奈: difference between revisions

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Revision as of 17:03, 26 March 2024

See also: 柰

奈	U+5948, 奈 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5948

← 奇
[U+5947]

CJK Unified Ideographs

奉 →
[U+5949]

奈	U+F90C, 奈 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F90C

← 喇
[U+F90B]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

懶 →
[U+F90D]

Translingual

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 251, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5893
Dae Jaweon: page 511, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 532, character 2
Unihan data for U+5948

Unihan data for U+F90C

Chinese

trad.		奈
simp. ^#		奈
alternative forms		柰

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (奈) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
奈	naːls, naːds
柰	*naːds
渿	*naːds
捺	*naːd

A variant of 柰.

Etymology

“how; why”: Possibly a contraction of 若 (OC *nak) and 之 (OC *tə), as in 若之何 (ruòzhīhé) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 34).
“nano-”: Borrowed from English nano-.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nài (nai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): noi⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): noi⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nai
Eastern Min (BUC): nâi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tā / ta / tāi / nāi

(Teochew, Peng'im): nai⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nài
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nài
  - Wade–Giles: nai⁴
  - Yale: nài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nay
  - Palladius: най (naj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: noi⁶
  - Yale: noih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: noi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: noi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɔːi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: noi⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdᵘɔi³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nai
  - Hakka Romanization System: nai
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nai⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /nai̯⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡɑi²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tā
  - Tâi-lô: tā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: da
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ta²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ta⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta
  - Tâi-lô: ta
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
  - Tâi-lô: tāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dai
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
  - Tâi-lô: nāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nai
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/

Note:

ta/tai/tā - vernacular (limited, e.g. 無奈何);
nāi - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: nai⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: năi
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /nai³⁵/

Middle Chinese: najH, naH

Rime
Character	奈	奈
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	奴帶切	奴箇切
Baxter	najH	naH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/naj^H/	/na^H/
Li Rong	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Wang Li	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nài	nuò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naai⁶	no⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤa[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*naːls/, /*naːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奈
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nài
Middle Chinese	‹ naj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁa[t]-s/
English	cope with
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	奈	奈
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	9349	9350
Phonetic component	奈	奈
Rime group	歌	祭
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	奈	柰
Old Chinese	/*naːls/	/*naːds/

Definitions

奈

how; why (used in rhetorical questions)
to bear; to stand; to endure
[from 1985] (Taiwan) nano- (SI unit prefix)
Synonym: 納／纳 (nà) (Mainland China)

Compounds

References

“奈”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

奈

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: な (na, Jōyō)、ない (nai)
Kan-on: だ (da)、だい (dai)
Kun: いかん (ikan, 奈)、いかんせん (ikansen, 奈)、いかんぞ (ikanzo, 奈)、からなし (karanashi, 奈)
Nanori: なに (nani)、なん (nan)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
奈
Grade: 4

Alternative spelling
柰

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾa̠na̠ɕi]

Noun

奈(からなし) or 奈(カラナシ) • (karanashi)

Obsolete form of 唐梨 (“red apple”).
(by extension) Obsolete spelling of 林檎 (“apple”).

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
奈
Grade: 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ikã̠ɴ]

Pronoun

奈(いかん) • (ikan)

Alternative form of 奈何 (“what”)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 奈 (MC najH).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 냉〮 (Yale: náy^?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 내 (nay)^訓 (Yale: nay) in Gwangju Cheonjamun (光州千字文 / 광주천자문), 1575.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [nɛ] ~ [ne̞]
Phonetic hangul: [내/네]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

奈

Wikisource

奈 (eumhun 어찌 내 (eojji nae))

hanja form^? of 내 (“but; how”)

Compounds

내하 (奈何, naeha, “how”)
막무가내 (莫無可奈, mangmuganae, “stubborn”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 奈 (MC naH).

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [na̠]
Phonetic hangul: [나]

Hanja

奈 (eumhun 어찌 나 (eojji na))

hanja form^? of 나 (“but; how”)

Compounds

나락 (奈落, narak)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

奈: Hán Nôm readings: nại, nhự

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{also|柰}}
 {{character info}}
+{{character info|0xf90c}}
 ==Translingual==
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 ====Derived characters====
+* {{lang|mul|[[倷]] [[㖠]] [[捺]] [[㮈]] [[㴎]] [[錼]] [[䱞]] [[萘]] [[𡞏]] [[𪨼]] [[𭝎]] [[𭦛]] [[𪻦]] [[𥇧]] [[𮁿]] [[𦝀]] [[𮚎]] [[𮛢]] [[𩈫]] [[𩜪]] [[𣮦]] [[𬷝]] [[𪥑]] [[𠣼]] [[𫆕]] [[𤷈]] [[𦤗]] [[𮂃]] [[𭝍]]}}
-* [[捺]]
 ====Descendants====
@@ Line 14: / Line 15: @@
 ====References====
-* {{Han ref|kx=0251.010|dkj=05893|dj=0511.010|hdz=10532.020|uh=5948|ud=22856|bh=A960|bd=43360}}
+{{Han ref|kx=0251.010|dkj=05893|dj=0511.010|hdz=10532.020|uh=5948|ud=22856|bh=A960|bd=43360}}
+{{Han ref|uh=F90C}}
-[[Category:Han characters from which hiragana were derived|な]]
-[[Category:Han characters from which katakana were derived|ナ]]
-----
 ==Chinese==
@@ Line 30: / Line 27: @@
 ===Etymology===
 ; “how; why”
-: {{contr|zh|[[若]][[之]]}}, as in {{m|zh|若之何}} ({{zh-ref|Pulleyblank, 1995}}, p. 34).
+: Possibly a {{contr|zh|nocap=1}} of {{och-l|若|tr=*nak}} and {{och-l|之|tr=*tə}}, as in {{m|zh|若之何}} ({{zh-ref|Pulleyblank, 1995}}, p. 34).
 ; “nano-”
 : Borrowed from {{bor|zh|en|nano-}}.
@@ Line 51: / Line 48: @@
 ===Definitions===
-{{zh-hanzi}}
+{{head|zh|hanzi}}
 # [[how]]; [[why]] (used in [[rhetorical question]]s)
 # to [[bear]]; to [[stand]]; to [[endure]]
-# {{lb|zh|Taiwan}} [[nano-]] {{gloss|[[Appendix:SI units|SI unit]] prefix}}
+# {{defdate|from 1985}} {{lb|zh|Taiwan}} [[nano-]] {{gloss|[[Appendix:SI units|SI unit]] prefix}}
-#: {{zh-syn|納|q=Mainland China}}
+#: {{syn|zh|納<qq:Mainland China>}}
 {{attention|zh|Missing sense "where" in Hakka: [https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Thai-and-Lao-words-for-where-related-Thai-nai-and-Lao-sai-What-about-the-other-related-languages/answer/Bern%C3%A9dy-Lim], [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/hakka.php]}}
 {{attention|hak|Missing sense "where" in Hakka: [https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Thai-and-Lao-words-for-where-related-Thai-nai-and-Lao-sai-What-about-the-other-related-languages/answer/Bern%C3%A9dy-Lim], [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/hakka.php]}}
@@ Line 74: / Line 71: @@
 ===Compounds===
-{{zh-der|無奈|奈何|香奈兒|萬般無奈|康奈爾|無可奈何|奈良|康奈爾大學|奈曼|神奈川縣|西奈|西奈半島|山奈|沒奈何|欽奈|奈秒|奈米|奈升|山奈鉀|葛林奈爾|葛林奈爾大學|奈良時代|奈及利亞|奈洛比|西奈山|基奈|尀奈|不奈煩|叵奈|奈守|奈向|奈何橋|怎奈|奈煩|不奈何|寧奈|不寧奈|不奈|如之奈何|奈上祝下|可奈|澀奈|爭奈|沒計奈何|末奈何|沒及奈何|無如奈何|無計奈何|無奈我何|沒極奈何|頗奈|莫可奈何|西奈協定|蘇爾奈}}
+{{col3|zh|無奈|奈何|香奈兒|萬般無奈|康奈爾|無可奈何|奈良|康奈爾大學|奈曼|神奈川縣|西奈|西奈半島|山奈|沒奈何|欽奈|奈秒|奈米|奈升|山奈鉀|葛林奈爾|葛林奈爾大學|奈良時代|奈及利亞|奈洛比|西奈山|基奈|尀奈|不奈煩|叵奈|奈守|奈向|奈何橋|怎奈|奈煩|不奈何|寧奈|不寧奈|不奈|如之奈何|奈上祝下|可奈|澀奈|爭奈|沒計奈何|末奈何|沒及奈何|無如奈何|無計奈何|無奈我何|沒極奈何|頗奈|莫可奈何|西奈協定|蘇爾奈}}
 ===References===
 * {{R:yue:Hanzi}}
-{{zh-cat|SI units}}
+{{C|zh|SI units}}
-----
 ==Japanese==
 ===Kanji===
-{{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=凵03}}
+{{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=凵03}}
 # {{abbreviation of|ja|sort=な|奈良|nodot=1}}: the city of [[Nara]]
@@ Line 101: / Line 96: @@
 ===Etymology 1===
+{{ja-kanjitab|alt=柰}}
 {{rfe|ja}}
-====Alternative forms====
-* {{ja-l|柰}}
 ====Pronunciation====
-{{ja-pron|yomi=k|からなし}}
+{{ja-pron|からなし}}
 ====Noun====
 {{ja-noun|からなし|カラナシ}}
 # {{obsolete form of|ja|唐梨||red apple}}
 # {{lb|ja|by extension}} {{obsolete spelling of|ja|林檎||apple}}
 ===Etymology 2===
+{{ja-kanjitab}}
 {{rfe|ja}}
-====Alternative forms====
-* {{ja-l|如何}}
 ====Pronunciation====
-{{ja-pron|yomi=k|いかん}}
+{{ja-pron|いかん}}
 ====Pronoun====
 {{ja-pos|pronoun|いかん}}
 # {{alternative form of|ja|奈何||what}} {{attention|ja|abbreviation?}}
-----
 ==Korean==
@@ Line 173: / Line 166: @@
 ===References===
 * {{R:hanjadoc|2100}}
-----
 ==Vietnamese==

SI prefix
Last		Next
微 (wēi)	奈/納	皮 (pí)

奈: difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:03, 26 March 2024

Contents

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

See also

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Korean

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Navigation menu

奈: difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:03, 26 March 2024

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

See also

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Korean

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Navigation menu

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