gloss|Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words}}.
#: {{suffixusex|en|association|soccer|gloss2=association football}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|football|footer|gloss2=association football}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|rugby|rugger}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|Radcliffe|Radder|gloss2=a building at Oxford University}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|-zza}}
{{suffixsee|en|id=Oxford}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|en|-ers}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|used to form slang equivalents}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-is}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|-ci}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 11===
From {{inh|en|enm|-er}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-er}}, {{m|ang|-or}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-raz}}. Compare {{m|en|-le}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|en|suffix}}

# {{lb|en|now|_|chiefly|_|dialectal}} A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating [[aptitude]], [[proneness]], or [[tendency]] toward a specified action:
#: {{suffixusex|en|clive|cliver|gloss2=apt to cleave or adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|slip|slipper|gloss2=tending to make slip, slippery}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|wake|waker|gloss2=tending to wake, watchful}}

=====Synonyms=====
* {{l|en|-le}}

===Etymology 12===
From {{bor|en|cmn|兒|-兒|tr=-ér}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|en|suffix}}

# {{lb|en|Chinese|_|literature}} [[junior|Junior]], child, younger person. {{q|Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name.}}
#: {{ux|en|Li’'''er''' said hello to his father.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=1979|journal=Women of China|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=roGyAAAAIAAJ|page=44|text=Yue’'''er''' began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’'''er'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2002|origyear=1934|author=w:Xiao Hong|translator=w:Howard Goldblatt|chapter=The Field of Life and Death|title=The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River|isbn=0887273920|page=32|pageurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V3KhI1UutJIC&pg=PA32|text=The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’'''er''' had not come back, nor had his father.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2014|origyear=1959|author={{w|Chung Li-ho|Zhong Lihe}}|translator=T. M. McClellan|chapter=The Little Ridge|title=From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan|isbn=9780231166300|page=202|pageurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CWqsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT242|text=Ying’'''er''' was not yet three years old. Li’'''er''' had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of {{m|en|-kun}} / {{m|en|-chan}} / {{m|en|-san}} or {{m|en|sensei}} in English-language Japanese fiction.
* Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (''Yinger'').

=====Coordinate terms=====
* {{l|en|-chan}}

====See also====
{{col3|en|
|[[-est]] (comparative)
|[[-ess]], [[-ress]], [[-trix]] (feminine noun extension form)
|[[-ee]] (subject of action)
|[[-ed]] (verb to adjective)
|[[-ing]] (verb to noun)
|[[-or]]
|[[-eer]]
|[[more]] (comparative)
}}

===References===
* {{R:OneLook}}
* {{R:Online Etymology Dictionary}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=er|'re|RE|Re|Ré|r.e.|re|re-}}

[[Category:Oxford University slang|er]]

==Afrikaans==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|af|nl|-er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar--er.wav}}

===Suffix===
{{head|af|suffix}}

# {{l|en|-er}}

==Bavarian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|bar|gmh|-er}}, from {{inh|bar|goh|-ari}}, from {{inh|bar|gmw-pro|*-ārī}}. Cognates include {{cog|de|-er}} and {{cog|lb|-er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|bar|/-a/|a=Vienna}}

===Suffix===
{{head|bar|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Used to form agent nouns from verbs}}; [[#English|-er]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|bar}}

==Breton==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|br|/ɛʁ/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|br|suffix}}

# [[person]] or [[thing]] that (does the action indicated by the root); {{non-gloss|used to form an [[agent noun]]}}.
#: {{suffixusex|br|brezhoneg|gloss1=Breton (language)|brezhoneger|gloss2=Breton-speaker}}
#: {{suffixusex|br|c'hoari|gloss1=game; to play|c'hoarier|gloss2=player, actor}}
#: {{suffixusex|br|tredan|gloss1=electricity|tredaner|gloss2=electrician}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|br}}

==Catalan==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|ca|la|-ārius}}. Compare the borrowed doublet {{doublet|ca|-ari|notext=1}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ca-IPA|[é(r)]}}

===Suffix===
{{ca-noun|m}}

# {{n-g|forms nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|vespa|gloss1=wasp|vesper|gloss2=wasp nest}}
# {{n-g|forms nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|garrofa|gloss1=carob|garrofer|gloss2=carob tree}}
# {{n-g|forms nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|tovallola|gloss1=towel|tovalloler|gloss2=towel rail}}

====Usage notes====
* The equivalent suffix {{m|ca|-era}} can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.

===Suffix===
{{ca-adj}}

# {{n-g|forms nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|Brasil|gloss1=Brazil|brasiler|gloss2=Brazilian}}
# {{n-g|forms nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|camió|gloss1=truck|camioner|gloss2=truck driver}}
# {{n-g|forms nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|mentida|gloss1=lie|mentider|gloss2=liar, deceptive}}
# {{n-g|forms relational adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|llet|gloss1=milk|lleter|gloss2=milk [relational adjective], dairy}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|pel·lícula|gloss1=film|pel·liculer|gloss2=film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic}}

====Usage notes====
* Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.

====See also====
* {{l|ca|-dor}}

===Derived terms===
{{suffixsee|ca}}

===References===
* {{R:ca:GDLC}}
* {{R:ca:DNV}}

==Chuukese==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|chk|/ˈɛɾ/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|chk|suffix}}

# {{lb|chk|added to possessive nouns}} [[their]]
# {{lb|chk|added to verbs as an indirect object}} [[them]]

====Related terms====
{{chk-possessive adjectives}}

==Danish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|da|non|-ari}}

===Suffix===
{{da-suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms [[agent noun]]s from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that [verb]s".}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms [[plural]] forms of many nouns.}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms the [[present tense]] of many verbs.}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms [[demonym]]s.}}
#: {{suffixusex|da|Berlin|-er|berliner}}
#: {{suffixusex|da|Paris|-er|pariser}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms informal action nouns from verbs.}}
# {{lb|da|especially definite}} {{non-gloss|Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision.}}
#: {{suffixusex|da|hotdog|hotter}}
#: {{suffixusex|da|fjernsyn|t1=television|fjerner}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms a piece of currency from numbers.}}
#: {{suffixusex|da|fem|t1=five|femmer|t2=fiver, five pounds/dollars/kroner/etc.}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms a die throw result from numbers.}}
#: {{ux|da|Du skal slå mindst en '''treer''' for at komme videre.|You must throw at least a '''three''' to move on.}}

====Usage notes====
Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from {{m|da|løbe||run}} [ˈløːb̥ə] comes {{m|da|løber||runs}} [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and {{m|da|løber||runner}} [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by [[stød]].

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|da}}

==Dutch==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|nl|-der}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/ər/}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|nl|odt|*-āri}}, {{m|nl|-ere}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}, borrowed from {{der|nl|la|-ārius}}. Cognate with {{cog|nl|-aar}}.<ref>A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, {{ISBN|90-03-21170-1}}; § 175</ref>

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=m|plural|-ers|feminine|-ster}}

# {{senseid|nl|agent noun}}{{n-g|Forms [[agent noun]]s from verbs.}}
#: {{syn|nl|-aar}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|hoeden|hoeder}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|spelen|speler}}
# {{n-g|Forms nouns for a person associated with something.}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|schip|schipper}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|nl|id=agent noun}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|af|-er}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|nl|odt|*-āri}}, {{m|odt|-ere}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*warjaz}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=adjective-forming suffixes}}

# {{senseid|nl|inhabitant}}{{ng|Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place.}}
#: Een ''Amsterdamm'''er'''''
#:: A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam
#: {{syn|nl|-aar}}
# {{ng|Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place.}}
#: Het ''Groning'''er''' museum''
#:: The museum of Groningen
#: {{syn|nl|-s}}

=====Antonyms=====
* {{antsense|male inhabitant}} {{l|nl|-se|gloss=female inhabitant}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|nl|id=inhabitant}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|nl|odt|-iro}}, {{m|odt|-oro}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-izô}}, {{m|gem-pro|*-ōzô}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Forms the comparative form of adjectives.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{derivsee|Dutch adjective comparative forms}}

===Etymology 4===
From {{inh|nl|dum|-er}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|-ro}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*-eʀā}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-aizōz}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{lb|nl|archaic|except in fixed expressions}} {{n-g|Used to form the (strong) feminine singular genitive.}}
#: {{uxi|nl|[[onverricht'''er''' zake]]}}
#: {{uxi|nl|de schoonheid en'''er''' vrouw|the beauty '''of''' a woman}}
# {{lb|nl|archaic|except in fixed expressions}} {{n-g|Used to form the (strong) feminine singular dative.}}
#: {{uxi|nl|[[te goed'''er''' trouw]]|t=in good faith}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at {{m|nl|-wijs}}.

===References===
<references/>

==French==

===Pronunciation===
{{rfap|fr}}
* {{fr-IPA|-é}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|fr|id=stem|inh|frm>-er>verb|tree=1|text=++}}

====Suffix====
{{fr-verb}}

# {{n-g|forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs}}
#: {{uxi|fr|aim'''er'''|to love}}

=====Usage notes=====
* In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoid [[hiatus]]. In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized:
*: {{suffixusex|fr|agio|-er|t1=agio|agioter|t3=to speculate}}
*: {{suffixusex|fr|blabla|-er|t1=chit-chat|blablater|t3=to chit-chat}}
*: {{suffixusex|fr|bourdon|-er|t1=bumblebee; drone|bourdonner|t3=to buzz, drone}}

=====Conjugation=====
{{fr-conj-auto}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymon|fr|id=suf|inh|frm>-er>noun|tree=1|text=++}}

====Suffix====
{{fr-noun|m}}

# {{n-g|forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity}}
#: {{uxi|fr|boulang'''er'''|baker}}
#: {{syn|fr|-ère|q=female equivalent}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|fr}}

==German==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|de|[ɐ]}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|de|id=agent noun|pos=suffix}}
From {{inh|de|gmh|-ære}}, {{m|gmh|-er}}, from {{inh|de|goh|-āri}}, from {{inh|de|gmw-pro|*-ārī}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}, further etymology unknown but possibly from {{der|de|la|-ārius}}.<ref>A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, {{ISBN|90-03-21170-1}}; § 175</ref>

====Suffix====
{{de-noun|m}}

# {{senseid|de|agent noun}}{{n-g|Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem.}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|arbeiten|t1=to work|Arbeiter|t2=worker}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|bohren|t1=to drill|Bohrer|t2=drill}}
# {{ng|Forms instance nouns from verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|husten|t1=to cough|Huster|t2=single cough, instance of coughing}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|hüpfen|t1=to hop|Hüpfer|t2=hop, instance of hopping}}
# {{ng|Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|16|16er|t2=the 16, the 16er, e.g. a bus, a football player, etc.}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|200|200er|t2=a 200, the 200s, e.g. a 200-euro note, or the list items 200 to 299, etc.}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|1990|1990er|t2=[[1990s]], the years 1990 to 1999}}

=====Declension=====
{{de-ndecl|m}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de|id=agent noun}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|de|-ler}}, {{l|de|-ner}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|de|gmh|-er}}, a plural ending for some neuter nouns.

====Suffix====
{{head|de|inflectional suffixes}}

# {{ng|Used to form the plurals of some nouns.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* The plural ending ''-er'' is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in {{m|de|-tum}}) and a small number of masculines.

===Etymology 3===
{{etymon|de|id=inhabitant|pos=suffix}}
From {{inh|de|gmh|-ære}}, {{m|de|-er}}, from {{inh|de|goh|-āri}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*warjaz}}.

====Suffix====
{{de-noun|m}}

# {{senseid|de|inhabitant}} {{n-g|Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place.}}

=====Declension=====
{{de-ndecl|m}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de|id=inhabitant}}

===Etymology 4===
{{etymon|de|id=genitival|pos=suffix}}
Probably originated from the prepositioned [[genitive]] plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.: ''der Berliner Pfannkuchen'' = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the [[nominative]] singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite article {{m|de|der}}, which is both masculine nominative and plural genitive).<ref>Johann Christoph Adelung, ''Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'', vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo ''4. -Er''</ref><ref>Hermann Möller, ''Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural'', in the ''Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung'', volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95</ref>

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix}}

# {{senseid|de|genitival}} {{n-g|Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a [[genitival]] meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix ''-er'' are written with a capital letter (§&nbsp;61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g. ''ein Berliner Pfannkuchen''. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ''ein berliner Pfannkuchen''.<ref>The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating the [[part of speech]] of the words formed with the suffix (compare {{m|de|-isch}}/{{m|de|-sch}}, derivatives of which are labelled adjectives in §&nbsp;62).</ref>
* In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§&nbsp;49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. ''Bad Schandau'' → ''Bad Schandauer'' or ''Bad-Schandauer''.
* Since adjectives in ''-er'' are undeclined, they cannot normally support [[genitive]]s by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending ''-er'' happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such as {{m|de||Meldungen Berliner Zeitungen|t=reports of Berlin newspapers}} instead of more proper {{m|de||Meldungen von Berliner Zeitungen}}. Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de|id=genitival}}

===Etymology 5===
From {{inh|de|gmh|-er}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|de|inflectional suffixes}}

# {{senseid|de|comparative}}{{n-g|Forms the comparative form of adjectives.}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|lang|länger}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|schön|schöner}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|exakt|exakter}}

===References===
<references/>

==Hungarian==

===Etymology===
Possibly from {{bor|hu|en|-er}}, by analogy of word pairs like {{m|hu|blog}} and {{m|hu|blogger}} (whose doubled final consonant is consistently pronounced long in Hungarian, as opposed to English) and/or perhaps earlier borrowed word pairs like {{m|hu|stop}} and {{m|hu|stoppol}}. Other existing slang terms ending in {{m|hu||-er}}, like {{m|hu|[[vaker]], [[haver]], [[sóder]]}}, might have played some role. {{rfv-etym|hu}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{head|hu|suffix}}

# {{lb|hu|slang|slightly|derogatory}} Added to a shortened form of a [[noun]], lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun.
#: {{m|hu|kalauz||ticket inspector}} → {{m|hu|kaller}}
#: {{m|hu|nyugdíjas||pensioner}} → {{m|hu|nyugger}}
#: {{m|hu|mami||mommy; elderly woman}} → {{m|hu|mammer}}
#: {{m|hu|jobboldali||rightist}} → {{m|hu|jobber}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=noun}}

===See also===
* {{m|hu|-esz|pos=as in {{m|hu|alkesz}}, {{m|hu|pálesz}}; slang terms}}
* [[Appendix:Hungarian suffixes]]

===Further reading===
* [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xb_1bbgyyVMJ:www.szepejudit.hu/Lexea%252006%2520Archaizmusok%2520es%2520neologizmusok.pdf&cd=1&hl=hu&ct=clnk&gl=hu&client=ms-android-oppo-rvo3 A szavak megoszlása az élő nyelvhasználathoz viszonyítva]. Section: Formai neologizmusok (Judit Szépe, linguist)

==Latin==

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|er}}

===Suffix===
{{head|la|suffix form}}

# {{inflection of|la|-ō||1|s|pres|pasv|subj}} {{q|first conjugation}}

==Luxembourgish==

===Etymology===
From a {{der|lb|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}, from {{der|lb|la|-ārius}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|lb|/eʀ/|[ɐ]}}

===Suffix===
{{head|lb|suffix}}

# {{l|en|-er}} {{gloss|suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|lb}}

==Middle Dutch==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|dum|odt|-iro}}, {{m|odt|-oro}}, from {{inh|dum|gem-pro|*-izô}}, {{m|gem-pro|*-ōzô}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|dum|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes}}

# {{l|en|-er}}. {{non-gloss|Forms the comparative of adjectives.}}

====Alternative forms====
* {{l|dum|-re}}

====Derived terms====
''See [[:Category:Middle Dutch comparative adjectives]].''

====Related terms====
* {{l|dum|-st}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|nl|-er}}

==Middle English==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|enm|-are|-ere}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|enm|inh|id=agent suffix|ang>-ere>agent suffix}}
{{inh+|enm|ang|-ere}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-ārī}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# {{ng|forms agent nouns from nouns and verbs}}
#: {{affixusex|enm|spinnen|-er|spynner}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-er}}
* {{desc|sco|-ar}}

===Etymology 2===
{{inh+|enm|ang|-ware}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*warjaz||dwellers of}}. Cognate with {{cog|goh|-āri|t=inhabitants of}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{ng|forms demonyms from place names}}
#: {{affixusex|enm|London|-er|Londoner}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-er}}
* {{desc|sco|-ar|-er}}

===References===
* {{R:MED Online|-ē̆r(e|suf|MED14294}}

==Middle French==

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|frm|id=verb|inh|fro>-ier>infinitive suffix|tree=1|pos=suffix}}
{{inh+|frm|fro|-ier//-er}}, from {{inh|frm|la|-āre}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|frm|-ier||typically early Middle French}}

====Suffix====
{{head|frm|suffix}}

# {{senseid|frm|1conj}} {{ng|Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|frm|id=verb}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|fr|-er}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymon|frm|id=noun|inh|fro>-ier>nouns|pos=suffix|tree=1|text=1}}

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|frm|-ier||typically early Middle French}}

====Suffix====
{{head|frm|suffix}}

# {{senseid|frm|suf}} {{non-gloss|Forms nouns, often denoting professions}}
#: {{sufex|frm|bouc|boucher<t:butcher>}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|frm|id=noun}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|fr|-ier|-er}}
* {{desc|bor=1|en|-eer|-er}}

==Norman==

===Suffix===
{{head|nrf|suffix}}

# {{rfdef|nrf}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|nrf}}

==Northern Kurdish==

===Etymology===
Most probably not a cognate of {{cog|en|-er}} or {{cog|la|-ōr}} or {{m|la|-tōr}}, and instead a back-formation from {{m|kmr|-ker}} (a variant of {{m|kmr|-ger|t=-ist}}) understood as "k-" (present stem of {{m|kmr|kirin}}) + "-er". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as {{m|kmr|kirin}} (-ker), {{m|kmr|birin}} (-ber), {{m|kmr|xistin}} (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), {{m|kmr|dan}} (-der), {{m|kmr|anîn}}/{{m|kmr|înan}} (-îner)... Later also conflated with {{m|kmr|-kar|t=suffix indicating a job or duty}} and {{m|kmr|-dar|t=suffix indicating a possessor}}. Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as {{m|kmr|-ok}}, {{m|kmr|-oke}}, {{m|kmr|-ek}}, {{m|kmr|-ik}} was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes.

Despite being less likely, can still be from {{inh|kmr|ine-pro|*-tḗr}}, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given ''*-it'', ''*-id'' or lost entirely depending on the position, compare {{cog|fa|برادر}} and {{cog|kmr|bira}}

# {{n-g|Used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something.}}
#: {{suffixusex|kmr|bû|t1=to be|-er|bûyer|t3=event}}
#: {{suffixusex|kmr|destpêkirin|t1=to start|-er|destpêker|t3=starter}}

===Suffix===
{{head|kmr|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# {{rfdef|kmr}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|kmr}}

==Norwegian Bokmål==

===Pronunciation===
{{rfp|nb}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|nb|da|-er}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nb|suffix}}

# {{lb|nb|added to numbers}} [[order]], [[position]], [[value]] or similar indicated by the numeral

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|nb|da|-er}}, from {{inh|nb|non|-ari}}, from {{der|nb|ML.|-}} and {{der|nb|gml|-}} words, both from {{der|nb|gem-pro|*-ārijaz}}, from {{der|nb|la|-ārius}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nb|suffix}}

# {{lb|nb|added to verbs}} [[person]] or [[thing]] that does an action indicated by the root verb
# {{lb|nb|added to place names}} [[person]] or [[thing]] that originates in the place indicated by the place name

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|nb|da|-er}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nb|suffix}}

# suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|nb}}

===References===
* {{R:The Bokmål Dictionary}}

{{cln|nb|noun-forming suffixes}}

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Suffix===
{{head|nn|suffix}}

# Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
# Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
# Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
# {{lb|nn|obsolete}} Used to form present tense for strong verbs.

==Old English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|-er}}

===Suffix===
{{ang-suffix}}

# {{alternative form of|ang|-or}}

==Old French==

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|fro|inh|la>-āre>verb suffix|id=verb suffix}}
{{inh+|fro|la|-āre}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|fro|suffix}}

# {{alternative form of|fro|-ier|nodot=1}}, verbal suffix

=====Usage notes=====
* All varieties of Old French use ''-er'' but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as ''c'' and ''g''.

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|fro|la|-ārius}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|fro|suffix}}

# {{lb|fro|chiefly|Anglo-Norman}} {{alternative form of|fro|-ier|nodot=1}}, suffix indicating a profession
#: {{ux|fro|falcon'''er''', faucon'''er'''|t=falconer}}

==Old Frisian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|ofs|-ere}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|ofs|gmw-pro|*iʀ}}, from {{inh|ofs|gem-pro|*iz}}, from {{inh|ofs|ine-pro|*ís}}. Cognates include {{cog|goh|er}}, {{cog|non|er}} and {{cog|got|𐌹𐍃}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ofs|/ˈer/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|ofs|pronoun|cat2=enclitics}}

# {{inflection of|ofs|hī||enclitic|nominative}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|stq|er}}
* {{desc|fy|er}}

==Old Swedish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|gmq-osw|non|-r}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|gmq-osw|suffix}}

# {{n-g|denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns}}
# {{n-g|denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns}}
#: {{ux|gmq-osw|fisk'''er'''|fish}}
#: {{ux|gmq-osw|dø̄v'''er'''|deaf}}

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{intnat|pl}}; compare {{cog|en|-er}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}}

# {{ng|[[-er]], creates an [[agent noun]]}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|aport|aporter}}

====Declension====
Animate:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-pr}}
Animal:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-anml}}
Inanimate:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-in}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|pl}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

==Portuguese==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|pt|roa-opt|-er}}, from {{inh|pt|la|-ēre}}. The short {{m|la|-ere}} of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either ''-er'' or {{m|pt|-ir}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA|-êr}}
* {{rhymes|pt|eɾ|q1=Portugal, São Paulo|eʁ|q2=Brazil|e|q3=Brazil, with r-dropping|s=1}}

===Suffix===
{{pt-verb}}

# forms the [[infinitive]] of the second-conjugation [[verb]]s

====Conjugation====
{{pt-conj}}

==Saterland Frisian==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|stq|gem-pro|inh=1}}
From {{inh|stq|ofs|-ere}}, from {{inh|stq|gmw-pro|*-ārī}}. Cognates include {{cog|fy|-er}} and {{cog|de|-er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|stq|/-ər/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|stq|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Forms agent nouns from verbs}}; [[#English|-er]]

====Declension====
{{suffixsee|stq}}

==Scots==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|sco|enm|-ere}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|-ere}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sco|/-ər/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|sco|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Forms agent nouns from verbs}}; [[#English|-er]]

==Spanish==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|es|la|-ō|-ēre}}.

===Suffix===
{{es-verb}}

# the infinitive suffix for many verbs

====Conjugation====
{{es-conj|nocomb=1}}

===See also===
* {{l|es|-ar}}
* {{l|es|-ir}}
* [[Appendix:Spanish verbs in -er]]

==Swedish==

===Suffix===
{{head|sv|suffix}}

# One of two suffixes for ''indefinite plural'' for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is [[-r]]
# Suffix for ''present tense, active voice, indicative mood'' for one of the groups of Swedish verbs
# [[agent noun|Agent noun]] suffix, often for loan words ending with ''-ik''.
#: {{suffixusex|sv|matematik|t1=mathematics|-er|matematiker|t3=mathematician}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|fysik|t1=physics|-er|fysiker|t3=physicist}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|slarv|t1=sloppiness, carelessness|-er|slarver|t3=someone sloppy or careless}}

====Usage notes====
See the usage notes for {{m|sv|-r}}.

====See also====
; plural suffix
* {{l|sv|-or}}
* {{l|sv|-ar}}
* {{l|sv|-r}}
* {{l|sv|-n}}
; present tense suffix
* {{l|sv|-r}} (''-ar'')
* {{l|sv|-as}}
; agent noun suffix
* {{l|sv|-are}}
* {{l|sv|-erska}}
* {{l|sv|-inna}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|sv|a=er|-re|re-}}

==Turkish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|tr|/ˈær/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|tr|ota|ـر|tr=-r, -er}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-ür}}. Cognate with {{cog|otk|𐰼|ts=-(e)r}}. Negative {{m|tr|-mez}} are from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-meŕ}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-me}} + {{m|trk-pro|*-er}} or {{m|trk-pro|*-ür}} ({{cog|az|-ər|t=indefinite future suffix}} — {{m|az|-məz}}, but {{m|az|-ir|t=simple present suffix}} — {{m|az|-mir}}).

====Suffix====
{{head|tr|suffix}}

# Simple present and aorist tense marker

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix|head=-er [[-mez]]}}

# [[as soon as]]
#: {{ux|tr|Eve gel'''ir''' gel'''mez''' duş alırım.|'''As soon as''' I get home, I take a shower.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Can change to {{m|tr|-ir}} ({{m|tr|almak}} → {{m|tr|alır}}, but {{m|tr|içmek}} → {{m|tr|içer}}). There are some rules governing the usage of ''-er/ir'', the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 14 verbs below which uses ''-ir'' on the aorist
*{{m|tr|almak}} — {{m|tr|alır}}
*{{m|tr|bilmek}} — {{m|tr|bilir}}
*{{m|tr|bulmak}} — {{m|tr|bulur}}
*{{m|tr|denmek}} — {{m|tr|denir}}
*{{m|tr|durmak}} — {{m|tr|durur}}
*{{m|tr|gelmek}} — {{m|tr|gelir}}
*{{m|tr|görmek}} — {{m|tr|görür}}
*{{m|tr|kalmak}} — {{m|tr|kalır}}
*{{m|tr|olmak}} — {{m|tr|olur}}
*{{m|tr|ölmek}} — {{m|tr|ölür}}
*{{m|tr|sanmak}} — {{m|tr|sanır}}
*{{m|tr|varmak}} — {{m|tr|varır}}
*{{m|tr|vermek}} — {{m|tr|verir}}
*{{m|tr|vurmak}} — {{m|tr|vurur}}
The suffix ''-r'' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix {{m|tr|-me}}, negative aorist suffix is {{m|tr|-mez}} instead of ''*-mer''.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|tr}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|tr|-r}}
* {{l|tr|-ar}}
* {{l|tr|-ir}}
* {{l|tr|-mez}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|tr|suffix}}

# Makes adjectives out of verbs
# Makes nouns out of verbs
#: {{suffixusex|tr|kesmek|keser|alt1=kes-|gloss1=to cut|gloss2=adze}}
#: {{ux|tr|''Yağmur '''[[dinmek|din]]er''' gibi oldu.''|The rain seems to be '''stopping'''.|inline=1}}

===Etymology 3===
{{inh+|tr|ota|ـر|tr=-er}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro}}.

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix-forms|a=ar|e=er|v=ş}}
{{tr-suffix}}

# {{senseid|tr|distributive}} suffix for [[distributive number]]s
#: {{suffixusex|tr|bir|birer}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|iki|ikişer}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|dört|dörder}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|beş|beşer}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|tr|id=distributive}}

==Walloon==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|wa|/e/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|wa|suffix}}

# {{n-g|A verb ending for [[infinitives]].}}

==Welsh==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cy|/ɛr/}}

===Etymology 1===

====Suffix====
{{head|cy|suffix}}

# {{lb|cy|literary}} {{n-g|verb suffix for the [[impersonal]] [[present]] [[subjunctive]]}}
# {{lb|cy|literary}} {{n-g|verb suffix for the [[impersonal]] [[imperative]]}}

===Etymology 2===
Borrowed from {{bor|cy|en|-er}}.<ref>{{R:cy:GPC|-er}}</ref>

====Suffix====
{{head|cy|suffix|g=m}}

# {{n-g|suffix forming nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|brig|t1=branches, sprigs, shoots|briger|t2=stamens}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|tafl|t1=sling, catapult|tafler|t2=sling, catapult}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|col|t1=awn|colier|t2=awner, chobber}}

===References===
<references/>